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15 results

Translational Neuroscience
  • Applications in Psychiatry, Neurology, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
  • Edited by James E. Barrett, Joseph T. Coyle, Michael Williams
  • Published online:
    05 July 2012
    Print publication:
    28 June 2012
  • Translational neuroscience is at the heart of clinical advancement in the fields of psychiatry, neurology and neurodevelopmental disorders. Written and edited by leading scientists and clinicians, this is a comprehensive and authoritative analysis of this emerging strategy for developing more effective treatments for brain disorders. Introductory chapters bring together perspectives from both academia and industry, while subsequent sections focus on disease groups, including bipolar disorder and depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, substance abuse, autism, Alzheimer's disease, pain, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis. Each section includes topical introductory and summary chapters, providing an overview and synthesis of the field. Translational Neuroscience: Applications in Psychiatry, Neurology, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders is an important text for clinicians, scientists and students in academic settings, government agencies and industry, as well as those working in the fields of public health and the behavioural sciences.

  • Chapter 1 - The discovery and development of drugs to treat psychiatric disorders: Historical perspective

  • Edited by James E. Barrett, Joseph T. Coyle, Michael Williams
  • Book:
    Translational Neuroscience
    Published online:
    05 July 2012
    Print publication:
    28 June 2012, pp 1-13

  • Summary

    The identification of drugs to treat major psychiatric disorders launched the fields of biological psychiatry, behavioral pharmacology, and neuropsychopharmacology. It had a profound impact not only on individuals suffering from these disorders and on the care and hospitalization of patients but also on the emergence of entirely new disciplines. The astute observations in the clinical setting that led to the first generation of psychoactive drugs created the putative framework for the potential discovery of new generations of psychotropic agents. The key challenge in the search for a new generation of improved psychoactive drugs has focused on: enhanced validation of the animal models used to characterize new chemical entities (NCEs) as bona fide models of the human disease and the use of these models to effectively translate NCEs to the human disease state. The learning curve for CNS research focuses on the unique complexity of the brain.

  • Chapter 19 - Section summary and perspectives: Neurodevelopmental disorders and regulation of epigenetic changes

  • Edited by James E. Barrett, Joseph T. Coyle, Michael Williams
  • Book:
    Translational Neuroscience
    Published online:
    05 July 2012
    Print publication:
    28 June 2012, pp 334-338

  • Summary

    Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the USA. Although PD is traditionally recognized by its motor symptoms, refinement of our clinical and pathological tools has led to increasing recognition that PD also causes significant nonmotor deficits. Three main treatment strategies are currently used to provide motor symptom relief in patients with early PD. These strategies include using dopamine agonists as monotherapy, long lasting dopamine therapy, and nondopaminergic agents. The mortality rate of PD is about three times higher than the mortality rate in the normal age-matched population before the introduction of l-dopa treatment. To accelerate the development of novel PD therapies, it is essential to identify reliable biomarkers for PD. Lastly, equipped with new understanding of the molecular basis of PD, efforts are now targeted toward overcoming the major obstacles to developing an effective neuroprotective therapy for PD, including accurate animal models of PD.

  • Chapter 14 - Section summary and perspectives: Translational medicine in neurology

  • Edited by James E. Barrett, Joseph T. Coyle, Michael Williams
  • Book:
    Translational Neuroscience
    Published online:
    05 July 2012
    Print publication:
    28 June 2012, pp 253-260

  • Summary

    The fact that risk genes for schizophrenia are salient for brain development or that fetal brain insults mimic the cortical and behavioral pathology of schizophrenia has led to a certain degree of pessimism that these deficits could be ameliorated in the mature brain. Animal models of disorders like schizophrenia that are manifest primarily by cognitive symptoms such as disorganized thinking and hallucinations are based on rather tenuous behavioral inferences such as hyperactivity and stereotypic behavior and are equivalent to psychosis because it is reduced by antipsychotic drugs. Although it has long been known that schizophrenia is associated with loss of cortical volume and increased size of the lateral ventricles, the pathology of the mood disorders was thought to be primarily functional. Biogenic amine neurotransmitters were the major focus of translational research, given their role in mediating the therapeutic effects of antipsychotic and antidepressant medications.