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A logical and clear exposition of hierarchy and locality by a leading figure in the field, Continuing Syntax takes students from an introductory level of syntactic theory to an understanding of cutting-edge research in the field. A comprehensive range of topics is covered, including configurationality, head-movement, clause structure, nominal structure, subjacency, barriers and phases, ensuring that students have a thorough understanding of all the main components of contemporary theory. The many example sentences, extensive glossary, end-of-chapter exercises and annotated further reading lists allow readers to embed and extend their knowledge as they progress through the book. A self-contained work ideal for intermediate-level students, this volume also builds on the author's Beginning Syntax, and lays the foundation for a third volume, Comparing Syntax, which introduces formal syntactic typology.
The Arctic is at the forefront of climate change, undergoing some of the most rapid environmental transformations globally. Here, we examine the impacts of climate change on the livelihoods in the coastal Inuit community of Hopedale, Nunatsiavut, Canada. The study examines recently evolved adaptation strategies employed by Inuit and the challenges to these adaptations. We document changing sea ice patterns, changing weather patterns and the impact of invasive species on food resources and the environment. Utilising knowledge co-production and drawing upon Indigenous knowledge, we monitor the changes and multiple stresses through direct observations, engagement with rights holders and community experiences to characterise climate risks and associated changes affecting livelihoods. We use both decolonising research and participatory methodologies to develop collaboration and partnership, ensuring that monitoring reflects local priorities and realities while also fostering trust and collaboration. We showcase that monitoring environmental trends involves more than data collection; it includes observing and analysing how environmental changes affect community well-being, particularly in terms of food security, cultural practices, economic activities, mental health, sea ice changes and weather patterns. The paper contributes to a nuanced understanding of Inuit resilience and experiences in confronting climate risks and the broader implications for Indigenous communities confronting climate challenges.
Health technology assessment (HTA) is a form of policy analysis that informs decisions about funding and scaling up health technologies to improve health outcomes. An equity-focused HTA recommendation explicitly addresses the impact of health technologies on individuals disadvantaged in society because of specific health needs or social conditions. However, more evidence is needed on the relationships between patient engagement processes and the development of equity-focused HTA recommendations.
Objectives
The objective of this study is to assess relationships between patient engagement processes and the development of equity-focused HTA recommendations.
Methods
We analyzed sixty HTA reports published between 2013 and 2021 from two Canadian organizations: Canada’s Drug Agency and Ontario Health.
Results
Quantitative analysis of the HTA reports showed that direct patient engagement (odds ratio (OR): 3.85; 95 percent confidence interval (CI): 2.40–6.20) and consensus in decision-making (OR: 2.27; 95 percent CI: 1.35–3.84) were more likely to be associated with the development of equity-focused HTA recommendations than indirect patient engagement (OR: .26; 95 percent CI: .16–.41) and voting (OR: .44; 95 percent CI: .26–.73).
Conclusion
The results can inform the development of patient engagement strategies in HTA. These findings have implications for practice, research, and policy. They provide valuable insights into HTA.
Diagnosis in psychiatry faces familiar challenges. Validity and utility remain elusive, and confusion regarding the fluid and arbitrary border between mental health and illness is increasing. The mainstream strategy has been conservative and iterative, retaining current nosology until something better emerges. However, this has led to stagnation. New conceptual frameworks are urgently required to catalyze a genuine paradigm shift.
Methods
We outline candidate strategies that could pave the way for such a paradigm shift. These include the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP), and Clinical Staging, which all promote a blend of dimensional and categorical approaches.
Results
These alternative still heuristic transdiagnostic models provide varying levels of clinical and research utility. RDoC was intended to provide a framework to reorient research beyond the constraints of DSM. HiTOP began as a nosology derived from statistical methods and is now pursuing clinical utility. Clinical Staging aims to both expand the scope and refine the utility of diagnosis by the inclusion of the dimension of timing. None is yet fit for purpose. Yet they are relatively complementary, and it may be possible for them to operate as an ecosystem. Time will tell whether they have the capacity singly or jointly to deliver a paradigm shift.
Conclusions
Several heuristic models have been developed that separately or synergistically build infrastructure to enable new transdiagnostic research to define the structure, development, and mechanisms of mental disorders, to guide treatment and better meet the needs of patients, policymakers, and society.
