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Molecular and Epidemiological Characterization of Pediatric and Adult C. difficile Infection in Canadian Hospitals, 2015-2022
- Timothy Du, Kelly Baekyung Choi, Anada Silva, Cassandra Lybeck, George Golding, Romeo Hizon, Sean Ahmed, Blanda Chow, Ian Davis, Meghan Engbretson, Gerald Evans, Charles Frenette, Jennie Johnstone, Pamela Kibsey, Kevin Katz, Joanne Langley, Jenine Leal, Bonita Lee, Yves Longtin, Dominik Mertz, Jessica Minion, Michelle Science, Jocelyn Srigley, Kathryn Suh, Reena Titoria, Nisha Thampi, Alice Wong, Jeannette Comeau, Susy Hota
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- Journal:
- Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology / Volume 4 / Issue S1 / July 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 September 2024, pp. s10-s11
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Background: The molecular and epidemiological landscape of C. difficile infection (CDI) has evolved markedly in the last decade; however, limited information is available contrasting differences between adult and pediatric populations. We describe a multicenter study evaluating healthcare-associated (HA) and community-associated (CA) adult and pediatric-CDI identified in the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program (CNISP) network from 2015 to 2022. Methods: Hospitalized patients with CDI were identified from up to 84 hospitals between 2015–2022 using standardized case definitions. Cases were confirmed by PCR, cultured, and further characterized using ribotyping and E-test. We used two-tailed tests for significance (p≤0.05). Results: Of 30,817 cases reported, 29,245 were adult cases [HA-CDI (73.2%), CA-CDI (26.8%)] and 1,572 were pediatric cases [HA-CDI (77.7%), CA-CDI (22.3%)]. From 2015 to 2022, HA-CDI rates decreased 19.7% (p=0.007) and 29.4% (p=0.004) in adult and pediatric populations, respectively (Figure 1). CA-CDI rates remained relatively stable in the adult population (p=0.797), while decreasing 60.7% in the pediatric population (p=0.013). Median ages of adult and pediatric patients were 70 (interquartile range (IQR), 58–80) and seven (IQR, 3–13) years, respectively. Thirty-day all-cause mortality was significantly higher among adult vs. Pediatric CDI patients (11.0% vs 1.4%, p < 0.0001). No significant differences in other severe outcomes were found. Ribotyping and susceptibility data were available for 4,620 samples: 3,558 adult (77.0%) and 1,062 pediatric (23.0%). The predominant adult and pediatric ribotypes (RT) were 106 (12.2/16.2%), 027 (11.4/3.2%), and 014 (8.8/8.2%). Overall, RT027 prevalence significantly decreased from 17.9% in 2015 to 3.2% in 2022 (p=0.003), while RT106 increased from 8.5% to 14.4%. Resistance rates among adult and pediatric isolates were similar for all antimicrobials tested except moxifloxacin (16.2% vs. 6.2%, p < 0.0001, respectively). Adult moxifloxacin resistance decreased from 30% to 6.3% from 2015 to 2022 (p=0.006). Adults with moxifloxacin-resistant CDI were older (median: 74 vs. 69 years, p < 0.001) and had higher thirty-day all-cause mortality (13% vs. 9.8%, p=0.041) and recurrence (10% vs. 5.7%, p < 0.001) compared to those with moxifloxacin non-resistant CDI, while these trends were not observed in pediatric patients. Among RT027 strains, moxifloxacin resistance decreased from 91.0% in 2015 to 7.1% in 2022. There was one metronidazole-resistant pediatric sample in 2018 and no resistance to vancomycin or tigecycline in either population. Conclusion: We have found differences in the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of adult and pediatric CDI, with higher thirty-day all-cause mortality among adults. Overall, RT106 has replaced RT027 as the predominant ribotype with a concomitant decrease in fluoroquinolone resistance.
PP140 Burden of Illness And Health Care Costs In People with Alzheimer’s Disease
- Sophie Edwards, Julie Hahn-Pedersen, Danielle Robinson, Mei Sum Chan, Benjamin Bray, Alice Clark, Milana Ivkovic, Wojciech Michalak, Christian Wichmann, Sasha Berry, Marc Evans
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- Journal:
- International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care / Volume 39 / Issue S1 / December 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 December 2023, p. S90
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Introduction
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide. Understanding the current burden of AD is important in health economic evaluations of new therapies. We aimed to estimate the burden of illness, and healthcare costs of people living with AD using a large, comprehensive real-world database in England.
