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The Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) is an open access telescope dedicated to studying the low-frequency (80–300 MHz) southern sky. Since beginning operations in mid-2013, the MWA has opened a new observational window in the southern hemisphere enabling many science areas. The driving science objectives of the original design were to observe 21 cm radiation from the Epoch of Reionisation (EoR), explore the radio time domain, perform Galactic and extragalactic surveys, and monitor solar, heliospheric, and ionospheric phenomena. All together
$60+$
programs recorded 20 000 h producing 146 papers to date. In 2016, the telescope underwent a major upgrade resulting in alternating compact and extended configurations. Other upgrades, including digital back-ends and a rapid-response triggering system, have been developed since the original array was commissioned. In this paper, we review the major results from the prior operation of the MWA and then discuss the new science paths enabled by the improved capabilities. We group these science opportunities by the four original science themes but also include ideas for directions outside these categories.
We describe the motivation and design details of the ‘Phase II’ upgrade of the Murchison Widefield Array radio telescope. The expansion doubles to 256 the number of antenna tiles deployed in the array. The new antenna tiles enhance the capabilities of the Murchison Widefield Array in several key science areas. Seventy-two of the new tiles are deployed in a regular configuration near the existing array core. These new tiles enhance the surface brightness sensitivity of the array and will improve the ability of the Murchison Widefield Array to estimate the slope of the Epoch of Reionisation power spectrum by a factor of ∼3.5. The remaining 56 tiles are deployed on long baselines, doubling the maximum baseline of the array and improving the array u, v coverage. The improved imaging capabilities will provide an order of magnitude improvement in the noise floor of Murchison Widefield Array continuum images. The upgrade retains all of the features that have underpinned the Murchison Widefield Array’s success (large field of view, snapshot image quality, and pointing agility) and boosts the scientific potential with enhanced imaging capabilities and by enabling new calibration strategies.
We present techniques developed to calibrate and correct Murchison Widefield Array low-frequency (72–300 MHz) radio observations for polarimetry. The extremely wide field-of-view, excellent instantaneous (u, v)-coverage and sensitivity to degree-scale structure that the Murchison Widefield Array provides enable instrumental calibration, removal of instrumental artefacts, and correction for ionospheric Faraday rotation through imaging techniques. With the demonstrated polarimetric capabilities of the Murchison Widefield Array, we discuss future directions for polarimetric science at low frequencies to answer outstanding questions relating to polarised source counts, source depolarisation, pulsar science, low-mass stars, exoplanets, the nature of the interstellar and intergalactic media, and the solar environment.
The economic advantages of the Woomera Launch Site in South Australia that were all important in the initial formation of ELDO were, by 1966, outweighed by the limitations that the north pointing range imposed on future applications of the three stage Europa Launcher. The predominance of equatorial orbits (and, in particular, geostationary orbits) in the communications satellite field, demanded a near equatorial, east pointing range for efficient satellite launching.
To overcome this limitation on future Europa applications, a supplementary programme to establish an equatorial launch site (ELS) at Kourou in French Guyane, and to develop the Europa 2 launch vehicle for operations from the ELS, was therefore initiated in 1966.
A theory for the source of free energy for the Langmuir waves producing Type II bursts is presented. It is shown that electrons accelerated at the Type II shock naturally develop a distribution function with an abrupt cutoff at a characteristic minimum parallel velocity (a ‘cutoff distribution) in a limited spatial volume ahead of the shock, irrespective of the acceleration process active at the shock. The long duration, narrow bandwidth Type II radiation is then explained in terms of Langmuir waves produced by a cutoff distribution. The theory also accounts in a natural way for split-band Type II bursts and herringbone bursts.
Burn injuries are a common source of morbidity and mortality in the United States, with an estimated 450,000 burn injuries requiring medical treatment, 40,000 requiring hospitalization, and 3,400 deaths from burns annually in the United States. Patients with severe burns are at high risk for local and systemic infections. Furthermore, burn patients are immunosuppressed, as thermal injury results in less phagocytic activity and lymphokine production by macrophages. In recent years, multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens have become major contributors to morbidity and mortality in burn patients.
Since only limited data are available on the incidence of both device- and nondevice-associated healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in burn patients, we undertook this retrospective cohort analysis of patients admitted to our burn intensive care unit (ICU) from 2008 to 2012.