Giant coronary artery aneurysms and myocardial fibrosis after Kawasaki disease may lead to devastating cardiovascular outcomes. We characterised the vascular and myocardial outcomes in five selected Kawasaki disease patients with a history of giant coronary artery aneurysms that completely regressed.
Methods:
Five patients were selected who had giant coronary artery aneurysm in early childhood that regressed when studied 12–33 years after Kawasaki disease onset. Coronary arteries were imaged by coronary CT angiography, and coronary artery calcium volume scores were determined. We used endocardial strain measurements from CT imaging to assess myocardial regional wall function. Calprotectin and galectin-3 (gal-3) as biomarkers of inflammation and myocardial fibrosis were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Results:
The five selected patients with regressed giant coronary artery aneurysms had calcium scores of zero, normal levels of calprotectin and gal-3, and normal appearance of the coronary arteries by coronary computed tomography angiography. CT strain demonstrated normal peak systolic and diastolic strain patterns in four of five patients. In one patient with a myocardial infarction at the time of Kawasaki disease diagnosis at the age of 10 months, CT strain showed altered global longitudinal strain, reduced segmental peak strain, and reduced diastolic relaxation patterns in multiple left ventricle segments.
Conclusions:
These patients illustrate that regression of giant aneurysms after Kawasaki disease is possible with no detectable calcium, normal biomarkers of inflammation and fibrosis, and normal myocardial function. Individuals with regressed giant coronary artery aneurysm still require longitudinal surveillance to assess the durability of this favourable outcome.
People with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are more likely to experience binge eating than the general population, which may interfere with their diabetes management. Guided self-help (GSH) is one of the recommended treatment options for binge eating disorder, but there is currently a lack of evidenced treatment for binge eating in individuals living with T2D. The aims of this pilot study were to test the feasibility and acceptability of recruiting and delivering the adapted, online Working to Overcome Eating Difficulties GSH intervention to adults with T2D and binge eating. The intervention comprises GSH materials presented online in seven sections delivered over 12 weeks, supported by a trained Guide. Twenty-two participants were recruited in a case series design to receive the intervention and we interviewed four Guides and five participants afterwards. We measured binge eating, mental wellbeing, quality of life and weight at pre-post and 12-week follow-up. Results showed a significant reduction in binge eating at the end of the intervention, which continued to improve at follow-up. Before the programme, 92 % of participants scored above cut-off for binge eating. This reduced to 41 % post-intervention and no-one at follow-up. These changes were accompanied by significant improvements in depression, anxiety and small changes in eating disorder symptoms. Participants reported making better lifestyle choices, eating more mindfully and having increased self-confidence. The study shows preliminary evidence for online GSH tailored to the needs of individuals with T2D as a feasible and acceptable approach to improving binge eating, diabetes management and mental wellbeing.
The ongoing Russian–Ukrainian war has been linked to mental health problems in the Ukrainian general population. To date, however, scarce research has examined the mental health of psychosocial support workers (PSWs) in Ukraine who have a burdensome workload in the context of ongoing conflict. This study aimed to examine the prevalence and correlates of burnout, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and suicidal ideation (SI) in PSWs in Ukraine during the Russian–Ukrainian war.
Methods:
One hundred seventy-eight PSWs in Ukraine completed a survey assessing war exposure, mental health, and psychosocial characteristics.
Results:
A total 59.6% of PSWs screened positive for burnout, 38.2% for PTSD, and 10.7% for current SI. Lower optimism was associated with greater odds of burnout. Greater distress from witnessing war-related destruction, lower optimism, lower presence of meaning in life, and lower levels of close social relationships were associated with greater odds of burnout. Lower presence of meaning in life was associated with greater odds of SI.
Conclusions:
Results of this study highlight the mental health challenges faced by PSWs in Ukraine during the ongoing Russian–Ukrainian war. They further suggest that interventions to foster meaning in life and promote social connectedness may “help the helpers” during this ongoing conflict.
The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs is actively transitioning away from a disease-centric model of healthcare to one that prioritizes disease prevention and the promotion of overall health and well-being. Described as Whole Health, this initiative aims to provide personalized, values-centered care that optimizes physical, behavioral, spiritual, and socioeconomic well-being. To inform this initiative, we analyzed cross-sectional data from a nationally representative sample of primarily older U.S. military veterans to estimate levels of well-being across these domains, and identify sociodemographic, military, and potentially modifiable health and psychosocial correlates of them. Results revealed that, overall, veterans reported high domain-specific well-being (average scores ranging from 6.7 to 8.3 out of 10), with the highest levels in the socioeconomic domain and lowest in the physical domain. Several modifiable factors, including purpose in life, resilience, and social support, were strongly associated with the examined well-being domains. Interventions targeting these constructs may help promote well-being among U.S. veterans.
