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Our objective was to compare patterns of dental antibiotic prescribing in Australia, England, and North America (United States and British Columbia, Canada).
Design:
Population-level analysis of antibiotic prescription.
Setting:
Outpatient prescribing by dentists in 2017.
Participants:
Patients receiving an antibiotic dispensed by an outpatient pharmacy.
Methods:
Prescription-based rates adjusted by population were compared overall and by antibiotic class. Contingency tables assessed differences in the proportion of antibiotic class by country.
Results:
In 2017, dentists in the United States had the highest antibiotic prescribing rate per 1,000 population and Australia had the lowest rate. The penicillin class, particularly amoxicillin, was the most frequently prescribed for all countries. The second most common agents prescribed were clindamycin in the United States and British Columbia (Canada) and metronidazole in Australia and England. Broad-spectrum agents, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and azithromycin were the highest in Australia and the United States, respectively.
Conclusion:
Extreme differences exist in antibiotics prescribed by dentists in Australia, England, the United States, and British Columbia. The United States had twice the antibiotic prescription rate of Australia and the most frequently prescribed antibiotic in the US was clindamycin. Significant opportunities exist for the global dental community to update their prescribing behavior relating to second-line agents for penicillin allergic patients and to contribute to international efforts addressing antibiotic resistance. Patient safety improvements will result from optimizing dental antibiotic prescribing, especially for antibiotics associated with resistance (broad-spectrum agents) or C. difficile (clindamycin). Dental antibiotic stewardship programs are urgently needed worldwide.
Edited by
Jean Andrews, Associate Professor in the Department of Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American Studies, University of Nottingham,Isabel Torres, Professor of Spanish Golden Age Literature at Queen's University, Belfast
Edited by
Jean Andrews, Associate Professor in the Department of Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American Studies, University of Nottingham,Isabel Torres, Professor of Spanish Golden Age Literature at Queen's University, Belfast
Edited by
Jean Andrews, Associate Professor in the Department of Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American Studies, University of Nottingham,Isabel Torres, Professor of Spanish Golden Age Literature at Queen's University, Belfast
Edited by
Jean Andrews, Associate Professor in the Department of Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American Studies, University of Nottingham,Isabel Torres, Professor of Spanish Golden Age Literature at Queen's University, Belfast
Edited by
Jean Andrews, Associate Professor in the Department of Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American Studies, University of Nottingham,Isabel Torres, Professor of Spanish Golden Age Literature at Queen's University, Belfast
Edited by
Jean Andrews, Associate Professor in the Department of Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American Studies, University of Nottingham,Isabel Torres, Professor of Spanish Golden Age Literature at Queen's University, Belfast
Edited by
Jean Andrews, Associate Professor in the Department of Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American Studies, University of Nottingham,Isabel Torres, Professor of Spanish Golden Age Literature at Queen's University, Belfast
Edited by
Jean Andrews, Associate Professor in the Department of Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American Studies, University of Nottingham,Isabel Torres, Professor of Spanish Golden Age Literature at Queen's University, Belfast
The fourteen essays of this volume engage in distinct ways with the matter of motion in early modern Spanish poetics, without limiting the dialectic of stasis and movement to any single sphere or manifestation. Interrogation of the interdependence of tradition and innovation, poetry, power and politics, shifting signifiers, the intersection of topography and deviant temporalities, the movement between the secular and the sacred, tensions between centres and peripheries, issues of manuscript circulation and reception, poetic calls and echoes across continents and centuries, and between creative writing and reading subjects, all demonstrate that Helgerson's central notion of conspicuous movement is relevant beyond early sixteenth-century secular poetics, By opening it up we approximate a better understanding of poetry's flexible spatio-temporal co-ordinates in a period of extraordinary historical circumstances and conterminous radical cultural transformation. Los catorce ensayos de este volumen conectan de una manera perceptible con el tema del movimiento en la poesía española del siglo de oro, sin limitar la dialéctica de la estasis y movimiento a una sola esfera o manifestación única. Entre los multiples enfoques cabe destacar: el cuestionamiento de la interdependencia de la tradición e inovación, de la poesía, del poder y la política, de los significantes que se transforman, de los espacios que conectan y cruzan con los tiempos 'desviados'; análisis de las tensiones entre lo sagrado y lo secular, del conflicto centro-periferia y del complejo sistema de producción, circulación y recepción de los manuscritos; el diálogo con el eco poético a través de los siglos y de los continentes y la construcción creativa del sujeto escritor y/o lector. Al abrir la noción central de Helgerson del "movimiento conspicuo" más allá de la poesía nueva secular, este libro propone un entendimiento más completo de las coordinadas espacio-temporales de la poesía en un periodo de circunstancias históricas extrao. Jean Andrews is Associate Professor in the Department of Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American Studies, University of Nottingham. Isabel Torres is Professor of Spanish Golden Age Literature at Queen's University, Belfast. Contributors: Jean Andrews, Dana Bultman, Noelia Cirnigliaro, Marsha Collins, Trevor J. Dadson, Aurora Egido, Verónica Grossi, Anne Holloway, Mark J. Mascia, Terence O'Reilly, Carmen Peraita, Amanda Powell, Colin Thompson, Isabel Torres.
A complete analysis is given of the iterative properties of two piece-piecewise linear maps on an interval, from the point of view of a doubling transformation obtained by functional composition and rescaling. We show how invariant measures may be constructed for such maps and that parameter values where this may be done form a dense set in a one-dimensional subset of parameter space.
An invariant measure which is absolutely continuous with respect to Lebesgue measure is constructed for a particular first order difference equation that has an extensive biological pedigree. In a biological context this invariant measure gives the density of the population whose growth is governed by the difference equation. Further asymptotically universal results are obtained for a class of difference equations.
A theorem on the canonical form of an antisymmetric matrix, which we attribute to Zumino, is used to show how the derivations of the results of two earlier papers by Blatt on expectation values of operators can be considerably simplified.
A perturbation method is developed, and is used to obtain approximate expressions for the expectation values of one-particle and two particle operators in the quasi-chemical equilibrium (pair correlation) approximation to statistical mechanics, for the case of non-extreme Bose-Einstein condensation of the correlated pairs. To lowest order, the approximate results reproduce the results obtained previously for the case of extreme Bose-Einstein condensation.
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