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Page 1 of 3

Genetically Modified Organisms in Developing Countries
  • Risk Analysis and Governance
  • Edited by Ademola A. Adenle, E. Jane Morris, Denis J. Murphy
  • Published online:
    05 July 2017
    Print publication:
    09 June 2017
  • Bringing together the ideas of experts from around the world, this incisive text offers cutting-edge perspectives on the risk analysis and governance of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), supporting effective and informed decision-making in developing countries. Comprised of four comprehensive sections, this book covers: integrated risk analysis and decision making, giving an overview of the science involved and examining risk analysis methods that impact decision-making on the release of GMOs, particularly in developing countries; diversification of expertise involved in risk analysis and practical ways in which the lack of expertise in developing countries can be overcome; risk analysis based regulatory systems and how they can be undermined by power relationships and socio-political interests, as well as strategies for improving GMO policy development and regulatory decision-making; and case studies from developing countries providing lessons based on real-world experience that can inform our current thinking.

  • 1 - Introduction

  • Edited by Ademola A. Adenle, Colorado State University, E. Jane Morris, University of Leeds, Denis J. Murphy, University of South Wales
  • Book:
    Genetically Modified Organisms in Developing Countries
    Published online:
    05 July 2017
    Print publication:
    09 June 2017, pp 1-10

  • Summary

    The introductory chapter to the book sets the scene by explaining the need for increased agricultural production in developing countries to meet the needs of a growing population. One of the technologies that could help achieve this aim is the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) as well as some other new breeding techniques that are now challenging the definition of what is meant by a GMO. However, the introduction of appropriate regulation and governance of GMOs in developing countries is in many cases proving challenging and preventing their successful introduction. The chapter outlines some of the regulatory issues at international level that are impacting on the situation in developing countries. The introductory chapter outlines the structure of the book, which is divided into four main sections: Risk analysis methodology and decision making; Diversification of expertise; Risk analysis based regulatory systems; and Case studies from developing countries. A brief introduction to each of the following chapters in the book is provided.

  • 2 - Recent Scientific Developments in Genetic Technologies: Implications for Future Regulation of GMOs in Developing Countries

  • from Part I - Risk Analysis Methodology and Decision-Making
  • Edited by Ademola A. Adenle, Colorado State University, E. Jane Morris, University of Leeds, Denis J. Murphy, University of South Wales
  • Book:
    Genetically Modified Organisms in Developing Countries
    Published online:
    05 July 2017
    Print publication:
    09 June 2017, pp 13-25

  • Summary

    Transgenic organisms, also known as GMOs, were first created in for agricultural applications in the 1980s and the first GM crops were grown commercially in the early 1990s. GM crop cultivation on a wide scale started in 1996 and they are now grown on about 108 million hectares worldwide, with just over half of this area being in developing countries. These crops can be regarded as constituting the 'first generation' of GM technology that normally relies on gene transfer via Agrobacterium or biolistic methods. Since the 2010s, a new generation of technologies such as gene editing have started to be introduced for the more rapid and precise manipulation of both crop and livestock genomes. These new technologies are already leading to a reconsideration of current regulatory processes in Europe and North America that may result in less onerous procedures and easier pathways to market for such organisms. Inevitably these developments will impact on developing countries and may mark a watershed for the introduction of improved crop and livestock varieties over the coming years.

  • 25 - Conclusions and Recommendations

  • from Part IV - Case Studies from Developing Countries
  • Edited by Ademola A. Adenle, Colorado State University, E. Jane Morris, University of Leeds, Denis J. Murphy, University of South Wales
  • Book:
    Genetically Modified Organisms in Developing Countries
    Published online:
    05 July 2017
    Print publication:
    09 June 2017, pp 294-300

  • Summary

    The concluding chapter starts by contextualizing the GMO debate within the context of the need for sustainable agricultural intensification and the challenge of meeting the Sustainable Development Goals. It discusses some of the key messages that arise from the preceding chapters. These include the fact that genetically improved crops that are locally important for developing countries have not yet been successful in reaching the market place, in considerable measure due to strict risk-averse legislation founded on the Precautionary Principle on which the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety is based. While there is excessive focus on risk, the benefits of the technology are generally not being considered by regulators, and are not being adequately communicated to the public. The situation is not helped by the focus on process-based legislation (focusing on the genetic modification) rather than on the nature of the resulting product. Developing countries continue to need appropriately focused capacity development to enable them to adequately deal with these issues.The chapter concludes with a set of recommendations for scientists, government officials, donors, the media and international bodies, which we believe would help to break the current impasse in the introduction of GMOs.

  • Clinical and Biochemical Heterogeneity in an Italian Family with CPT II Deficiency due to Ser 113 Leu Mutation

  • Mubeen F. Rafay, E. Gordon Murphy, J. Denis McGarry, Petra Kaufmann, Salvatore DiMauro, Ingrid Tein
  • Journal:
    Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 32 / Issue 3 / August 2005
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 December 2014, pp. 316-320
    • Article
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  • Background:

    Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT II) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder which presents with recurrent myoglobinuria. Heterozygotes are usually asymptomatic.

    Methods:

    We correlate the clinical, biochemical and molecular features of a family in which the proband is homozygous for CPT II deficiency, due to the common Ser 113 Leu mutation.