MethodsA retrospective cohort study was undertaken in the Discover-NOW dataset, a real-world database containing the linked primary and secondary care electronic health records of ˜3 million people living in North West London, England. Patients diagnosed with AD were followed from the later of 1 January 2010 or AD diagnosis date, to the earlier of 31 December 2021 or end of follow up (maximum 10 years). Baseline prevalence of 33 comorbidities, incidence of 7 outcomes (survival, cardiovascular, care home admission, hepatic and renal outcomes), healthcare resource utilisation and total direct healthcare costs (using National Health Service tariffs and unit cost approaches) were calculated.
ResultsOf 18,116 patients diagnosed with AD, at baseline the mean age was 81 years, 62 percent were female, 65 percent were White, 16.5 percent Asian and 8.9 percent Black. At baseline, hypertension prevalence was 60.2 percent, chronic kidney disease 35.5 percent and Type 2 diabetes 22.4 percent. The highest incidence rates across these outcomes were 13.4 (95% confidence interval [CI]:12.2,14.7) per 1,000 person years for stroke, 7.5 (95% CI: 6.6, 8.5) for myocardial infarction, and 83.6 (95% CI: 80.1, 87.0) for care home admission. Median survival was 4.9 years from diagnosis. Their annual total direct healthcare cost was GBP4,547 per patient, of which 58 percent were from hospital admissions. The majority (75%) of healthcare contacts were from primary care. AD patients had an average length of stay of 11.5 days per inpatient admission, and spent on average one week per year as inpatients.
ConclusionsAD is associated with high direct healthcare costs, with patients’ annual costs ˜1.7 times that of the UK population. The majority of these costs are associated with inpatient hospital admissions.
PP124 The Importance Of Flexible PPI Approaches: Case Study On Flash Glucose Monitoring
- Alice Evans, Jenni Washington, David Jarron
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- International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care / Volume 38 / Issue S1 / December 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 December 2022, p. S81
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Introduction
Health Technology Wales (HTW) review guidance 3 years after publication to establish if reassessment is warranted because, for example, new evidence has become available. Since the publication of guidance on flash glucose monitoring (FGM) in 2018, HTW introduced a patient and public involvement (PPI) process with novel approaches to flexible engagement. This enabled HTW to include three streams of patient evidence into the review of FGM devices.
MethodsHTW’s Patient and Public Involvement Standing Group (PPISG) considered appropriate methods of engagement using the HTW Patient and Public Involvement Mechanism Tool. This tool considers the nature of the health technology, the presence of appropriate patient organizations and questions that can be put to patients, as well as other approaches for obtaining patient evidence.
ResultsHTW contacted Diabetes Cymru and met with them to discuss contributing to the appraisal of FGM devices. Diabetes Cymru produced a patient submission summarizing the experiences of their patient network, with particular focus on the expansion of the technology to closed-loop insulin systems. Diabetes Cymru later attended HTW’s Appraisal Panel committee and gave a presentation. Additionally, HTW conducted a patient evidence literature review. This review summarized published qualitative studies on a range of perspectives, including carer perspectives, family perspectives, children and adolescences perspectives as well as considerations from specific environments, such as schools, workplaces, homes, care homes and communities. In addition to new clinical and cost effectiveness evidence, this PPI input was used to formulate new guidance recommending more widespread adoption of FGM.
ConclusionsThe introduction of flexible approaches to PPI enabled HTW to gain patient evidence from multiple sources. This ensured greater patient representation and a more detailed understanding of the role of FGM devices across different patient communities. This added considerable richness to the patient evidence, which is vital to understand the everyday impacts of FGM and its use amongst patients. Combining flexible PPI with the new clinical and cost effectiveness evidence resulted in a change in the original guidance recommendation.
