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108 results

Page 1 of 6

  • Confirmation of synthetic auxin herbicide resistance in a green pigweed (Amaranthus powellii) population from Ontario, Canada

  • Isabelle K. Aicklen, Peter J. Smith, Brendan Metzger, Darren E. Robinson, Peter H. Sikkema, François J. Tardif
  • Journal:
    Weed Science / Volume 72 / Issue 5 / September 2024
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    28 October 2024, pp. 500-507
    • Article
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  • Following the application of MCPA/MCPB at 1.7 kg ae ha−1 at a field site near Dresden, ON, Canada, poor control (<50% visible control) of green pigweed (Amaranthus powellii S. Watson) was observed. Amaranthus powellii is a common weed in Ontario crop production, and its evolution of resistance to synthetic auxin herbicides (SAHs) could pose a risk to crop yields. The suspected resistant A. powellii population (R) was used in dose–response and field experiments to determine resistance to SAHs. The objective of these studies was to determine whether this population of A. powellii is resistant to MCPA and cross-resistant to other SAHs. The GR50 (herbicide dose that causes a 50% reduction in plant aboveground biomass) values were determined by fitting plant dry weight data, obtained following application with seven SAHs, to a four-parameter log-logistic equation and were compared between the suspected-resistant (R) population and a known susceptible (S) population of A. powellii. The field trial was conducted in 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2021 in corn (Zea mays L.) and consisted of 11 postemergence SAH treatments. The GR50 values differed between the R and S populations following application with MCPA, aminocyclopyrachlor, dichlorprop-p, and mecoprop, resulting in resistance factors of 4.4, 3.0, 2.5, and 2.4, respectively. In the field study, dicamba and MCPA ester controlled A. powellii 84% and 30%, respectively, at 8 wk after treatment application (WAA). The control of Amaranthus powellii with all SAHs applied POST in corn was poor (<90% visible control) at 8 WAA. Both studies confirmed resistance to SAHs in this population of A. powellii, which will create limitations for farmers aiming to control this weed.

  • The equitable impact of sugary drink taxation structures on sugary drink consumption among Canadians: a modelling study using the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey-Nutrition

  • Brendan T Smith, Christine M Warren, Laura N Anderson, David Hammond, Douglas G Manuel, Ye Li, Alessandra T Andreacchi, Laura C Rosella, Sze Hang Fu, Erin Hobin
  • Journal:
    Public Health Nutrition / Volume 27 / Issue 1 / 2024
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    15 April 2024, e121
    • Article
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  • Objective:

    Estimate the impact of 20 % flat-rate and tiered sugary drink tax structures on the consumption of sugary drinks, sugar-sweetened beverages and 100 % juice by age, sex and socio-economic position.

    Design:

    We modelled the impact of price changes – for each tax structure – on the demand for sugary drinks by applying own- and cross-price elasticities to self-report sugary drink consumption measured using single-day 24-h dietary recalls from the cross-sectional, nationally representative 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey-Nutrition. For both 20 % flat-rate and tiered sugary drink tax scenarios, we used linear regression to estimate differences in mean energy intake and proportion of energy intake from sugary drinks by age, sex, education, food security and income.

    Setting:

    Canada.

    Participants:

    19 742 respondents aged 2 and over.

    Results:

    In the 20 % flat-rate scenario, we estimated mean energy intake and proportion of daily energy intake from sugary drinks on a given day would be reduced by 29 kcal/d (95 % UI: 18, 41) and 1·3 % (95 % UI: 0·8, 1·8), respectively. Similarly, in the tiered tax scenario, additional small, but meaningful reductions were estimated in mean energy intake (40 kcal/d, 95 % UI: 24, 55) and proportion of daily energy intake (1·8 %, 95 % UI: 1·1, 2·5). Both tax structures reduced, but did not eliminate, inequities in mean energy intake from sugary drinks despite larger consumption reductions in children/adolescents, males and individuals with lower education, food security and income.

    Conclusions:

    Sugary drink taxation, including the additional benefit of taxing 100 % juice, could reduce overall and inequities in mean energy intake from sugary drinks in Canada.

  • 18 - Forests

  • from Land Use, Forests and Agriculture
  • Edited by Kenneth G. H. Baldwin, Australian National University, Canberra, Mark Howden, Australian National University, Canberra, Michael H. Smith, Australian National University, Canberra, Karen Hussey, University of Queensland, Peter J. Dawson
  • Book:
    Transitioning to a Prosperous, Resilient and Carbon-Free Economy
    Published online:
    08 October 2021
    Print publication:
    28 October 2021, pp 462-500

  • Summary

    Human activities in forests contribute more than one-fifth of global greenhouse gas emissions. Forests face serious risks from climate change due to more intense and frequent mega-fires, drought and loss of ecosystem resilience resulting from biodiversity loss, which in turn impact the provision of ecosystem services. Priorities for mitigation of, and adaptation to, climate change are: avoiding emissions by protecting carbon stocks in natural ecosystems; sequestering carbon through restoration of degraded ecosystems; and reducing emissions through transferring wood production to plantations on existing cleared land, improving efficiency of wood processing, reducing waste, producing higher value wood products with longer lifetimes, substituting emissions-intensive building materials with wood, and recycling. Many co-benefits arise from forest management strategies for mitigation through protection and restoration. Effective governance and policy are critical to supporting and incentivising these mitigation and adaptation strategies to invest in restoration of native forests and development of plantation forests. Alternative policy development frameworks are discussed.

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