Multiple industries have hailed lightweighting promise to reduce the mass of their product at equivalent or improved performance. Lightweighting as a strategy encompasses lightweight end-product desired attributes and through-life processing decisions. Assessment of lightweighting gathers information for decision-making towards the optimization of these strategies. An exploratory study, using systems thinking is conducted, to identify requirements of lightweighting and its assessment in terms of holistically defining its impact on the sustainability of its background system, the Earth.
Invasive plants can gain a foothold in new environments by manipulating soil conditions through allelopathy or through the disruption of associations between native plants and their mycorrhizal associates. The resulting changes in soil conditions can affect the recovery of habitats long after the invasive plant has been removed. We conducted a series of greenhouse experiments to examine the effects of soil conditioned by pale swallow-wort [Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleopow) Barbarich; Apocynaceae], on the growth of native plants. Additionally, we tested the effects of aqueous extracts of common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.; Apocynaceae), a related plant with known allelopathic effects, on the regrowth of V. rossicum from transplanted root crowns. Soil from a 15-yr-old V. rossicum infestation reduced seedling emergence in A. syriaca as well as in V. rossicum itself. Conversely, the same soil had no effect on the growth of mature A. syriaca plants. Soil conditioned by V. rossicum growth in the greenhouse had no effect on the biomass and percentage cover generated by two restoration seed mixes. Soil conditioned by A. syriaca, however, yielded lower biomass and percentage cover from both seed mixes. In contrast to the allelopathic effects of A. syriaca on seedlings, aqueous extracts of A. syriaca increased aboveground plant growth in V. rossicum. Our results suggest that the effects of V. rossicum–conditioned soil on native plants are concentrated at the seedling establishment phase. Additionally, the use of diverse native seed mixes shows great potential for restoring productivity to ecosystems affected by V. rossicum.
Childhood obesity represents a significant global health concern and identifying its risk factors is crucial for developing intervention programs. Many “omics” factors associated with the risk of developing obesity have been identified, including genomic, microbiomic, and epigenomic factors. Here, using a sample of 48 infants, we investigated how the methylation profiles in cord blood and placenta at birth were associated with weight outcomes (specifically, conditional weight gain, body mass index, and weight-for-length ratio) at age six months. We characterized genome-wide DNA methylation profiles using the Illumina Infinium MethylationEpic chip, and incorporated information on child and maternal health, and various environmental factors into the analysis. We used regression analysis to identify genes with methylation profiles most predictive of infant weight outcomes, finding a total of 23 relevant genes in cord blood and 10 in placenta. Notably, in cord blood, the methylation profiles of three genes (PLIN4, UBE2F, and PPP1R16B) were associated with all three weight outcomes, which are also associated with weight outcomes in an independent cohort suggesting a strong relationship with weight trajectories in the first six months after birth. Additionally, we developed a Methylation Risk Score (MRS) that could be used to identify children most at risk for developing childhood obesity. While many of the genes identified by our analysis have been associated with weight-related traits (e.g., glucose metabolism, BMI, or hip-to-waist ratio) in previous genome-wide association and variant studies, our analysis implicated several others, whose involvement in the obesity phenotype should be evaluated in future functional investigations.
Parents report that around 20% of infants cry a lot without apparent reason during the first four postnatal months. This crying can trigger parental depression, breastfeeding cessation, overfeeding, impaired parent–child relationships and child development, and infant abuse. The Surviving Crying (SC) cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT)-based materials were developed in earlier research to improve the coping, wellbeing and mental health of parents who judge their infant to be crying excessively.
Aim:
This study set out to:
develop a health visitor (HV) training module based on the SC materials, tailored to fit health visiting;
assess whether HVs could deliver a SC-based service successfully;
confirm whether parents gained similar benefits to those in the earlier study;
prepare for a controlled trial of the SC-based service.