Trends in Clostridioides difficile infection rates in Canadian hospitals during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic
- Kelly B. Choi, Tim Du, Anada Silva, George R. Golding, Linda Pelude, Robyn Mitchell, Wallis Rudnick, Romeo Hizon, Ghada N Al-Rawahi, Blanda Chow, Ian Davis, Gerald A. Evans, Charles Frenette, Jennie Johnstone, Pamela Kibsey, Kevin C. Katz, Joanne M. Langley, Bonita E. Lee, Yves Longtin, Dominik Mertz, Jessica Minion, Michelle Science, Jocelyn A. Srigley, Paula Stagg, Kathryn N. Suh, Nisha Thampi, Alice Wong, Jeannette L. Comeau, Susy S. Hota, for the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program (CNISP)
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 44 / Issue 7 / July 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 August 2022, pp. 1180-1183
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- July 2023
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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has placed significant burden on healthcare systems. We compared Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) epidemiology before and during the pandemic across 71 hospitals participating in the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program. Using an interrupted time series analysis, we showed that CDI rates significantly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Epidemiological and Molecular Characterization of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Canadian Outpatient Settings, 2015–2019
- CNISP PHAC, Anada Silva, Nisha Thampi, Kelly Baekyung Choi, Linda Pelude, Charles Frenette, Blanda Chow, Control, Bonita Lee, s Hospital, Geoffrey Taylor, Susy Hota, Jennie Johnstone, Gerald Evans, Yves Longtin, Ian Davis, Joanne Langley, Jeannette Comeau, Michelle Science, Alice Wong, Dominik Mertz, Kathryn N. Suh, Pamela Kibsey, Jun Chen Collet, Jocelyn Srigley, Ghada Al-Rawahi, Paula Stagg, Jessica Minion, Appelle Health Region, Guanghong Han
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / October 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 November 2020, pp. s472-s473
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- October 2020
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Background: Healthcare services are increasingly shifting from inpatient to outpatient settings. Outpatient settings such as emergency departments (EDs), oncology clinics, dialysis clinics, and day surgery often involve invasive procedures with the risk of acquiring healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). As a leading cause of HAI, Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in outpatient settings has not been sufficiently described in Canada. The Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program (CNISP) aims to describe the epidemiology, molecular characterization, and antimicrobial susceptibility of outpatient CDI across Canada. Methods: Epidemiologic data were collected from patients diagnosed with CDI from a network of 47 adult and pediatric CNISP hospitals. Patients presenting to an outpatient setting such as the ED or outpatient clinics were considered as outpatient CDI. Cases were considered HAIs if the patient had had a healthcare intervention within the previous 4 weeks, and they were considered community-associated if there was no history of hospitalization within the previous 12 weeks. Clostridioides difficile isolates were submitted to the National Microbiology Laboratory for testing during an annual 2-month targeted surveillance period. National and regional rates of CDI were stratified by outpatient location. Results: Between January 1, 2015, and June 30, 2019, 2,691 cases of outpatient-CDI were reported, and 348 isolates were available for testing. Most cases (1,475 of 2,691, 54.8%) were identified in outpatient clinics, and 72.8% (1,960 of 2,691) were classified as community associated. CDI cases per 100,000 ED visits were highest in 2015, at 10.3, and decreased to 8.1 in 2018. Rates from outpatient clinics decreased from 3.5 in 2016 to 2.7 in 2018 (Fig. 1). Regionally, CDI rates in the ED declined in Central Canada and increased in the West after 2016. Rates in outpatient clinics were >2 times higher in the West compared to other regions. RT027 associated with NAP1 was most common among ED patients (26 of 195, 13.3%), whereas RT106 associated with NAP11 was predominant in outpatient clinics (22 of 189, 11.6%). Overall, 10.4% of isolates were resistant to moxifloxacin, 0.5% were resistant to rifampin, and 24.2% were resistant to clindamycin. No resistance was observed for metronidazole, vancomycin, or tigecycline. Compared to CNISP inpatient CDI data, outpatients with CDI were younger (51.8 ± 23.3 vs 64.2 ± 21.6; P < .001), included more females (56.4% vs 50.9%; P < .001), and were more often treated with metronidazole (63.0% vs 56.1%; P < .001). Conclusions: For the first time, CDI cases identified in outpatient settings were characterized in a Canadian context. Outpatient CDI rates are decreasing overall, but they vary by region. Predominant ribotypes vary based on outpatient location. Outpatients with CDI are younger and are more likely female than inpatients with CDI.
Funding: None
Disclosures: Susy Hota reports contract research for Finch Therapeutics.