Significant new opportunities for astrophysics and cosmology have been identified at low radio frequencies. The Murchison Widefield Array is the first telescope in the southern hemisphere designed specifically to explore the low-frequency astronomical sky between 80 and 300 MHz with arcminute angular resolution and high survey efficiency. The telescope will enable new advances along four key science themes, including searching for redshifted 21-cm emission from the EoR in the early Universe; Galactic and extragalactic all-sky southern hemisphere surveys; time-domain astrophysics; and solar, heliospheric, and ionospheric science and space weather. The Murchison Widefield Array is located in Western Australia at the site of the planned Square Kilometre Array (SKA) low-band telescope and is the only low-frequency SKA precursor facility. In this paper, we review the performance properties of the Murchison Widefield Array and describe its primary scientific objectives.
Type II and III solar radio bursts are associated with shock waves and streams of energetic electrons, respectively, which drive plasma waves and radio emission at multiples of the electron plasma frequency as they move out from the corona into the interplanetary medium. Analogous plasma waves and radiation are observed from the foreshock region upstream of Earth's bow shock. In situ spacecraft observations in the solar wind have enabled major progress to be made in developing quantitative theories for these phenomena that are consistent with available data. Similar processes are believed responsible for radio emissions at 2–3 kHz that originate in the distant heliosphere, from where the solar wind interacts with the local interstellar medium. The primary goal of this paper is to review the observations and theories for these four classes of emissions, focusing on recent progress in developing detailed theories for the plasma waves and radiation in the source regions. The secondary goal is to introduce and review stochastic growth theory, a recent theory which appears quantitatively able to explain the wave observations in type III bursts and Earth's foreshock and is a natural theory to apply to type II bursts, the outer heliospheric emissions, and perhaps astrophysicalemissions.
Beam-driven Langmuir waves in the solar wind are generated just above the electron plasma frequency, which fluctuates in the inhomogeneous solar wind plasma. Consequently, propagating Langmuir waves encounter regions in which the wave frequency is less than the local plasma frequency, where they can be reflected, mode converted to transverse electromagnetic waves, and trapped in density wells. The aim here is to investigate Langmuir wave reflection and mode conversion at a linear density gradient for typical solar wind parameters. It is shown that higher mode conversion efficiencies are possible than previously calculated, but that mode conversion occurs in a smaller region of parameter space. In addition, the possibility of detecting mode conversion with in situ spacecraft Langmuir wave observations is discussed.
Lower hybrid (LH) drive involves the resonant acceleration of electrons parallel to the magnetic field by lower hybrid waves, often driven by ions with ring or ring-beam distributions. Charge-exchange between hydrogen atoms and protons with relative motions perpendicular to the magnetic field leads to ring distributions of pickup ions, with concomitant perpedicular ion ‘heating’. This paper considers the combination of LH drive and charge-exchange in the outflow regions of magnetic reconnection sites in the solar chromosphere and lower corona, showing that the combined mechanism naturally predicts major perpendicular ion heating and parallel electron acceleration, and exploring the mechanism’s relevance to specific solar reconnection phenomena, heating of the solar atmosphere, and production of energetic electrons that generate solar radio emission. Although primarily qualitative, analysis shows that the mechanism has numerous attractive aspects, including perpendicular ion heating that increases linearly with ion mass, parallel electron acceleration, predicted ion and electron temperatures that span those of the chromosphere and lower corona, and parallel electron speeds spanning those for type III bursts. Applications to chromospheric explosive events and low-lying active regions, and to heating the chromosphere, appear particularly suitable. Sweeping of plasma frozen-in to chromospheric and coronal magnetic field lines across the neutral atmosphere due to motions of sub-photospheric fields represents an obvious and important generalisation of the mechanism away from reconnection sites. The requirements that the neutrals not be strongly collisionally coupled to the plasma and that sufficient neutrals are available for charge-exchange restricts the LH drive mechanism to above the photosphere but below where the corona is essentially fully ionised. LH drive may thus be important in heating the chromosphere and low corona while other heating mechanisms dominate at higher altitudes. Although attractive thus far, quantitative analyses of LH drive in these contexts are necessary before definitive conclusions are reached.
This paper considers the market or economic valuation and the hedging of Limited Price Indexed (LPI) liabilities. This involves finding optimal static and dynamic hedging strategies which minimise the riskiness of the investment portfolio relative to the liability.