Methods:
A training module was developed to enable HVs to deliver the SC materials, much of it provided online. Ten HVs took the training module (‘SC HVs’). They and the Institute of Health Visiting provided feedback to refine it. SC HV delivery of the CBT sessions to parents with excessively crying babies was assessed using a standardised test. Parental wellbeing was measured using validated questionnaires. Parents and SC HVs evaluated the effectiveness of the SC service using questionnaires or interviews.
Findings:
The study produced the intended training module. Most SC HVs completed the training, and 50% delivered the SC-based service successfully. Both training and delivery were disrupted by the Covid-19 pandemic, illness and work pressures. Replicating earlier findings: most parents’ anxiety and depression scores declined substantially after receiving the SC service; improvements in parents’ confidence, frustration and sleep were found; and all parents and the SC HVs interviewed found the SC service useful and agreed it should be included in the National Health Service. A controlled trial of the resulting SC service is underway.
NASA’s all-sky survey mission, the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), is specifically engineered to detect exoplanets that transit bright stars. Thus far, TESS has successfully identified approximately 400 transiting exoplanets, in addition to roughly 6 000 candidate exoplanets pending confirmation. In this study, we present the results of our ongoing project, the Validation of Transiting Exoplanets using Statistical Tools (VaTEST). Our dedicated effort is focused on the confirmation and characterisation of new exoplanets through the application of statistical validation tools. Through a combination of ground-based telescope data, high-resolution imaging, and the utilisation of the statistical validation tool known as TRICERATOPS, we have successfully discovered eight potential super-Earths. These planets bear the designations: TOI-238b (1.61$^{+0.09} _{-0.10}$ R$_\oplus$), TOI-771b (1.42$^{+0.11} _{-0.09}$ R$_\oplus$), TOI-871b (1.66$^{+0.11} _{-0.11}$ R$_\oplus$), TOI-1467b (1.83$^{+0.16} _{-0.15}$ R$_\oplus$), TOI-1739b (1.69$^{+0.10} _{-0.08}$ R$_\oplus$), TOI-2068b (1.82$^{+0.16} _{-0.15}$ R$_\oplus$), TOI-4559b (1.42$^{+0.13} _{-0.11}$ R$_\oplus$), and TOI-5799b (1.62$^{+0.19} _{-0.13}$ R$_\oplus$). Among all these planets, six of them fall within the region known as ‘keystone planets’, which makes them particularly interesting for study. Based on the location of TOI-771b and TOI-4559b below the radius valley we characterised them as likely super-Earths, though radial velocity mass measurements for these planets will provide more details about their characterisation. It is noteworthy that planets within the size range investigated herein are absent from our own solar system, making their study crucial for gaining insights into the evolutionary stages between Earth and Neptune.
High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) has been used to examine illite/smectite from the Mancos Shale; rectorite from Garland County, Arkansas; illite from Silver Hill, Montana; Na-smectite from Crook County, Wyoming; corrensite from Packwood, Washington; and diagenetic chlorite from the Tuscaloosa Formation. Thin specimens were prepared by ion milling, ultramicrotome sectioning, and/or grain dispersal on a holey carbon substrate. Some smectite-bearing clays were also examined after intercalation with dodecylamine hydrochloride (DH). Intercalation of smectite with DH proved to be a reliable method for HRTEM imaging of expanded smectite (d (001) = 16 Å) which could then be distinguished from unexpanded illite (d (001) = 10 Å). Lattice fringes of basal spacings of DH-intercalated rectorite and illite/smectite showed a 26-Å periodicity. These data support X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) studies which suggest that these samples are ordered, interstratified varieties of illite and smectite. The ion-thinned, unexpanded corrensite sample showed discrete crystallites containing 10-Å and 14-Å basal spacings corresponding to collapsed smectite and chlorite, respectively. Regions containing disordered layers of chlorite and smectite were also noted. Crystallites containing regular alternations of smectite and chlorite layers were not common. These HRTEM observations of corrensite did not corroborate XRD data. Particle sizes parallel to the c axis ranged widely for each sample studied, and many particles showed basal dimensions equivalent to more than five layers. For all illite, smectite, and illite/ smectite particles examined, crystallite sizes of about 20 Å in the basal dimension were not observed.
Hydroxylbenyacarite, (H2O)2Mn2(Ti2Fe)(PO4)4[O(OH)](H2O)10⋅4H2O, is a new paulkerrite-group mineral from the El Criollo mine, Cordoba Province, Argentina (IMA2023–079). It was found in specimens of altered triplite, in association with bermanite, phosphosiderite, quartz, strengite and manganese oxides.