Chlorhexidine MICs Remain Stable Among Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Isolates Collected from 2005 to 2019 at Three US Sites
- Joseph Lutgring, Julian Grass, David Lonsway, Brian Yoo, Erin Epson, Megan Crumpler, Karen Galliher, Matthew Zahn, Eric Evans, Jesse Jacob, Alexander Page, Sarah Satola, Gillian Smith, Marion Kainer, Mary Hayden, Sujan Reddy, Christopher Elkins, Shelley Magill, Alice Guh
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- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / October 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 November 2020, p. s26
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- October 2020
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Background: Chlorhexidine bathing reduces bacterial skin colonization and prevents infections in specific patient populations. As chlorhexidine use becomes more widespread, concerns about bacterial tolerance to chlorhexidine have increased; however, testing for chlorhexidine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) is challenging. We adapted a broth microdilution (BMD) method to determine whether chlorhexidine MICs changed over time among 4 important healthcare-associated pathogens. Methods: Antibiotic-resistant bacterial isolates (Staphylococcus aureus from 2005 to 2019 and Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter cloacae complex from 2011 to 2019) were collected through Emerging Infections Program surveillance in 2 sites (Georgia and Tennessee) or through public health reporting in 1 site (Orange County, California). A convenience sample of isolates were collected from facilities with varying amounts of chlorhexidine use. We performed BMD testing using laboratory-developed panels with chlorhexidine digluconate concentrations ranging from 0.125 to 64 μg/mL. After successfully establishing reproducibility with quality control organisms, 3 laboratories performed MIC testing. For each organism, epidemiological cutoff values (ECVs) were established using ECOFFinder. Results: Among 538 isolates tested (129 S. aureus, 158 E. coli, 142 K. pneumoniae, and 109 E. cloacae complex), S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and E. cloacae complex ECVs were 8, 4, 64, and 64 µg/mL, respectively (Table 1). Moreover, 14 isolates had an MIC above the ECV (12 E. coli and 2 E. cloacae complex). The MIC50 of each species is reported over time (Table 2). Conclusions: Using an adapted BMD method, we found that chlorhexidine MICs did not increase over time among a limited sample of S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and E. cloacae complex isolates. Although these results are reassuring, continued surveillance for elevated chlorhexidine MICs in isolates from patients with well-characterized chlorhexidine exposure is needed as chlorhexidine use increases.
Funding: None
Disclosures: None
Contamination of filtering face piece 3 masks with SARS-COV-2 during endotracheal intubation
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- Alice Bone, Elizabeth Barton, Shirley Hoskins, Abigail Holborow, Claire Johnston, Ian Blyth, Jonathan Evans, Brendan Healy
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- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 42 / Issue 4 / April 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 June 2020, pp. 494-495
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- April 2021
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“ROCKING OUR PRIORS”: FUN, ENTHUSIASTIC, RIGOROUS, AND GLORIOUSLY DIVERSE
- Alice Evans
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- PS: Political Science & Politics / Volume 53 / Issue 2 / April 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 December 2019, pp. 320-322
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- April 2020
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Reputations count: why benchmarking performance is improving health care across the world
- Gwyn Bevan, Alice Evans, Sabina Nuti
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- Health Economics, Policy and Law / Volume 14 / Issue 2 / April 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 March 2018, pp. 141-161
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This paper explores what motivates improved health care performance. Previously, many have thought that performance would either improve via choice and competition or by relying on trust and altruism. But neither assumption is supported by available evidence. So instead we explore a third approach of reciprocal altruism with sanctions for unacceptably poor performance and rewards for high performance. These rewards and sanctions, however, are not monetary, but in the form of reputational effects through public reporting of benchmarking of performance. Drawing on natural experiments in Italy and the United Kingdom, we illustrate how public benchmarking can improve poor performance at the national level through ‘naming and shaming’ and enhance good performance at the sub-national level through ‘competitive benchmarking’ and peer learning. Ethnographic research in Zambia also showed how reputations count. Policy-makers could use these effects in different ways to improve public services.
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- By Robert Axe, Emma Bellchambers, James Bowler, Tim Bowles, Alice Braga, Jules Brown, Helen Cain, Amy Crees, Alia Darweish, James Evans, Tobias Everett, Andrew Foo, Dan Freshwater-Turner, Andy Georgiou, Juan Graterol, Ben Greatorex, Ruth Greer, Clare Hommers, Tim Hooper, Tim Howes, Ben Huntley, Izreen Iqbal, Dom Janssen, Ian Kerslake, Emma King, Siobhan King, Sarah Lancaster, Abby Lind, Clinton Lobo, Helen Makins, Chris Marsh, Alex Middleditch, Henry Murdoch, Chris Newell, James Nickells, Sonja Payne, Annabel Pearson, Kieron Rooney, Sophie Scutt, Simon Slinn, Janine Talbot, Helen Turnham, Benjamin Walton, Sarah Warwicker, Mark Wigginton, Mark Yeates
- James Nickells, Benjamin Walton, FRCAQ.com Writers Group, Bristol National Health Service Trust
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- SBA and MTF MCQs for the Final FRCA
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- 05 November 2012
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- 11 October 2012, pp vi-viii
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- Edited by David Dyzenhaus, University of Toronto, Thomas Poole, London School of Economics and Political Science
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- Hobbes and the Law
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- 05 October 2012
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- 30 August 2012, pp vii-viii
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. 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- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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The response to inoculation of the three chromosome races of Trifolium ambiguum sown with and without a companion grass. I. The effect of inoculation on yield of clover and grass
- Alice M. Evans, D. Gareth Jones
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 66 / Issue 3 / June 1966
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2009, pp. 315-319
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Evidence is provided that T. ambiguum, in common with other legumes, responds to inoculation with an effective strain of Rhizobium both in the field and in the glasshouse. There were consistent differences between the responses of 2x, 4x; and 6x: chromosome races to inoculation. Grass plants grown alongside effectively nodulated T. ambiguum plants gave significantly higher yields than those grown with ineffectively nodulated plants. The higher percentage germination associated with inoculation may be due to an effect of the skim milk used as inoculum carrier.
