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A history of high-power laser research and development in the United Kingdom
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- Colin N. Danson, Malcolm White, John R. M. Barr, Thomas Bett, Peter Blyth, David Bowley, Ceri Brenner, Robert J. Collins, Neal Croxford, A. E. Bucker Dangor, Laurence Devereux, Peter E. Dyer, Anthony Dymoke-Bradshaw, Christopher B. Edwards, Paul Ewart, Allister I. Ferguson, John M. Girkin, Denis R. Hall, David C. Hanna, Wayne Harris, David I. Hillier, Christopher J. Hooker, Simon M. Hooker, Nicholas Hopps, Janet Hull, David Hunt, Dino A. Jaroszynski, Mark Kempenaars, Helmut Kessler, Sir Peter L. Knight, Steve Knight, Adrian Knowles, Ciaran L. S. Lewis, Ken S. Lipton, Abby Littlechild, John Littlechild, Peter Maggs, Graeme P. A. Malcolm, OBE, Stuart P. D. Mangles, William Martin, Paul McKenna, Richard O. Moore, Clive Morrison, Zulfikar Najmudin, David Neely, Geoff H. C. New, Michael J. Norman, Ted Paine, Anthony W. Parker, Rory R. Penman, Geoff J. Pert, Chris Pietraszewski, Andrew Randewich, Nadeem H. Rizvi, Nigel Seddon, MBE, Zheng-Ming Sheng, David Slater, Roland A. Smith, Christopher Spindloe, Roy Taylor, Gary Thomas, John W. G. Tisch, Justin S. Wark, Colin Webb, S. Mark Wiggins, Dave Willford, Trevor Winstone
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- Journal:
- High Power Laser Science and Engineering / Volume 9 / 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 April 2021, e18
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The first demonstration of laser action in ruby was made in 1960 by T. H. Maiman of Hughes Research Laboratories, USA. Many laboratories worldwide began the search for lasers using different materials, operating at different wavelengths. In the UK, academia, industry and the central laboratories took up the challenge from the earliest days to develop these systems for a broad range of applications. This historical review looks at the contribution the UK has made to the advancement of the technology, the development of systems and components and their exploitation over the last 60 years.
19 - Source–sinks, metapopulations, and forest reserves: conserving northern flying squirrels in the temperate rainforests of Southeast Alaska
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- By Winston P. Smith, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, USA, David K. Person, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Sanjay Pyare, University of Alaska Southeast
- Edited by Jianguo Liu, Michigan State University, Vanessa Hull, Michigan State University, Anita T. Morzillo, Oregon State University, John A. Wiens
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- Book:
- Sources, Sinks and Sustainability
- Published online:
- 05 July 2011
- Print publication:
- 30 June 2011, pp 399-422
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Summary
Reserves are a common strategy used to ensure the viability of wildlife populations, but their effectiveness is rarely empirically evaluated. The Tongass National Forest implemented a conservation plan (TLMP) in 1997 to maintain biological diversity across Southeast Alaska, the cornerstone of which was an integrated system of large, medium, and small old-growth reserves (OGRs). Small OGRs were intended to facilitate functional connectivity between larger reserves and ensure well-distributed populations of forest-dependent wildlife. The northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) was selected as an indicator of wildlife communities that operate at small spatial scales because its abundance has been correlated with old-growth forest structure and processes and because of specific habitat requirements for efficient locomotion. Previous research predicted that small OGRs were unlikely to support flying squirrels over a 100-year time horizon. Consequently, the presence and persistence of flying squirrels in small OGRs depended on dispersal from larger reserves. Using data from telemetry experiments, we determined effective distances immigrants could move through landscapes composed of old-growth and managed forests. Effective distance accounted for the resistance of habitats such as clearcuts that are difficult for flying squirrels to traverse. We used findings of previous studies to parameterize a logistic population growth model incorporating dispersal to determine the number of dispersers necessary to enable a flying squirrel population in a small OGR to persist for 25 and 100 years. We combined that information with a function relating the probability of successful dispersal with effective distance to estimate the maximum effective distances between OGRs that would ensure flying squirrels colonize and persist in small OGRs for 25 and 100 years. Our findings underscore the essential role of immigration in sustaining sinks and facilitating metapopulation viability among unsustainable fragmented populations (i.e., sinks). They also demonstrate the extent to which permeability of landscape elements can influence the probability of dispersal and functional connectivity of subpopulations in a managed matrix.
6 - Ecology and conservation of arboreal rodents of western coniferous forests
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- By Winston P. Smith, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Juneau, Alaska 99801-8545, USA, Robert G. Anthony, US Geological Survey, Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Oregon State University, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3803, USA, Jeffrey R. Waters, USDA Forest Service, Redwood Sciences Laboratory, 1700 Bayview Drive, Arcata, California 95519, USA, Norris L. Dodd, Arizona Game and Fish Department, PO Box 2326, Pinetop, Arizona 85935-2326, USA, Cynthia J. Zabel, USDA Forest Service, Redwood Sciences Laboratory, 1700 Bayview Drive, Arcata, California 95519, USA
- Edited by Cynthia J. Zabel, Robert G. Anthony, Oregon State University
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- Book:
- Mammal Community Dynamics
- Published online:
- 15 December 2009
- Print publication:
- 18 September 2003, pp 157-206
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Summary
Introduction
Arboreal rodents were selected as a focal group because of their obvious association with forest canopies and relevance to forest management. The close association of arboreal rodents with trees predisposes them to being impacted by timber harvests (Carey 1989, Aubry et al. 2003, Hallett et al. 2003). Trees provide food, thermal and escape cover, shade, moisture and free water, and cavities that provide nest sites and safe refugia from avian and mammalian predators (Carey 1989, Carey et al. 1999, Aubry 2003). Carey (1989) characterized arboreal rodents according to their degree of dependence on trees for various activities and identified the following stand elements as important to their biology: large live trees, large snags, fallen trees, woody debris, multilayered canopy, overstory and understory diversity, and epiphytes. Additionally, he listed stand stability and landscape contiguity as important attributes with dense underbrush, streamsides, rock, and talus as special features (Carey 1989). More recent studies (e.g., Rosenberg and Anthony 1992, Waters and Zabel 1995, Smith and Nichols 2003) provide new information to examine the conclusions of Carey (1989), which serve as useful hypotheses regarding influences of forest management on arboreal rodent populations in western coniferous forests.
We selected species that are reputed late-seral forest habitat specialists or are known to be important prey for the northern spotted owl (Forsman et al. 2001, Hamer et al. 2001), the American marten (Buskirk and Ruggiero 1994, Ben-David et al. 1997), or the northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis, Lewis 2001).