Hydroxylbenyacarite occurs as light greenish-yellow rhombic tablets with dimensions of typically 20 to 50 μm, occasionally to 400 μm. The crystals are flattened on {010}, slightly elongated on [001] and bounded by the {111} and {010} forms. The calculated density is 2.32 g cm–3. Optically, hydroxylbenyacarite crystals are biaxial (+), with α = 1.608(3), β = 1.624(3), γ = 1.642(3) (measured in white light) and 2V(meas.) = 88(2)°. The calculated 2V is 87.5°. The empirical formula is Ca0.06A[K0.46(H2O)0.88□0.66]Σ2.00M1(Mn1.52Mg0.02Fe2+0.35□0.11)Σ2.00M2+M3(Fe3+1.21Al0.02Ti1.77)Σ3.00(PO4)4X[F0.16(OH)0.70O1.14]Σ2.00(H2O)10⋅3.77H2O.
The average crystal structure for hydroxylbenyacarite has space group Pbca and unit cell parameters a = 10.5500(3) Å, b =20.7248(5) Å, c = 12.5023(3) Å, V = 2733.58(12) Å3 and Z = 4. It was refined using single-crystal data to wRobs = 0.074 for 2611 reflections with I > 3σ(I). The crystal structure contains corner-connected linear trimers of Ti-centred octahedra that share corners with PO4 tetrahedra to form 10-member rings parallel to (010). K+ cations and water molecules are located in interstitial sites within the rings. Additional corner-sharing of the PO4 tetrahedra with MnO2(H2O)4 octahedra occurs along [010] to complete the 3D framework structure. A new eight-coordinated interstitial site, previously unreported for paulkerrite-group minerals, is occupied by Ca2+ cations. Weak diffuse diffraction spots in reconstructed precession images for hydroxylbenyacarite violate the a and b glide plane extinctions for Pbca and are consistent with local, unit-cell-scale regions of monoclinic, P21/c structure, in which ordering of the interstitial K+ and Ca2+ cations occurs.
U.S. military veterans are an average 20 years older than non-veterans and have elevated rates of certain health conditions. While negative aging stereotypes have been linked to increased risk for various health conditions, little is known about the prevalence and correlates of these stereotypes in this population. Using data from a nationally representative sample of 4,069 U.S. veterans surveyed between 11/19 and 3/20, we examined (1) the current prevalence of negative aging stereotypes related to physical, mental, and cognitive health and (2) sociodemographic, health, and psychosocial factors associated with these stereotypes. Multivariable regression and relative weight analyses were conducted to identify independent correlates of negative aging stereotypes. Results revealed that 82.3%, 71.1%, and 30.0% of veterans endorsed negative aging stereotypes related to physical, cognitive, and emotional health, respectively. Older age (36.6% relative variance explained), grit (23.6%), and optimism (17.5%) explained the majority of the variance in negative age stereotypes related to physical aging; grit (46.6%), openness to experiences (31.5%), and older age (15.1%) in negative age stereotypes related to cognitive aging; and emotional stability (28.8%), purpose in life (28.8%), and grit (25.3%) in negative age stereotypes related to emotional aging. This study provides an up-to-date characterization of the prevalence and correlates of negative aging stereotypes in U.S. veterans. Results underscore the importance of targeting key correlates of negative aging stereotypes, such as lower grit, as part of efforts to promote health and functioning in this population.
The number and range of technologies that the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) evaluates has never been greater, and with that comes an increasing requirement for capacity. However, not all technologies need the full intensity of the current standard evaluation process. This presents an opportunity to differentiate evaluation processes, and in doing so release capacity for more evaluations. NICE has embarked on a project to develop proportionate appraisal processes, allowing promising medicines to move through refined processes that better match the specific needs of individual evaluations.
Methods
The proportionate approach to technology appraisals (PATT) project was initiated in June 2022. Multiple work strands were established to develop and test potential proportionate approaches, focusing mainly on streamlined approaches for appraisals in which a lighter-touch approach is sufficient. By creating an accountability framework which empowered staff across NICE, new processes were developed using test-and-learn principles: piloting key concepts using retrospective reviews and live appraisals and adjusting the approach based on their findings. The impacts of each approach on NICE, on stakeholders and on the individual appraisals were monitored and assessed.