    Results:

    The 20-year-old female proband presented at age three years with episodic myalgia and myoglobinuria, elevated creatine kinase (CK) of 3600 IU/L and had a 33% residual CPT II activity in cultured skin fibroblasts. Her 25-year-old dizygotic twin brothers presented with muscle stiffness following prolonged exercise but no overt pigmenturia and had interictal CKs up to 662 IU/L. Her parents and a 13-year-old brother are asymptomatic. An elder sister, not investigated, had recurrent pigmenturia and died at eight years with myoglobinuria. Molecular analysis revealed that the proband is homozygous for the Ser 113 Leu mutation. Her parents are heterozygotes with CPT II activities of 55% to 70%. Her younger brother is normal with 83% activity. The symptomatic twin brothers are heterozygous but demonstrated unexpectedly low CPT II activities of 40%, which may explain their phenotype.

    Conclusion:

    We postulate that there may be genetic, environmental and sex hormonal factors accounting for this manifesting heterozygosity and biochemical heterogeneity in CPT II deficiency.

  • Lymphocyte numbers in endogenous depression

  • Denis Murphy, Robert Gardner, John F. Greden, Bernard J. Carroll
  • Journal:
    Psychological Medicine / Volume 17 / Issue 2 / May 1987
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    09 July 2009, pp. 381-385

  • The blood counts of 80 patients with depression were examined (50 unipolar, 30 bipolar). Many had reduced numbers of circulating lymphocytes. This abnormality was more common in the unipolar group (52%) than in the bipolar group (27%). When those patients with an abnormal dexamethasone suppression test response in both groups were compared, the relative and absolute lymphocyte counts were significantly lower in unipolars. Although cortisol hypersecretion may reduce lymphocyte numbers it is not yet clear whether the findings can be satisfactorily explained in this way.

  • Storage lipid formation in seeds

  • Denis J. Murphy, Stephen Rawsthorne, Matthew J. Hills
  • Journal:
    Seed Science Research / Volume 3 / Issue 2 / June 1993
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    19 September 2008, pp. 79-95

  • The mechanisms and regulation of storage lipid formation in seeds are reviewed. Seed storage lipids are ultimately derived from simple carbon compounds, such as sucrose, which are imported into seeds from source tissues, such as leaves or pods. The partitioning of this important carbon towards storage lipid, carbohydrate or protein is regulated by a complex interaction between genetically-determined endogenous factors and external environmental influences. Storage lipids are synthesized from fatty acids, derived from acetyl-CoA, and glycerol 3-phosphate. Fatty acid biosynthesis and probably acetyl-CoA formation, occurs within the plastids to produce oleoyl-CoA. Further elaboration of oleoyl-CoA to produce polyunsaturates, hydroxylates or very long chain acyl-CoAs occurs on the endoplasmic reticulum, as does the esterification of acyl-CoAs to glycerol-3-phosphate to produce the final triacylglycerol storage oil. The temporal and hormonal regulation of storage lipid accumulation in seeds is discussed.

  • 15 - The roles of management, subsidies and breeding in crop improvement

  • Denis Murphy, University of Glamorgan
  • Book:
    Plant Breeding and Biotechnology
    Published online:
    07 May 2010
    Print publication:
    28 August 2007, pp 226-238

  • Summary

    Weak institutions and feeble contracts constitute the

    most important challenge to the agricultural sector

    Decio Zylbersztaijn (2005) Economist

    Introduction

    In the previous chapter, we saw that there will be significant challenges to global food production over the next half century, but that a combination of enhanced economic development and improved land use can go a long way to meeting future food demands. In this chapter, we will survey some of the other important strategies that can be used to enhance food production. Such options include improved management at all levels, from on-farm organisation of crops, through the entire transport and processing chains, and including any related physical and fiscal/legal infrastructure. Another important factor stifling food production in many developing countries is the rampant subsidy/tariff-led overproduction of agricultural commodities in many richer countries. We will examine ways in which the reform of this iniquitous system could greatly stimulate global agriculture. Finally, we will look at the prospects for improving crop production via plant breeding, using all available strategies, including transgenesis. Here, we will see that the outlook for continued increases in crop yields is more promising than many scientists and other pundits believe. Finally, it will be concluded that, while transgenesis may give breeders a few additional options, it is no panacea for the many challenges that confront twenty-first century agriculture.

  • 9 - Decline of the public sector

  • Denis Murphy, University of Glamorgan
  • Book:
    Plant Breeding and Biotechnology
    Published online:
    07 May 2010
    Print publication:
    28 August 2007, pp 126-136

  • Summary

    Habemus publice egestatem, privatim opulentiam (We have public want amidst private plenty)

    Sallust (86–34 BCE) Conspiracy of Cataline

    Introduction

    The public sector paradigm of crop improvement has been spectacularly successful in feeding the unprecedented growth of human populations over the past century. The immense achievements of the Green Revolution during the 1960s and 1970s were largely built on the public-good breeding efforts of the previous half century. But just as these achievements were coming to fruition, a new, and superficially attractive, private sector paradigm of crop improvement emerged. The timing of this renaissance of private enterprise could not have come at a worse time for public sector plant science, especially in those industrialised countries that so vigorously privatised many state assets, including centres of scientific research, in the 1980s and 1990s. In no country were the resulting cutbacks in public sector plant breeding more far reaching than in the UK. In a period of a little over a decade, the UK lost virtually all of its public plant breeding infrastructure and much of the related scientific expertise. This process was duly exported to other nations and has even engulfed some developing countries. In December 1989, I was appointed as Head of one of the three departments of the former Plant Breeding Institute (PBI) that stayed in the public sector while the rest of the organisation was privatised.

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