In this paper we do not aim to find the perfect hedge in a perfect world. Instead, it is assumed that optimisation is restricted to three commonly used asset classes in pension funds: cash; long-term (or irredeemable) fixed-interest bonds; and long-dated index-linked bonds. The economic value of the liability is then defined as the value of the best matching portfolio using a mean/variance type of loss function. Specifically, we adopt the risk minimising approach of Föllmer & Sondermann (1986) and Schweizer & Föllmer (1988). Even with such a simple loss function, establishing the theoretically optimal solution can be difficult. We propose that a practical solution close to the theoretical optimum can be found using two approximations. First, we approximate the ‘true’ stochastic economic model by a vector autoregressive model of order one. Second, we use a sequence of linearisations to approximate non-linear by straightforward quadratic minimisation problems.
The proposed approach is illustrated with various numerical examples, and we compare the results of the approximately optimal hedging strategy with static strategies.
Developmental Science provides an account of the basic principles of the new developmental synthesis. A group of eminent scientists from social and biological sciences believes that a fresh, interdisciplinary orientation is required to achieve progress on critical issues of behavioral theory, method, and application. They formed the Carolina Consortium on Human Development in 1987 as an advanced institute for the study of development. This book is the outgrowth of this long term collaboration. In addition to the collaborative statement, individual chapters outline implications of the orientation for method and theory in traditional disciplines. The chapters address specific developmental issues, varying across time frames, methodologies, disciplines, cultures and even species. They provide an inside look at the basic issues that confront modern social and behavioral study of development, including its strengths and problems.
The performance on four drawing tasks was studied in a sample of patients with verified Alzheimer's disease in order to examine the relationship of ‘constructional apraxia’ to neuropathological changes in the parietal lobe and in other brain areas. Twenty-three patients were able to attempt to copy pentagons, a spiral and a three-dimensional drawing of a house, 22 patients were able to draw a clock-face spontaneously. The results were rank-ordered by two independent raters. The values obtained in the different drawing tasks were correlated significantly with each other, with global estimates of cognitive performance (CAMCOG, Mini-Mental State), with a shorter duration of illness, higher brain weight (in the subsample of female patients), higher counts of large neurons in the parahippocampal gyrus and hippocampus, but not in the parietal lobe. This suggests that there is no specific relationship between ‘constructional apraxia’ and neuropathological changes in the parietal lobes of patients with advanced Alzheimer's disease, but that there is a correlation between widespread brain changes and several neuropsychological deficits, one of them being drawing disability.
We report the finding of two coral species of the family Caryophylliidae (Caryophyllia diomedeae and C. quadragenaria) significantly north of their known distribution limit in the eastern Pacific, and a new record of the family for the same region (Goniocorella dumosa, previously known only for the western Pacific).
A new set of equations describing the coupling of high-frequency electrostatic waves with ion fluctuations is obtained taking into account a non-thermal electron distribution. It is shown that there exist stationary envelope solitons which have qualitatively different structures from the solutions reported earlier. In particular, the Langmuir field envelopes are found with similar width and strong field intensities in comparison to the isothermal case. It is also shown that the presence of the fast or non-thermal electrons significantly modifies the nature of Langmuir solitons in the transition from a single-hump solution to a double-hump solution as the Mach number increases to unity. The low-frequency electrostatic potential associated with the high-frequency Langmuir field has the usual single-dip symmetric structure whose amplitude increases with increasing Mach number. Furthermore, the dip at the center of the double-hump Langmuir soliton is found to become smaller as the proportion of non-thermal electrons increases.
The theory for fundamental plasma emission by the three-wave processes L ± S→T (where L, S and T denote Langmuir, ion sound and transverse waves, respectively) is developed. Kinematic constraints on the characteristics and growth lengths of waves participating in the wave processes are identified. In addition the rates, path-integrated wave temperatures, and limits on the brightness temperature of the radiation are derived.
The theory for third and higher harmonic plasma emission by the weak turbulence (or random phase) process L + T′→T (where L denotes a Langmuir wave, and T and T′ denote transverse waves) is developed. Kinematic constraints on the characteristics and growth lengths of waves participating in the wave processes are identified. The cases of L waves produced either directly by a streaming instability, or by the decay L→L′+S (S is an ion sound wave) of L waves generated by a streaming instability, are considered. Limits on the brightness temperature of the radiation are determined, and expressions for the growth rate and path-integrated wave temperatures are derived.