Results
The project has identified a range of procedural, methodological and operational improvements across the NICE technology appraisal process. Substantial efficiencies have been found, including consolidation of activities, reducing duplication of effort and minimizing disproportionate steps. The test-and-learn approach has proved successful, both in rapidly identifying unsuccessful ideas and in refining and adjusting processes in light of new information and challenges.
Conclusions
The proportionate approach to technology appraisals project represents an important part of improving and streamlining NICE’s approach to health technology assessment, reflecting the increasing demands on the program. Developing proportionate approaches allows efficient use of limited evaluation resources to continue supporting rapid, evidence-based access to innovative technologies. The project also provides a valuable demonstration of an agile, flexible approach to process improvement, paving the way to rapid, dynamic updates in the future.
The quenching of cluster satellite galaxies is inextricably linked to the suppression of their cold interstellar medium (ISM) by environmental mechanisms. While the removal of neutral atomic hydrogen (H i) at large radii is well studied, how the environment impacts the remaining gas in the centres of galaxies, which are dominated by molecular gas, is less clear. Using new observations from the Virgo Environment traced in CO survey (VERTICO) and archival H i data, we study the H i and molecular gas within the optical discs of Virgo cluster galaxies on 1.2-kpc scales with spatially resolved scaling relations between stellar ($\Sigma_{\star}$), H i ($\Sigma_{\text{H}\,{\small\text{I}}}$), and molecular gas ($\Sigma_{\text{mol}}$) surface densities. Adopting H i deficiency as a measure of environmental impact, we find evidence that, in addition to removing the H i at large radii, the cluster processes also lower the average $\Sigma_{\text{H}\,{\small\text{I}}}$ of the remaining gas even in the central $1.2\,$kpc. The impact on molecular gas is comparatively weaker than on the H i, and we show that the lower $\Sigma_{\text{mol}}$ gas is removed first. In the most H i-deficient galaxies, however, we find evidence that environmental processes reduce the typical $\Sigma_{\text{mol}}$ of the remaining gas by nearly a factor of 3. We find no evidence for environment-driven elevation of $\Sigma_{\text{H}\,{\small\text{I}}}$ or $\Sigma_{\text{mol}}$ in H i-deficient galaxies. Using the ratio of $\Sigma_{\text{mol}}$-to-$\Sigma_{\text{H}\,{\small\text{I}}}$ in individual regions, we show that changes in the ISM physical conditions, estimated using the total gas surface density and midplane hydrostatic pressure, cannot explain the observed reduction in molecular gas content. Instead, we suggest that direct stripping of the molecular gas is required to explain our results.
A coherent introduction to generative syntax by a leader in the field, this textbook leads students through the theory from the very beginning, assuming no prior knowledge. Introducing the central concepts in a systematic and engaging way, it covers the goals of generative grammar, tacit native-speaker knowledge, categories and constituents, phrase structure, movement, binding, syntax beyond English and the architecture of grammar. The theory is built slowly, showing in a step-by-step fashion how different versions of generative theory relate to one another. Examples are carefully chosen to be easily understood, and a comprehensive glossary provides clear definitions of all the key terms introduced. With end of chapter exercises, broader discussion questions, and annotated further reading lists. Beginning Syntax is the ideal resource for instructors and beginning undergraduate students of syntax alike. Two further textbooks by Ian Roberts, Continuing Syntax and Comparing Syntax, will take students to intermediate and advanced level.
A coherent introduction to generative syntax by a leader in the field, this textbook leads students through the theory from the very beginning, assuming no prior knowledge. Introducing the central concepts in a systematic and engaging way, it covers the goals of generative grammar, tacit native-speaker knowledge, categories and constituents, phrase structure, movement, binding, syntax beyond English and the architecture of grammar. The theory is built slowly, showing in a step-by-step fashion how different versions of generative theory relate to one another. Examples are carefully chosen to be easily understood, and a comprehensive glossary provides clear definitions of all the key terms introduced. With end of chapter exercises, broader discussion questions, and annotated further reading lists. Beginning Syntax is the ideal resource for instructors and beginning undergraduate students of syntax alike. Two further textbooks by Ian Roberts, Continuing Syntax and Comparing Syntax, will take students to intermediate and advanced level.