We wish to thank Professor P. T. Thomas and Mr W. Ellis Davies of the Welsh Plant Breeding Station, for their interest and advice, and Professor A. H. Bunting, of Reading University, for reading and correcting the manuscript.
Selection indices using plant type characteristics in Navy beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
- J. H. C. Davis, Alice M. Evans
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 89 / Issue 2 / October 1977
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2009, pp. 341-348
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A replicated trial of 18 families of Navy-bean breeding lines in the F4 generation was grown at Cambridge. The selection-index technique was used to investigate means of improving the efficiency of simultaneous selection for four criteria, namely yield, seed shape (numerical scores from ‘good’ to ‘poor’), early maturity and increased height of pod tips. Relative economic weights were chosen. The yield components and a range of characters describing plant type were measured making 15 characters in all, and combinations of these were included in 32 indices.
It was predicted that simultaneous selection would be limited by adverse correlations between some of the four selection criteria, especially early maturity and height. The estimated efficiency of selection would hardly be improved by including information on the yield components. Combinations of the plant type characters, on the other hand, were predicted to provide considerable additional advance amounting to a 10% improvement when information on total number of nodes and inflorescences and hypocotyl diameter was included.
It was concluded that the time involved in collecting yield component data would be better spent collecting information on a limited number of plant type characteristics in future trials, and that an ideal plant was one with reduced branching and a few heavily podded inflorescences borne on a tall plant with a strong base.
The use of two mating systems in breeding for resistance to Maruca testulalis Gey. in cow pea Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.
- J. N. Woolley, Alice M. Evans
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 102 / Issue 2 / April 1984
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2009, pp. 323-331
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Resistance to insects in cow peas was studied in a diallel cross and in a test cross. Number of pods and seed yield under unsprayed conditions, expressed as a percentage of their values under sprayed conditions, were confirmed as reliable characters for the assessment of resistance and as suitable for diallel analysis. Non-allelic interaction was not detected for these ratios despite its presence in yields. Resistance to flower damage by Maruca and resistance to all damage by post-flowering pests were both highly heritable and were controlled polygenically by alleles showing partial dominance.
The test cross was not as informative as the diallel cross in the analysis of the genetic control of resistance in a group of moderately resistant lines, but was useful in selecting the best of these for future crosses. The results from both schemes suggested that resistance should be accumulated by intercrossing resistant lines before attempting to transfer it to agronomically-preferred susceptible lines.
The effect of host development on the field assessment of disease resistance to Cercospora leaf spots in groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)
- D. J. Nevill, Alice M. Evans
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 94 / Issue 1 / February 1980
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- 27 March 2009, pp. 229-237
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In previous studies of the reactions of groundnut varieties to infection with Cercospora arachidicola Hori and Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & Curt.) Deighton, the existence of disease resistance has been demonstrated. However, these investigations have not resulted in the production of high yielding, disease resistant, varieties and it has been suggested that disease resistance is physiologically linked to low seed yield. In the present study, two aspects of the host–pathogen interaction were investigated: these were varietal response to chemical disease control, and the effect of plant sterility on host and pathogen development. It was found that a general score of resistance to leaf spot did not always relate to the varietal response to disease control and reasons for this were proposed. The prevention of pod production did not affect pathogen development, but vegetative growth of the treated plants was increased. It was concluded that host and pathogen development could be confounded during the assessment of disease resistance. In future varietal screening trials, the use of single branch comparisons should prevent this confusion.
The response to inoculation of the three chromosome races of Trifolium ambiguum sown with and without a companion grass. II. The effect of the method of inoculation on the clover and grass
- D. Gareth Jones, Alice M. Evans
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 66 / Issue 3 / June 1966
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2009, pp. 321-325
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The inoculation of legumes is often carried out using skim-milk as the carrier for the nodule bacteria. Increased germination due to inoculation has often been reported but in this investigation the effects of the skim-milk and the bacteria have been separated. The results indicate that the early establishment of T. ambiguum was stimulated by the skim milk rather than the nodule bacteria. The mechanism of this effect is thought to be due to extra N present in the milk and possibly to an enhanced nitrogen-cycle in the inoculated soil and evidence is produced of increases in certain freeliving nitrogen fixing and nitrifying microorganisms.