15 results
Entrainment, detrainment and enstrophy transport by small-scale vortex structures
- Farid Aligolzadeh, Markus Holzner, James R. Dawson
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 973 / 25 October 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 October 2023, A5
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The interaction of small-scale vortical structures with the surrounding fluid are studied using a fully resolved three-dimensional experimental data set of homogeneous turbulence measured at the centre of a von Kármán mixing flow facility and a direct numerical simulation (DNS) data set of forced isotropic turbulence. To identify the small-scale vortices and their boundaries, an objective observer-independent definition was implemented to avoid arbitrariness and is the first implementation applied to experimental measurements of small-scale turbulence. Volume-averaged and conditional statistics are presented to demonstrate consistency between the experimental and DNS data sets. To examine the interaction of the structures with the surrounding flow field, we examine the flow across the boundary of vortex structures by adopting a similar methodological approach to that used to investigate the local entrainment and detrainment across the turbulent–non-turbulent interface. The probability density function (p.d.f.) of entrainment velocity conditioned on the vortex boundary exhibited a non-Gaussian distribution that skewed slightly in favour of entrainment and is remarkably similar to the p.d.f.s of entrainment velocity observed in boundary layers and jets. We analyse the enstrophy transport equation conditioned on radial and axial coordinates of the vortices to quantify the inviscid and viscous components of the entrainment/detrainment process. A comparison with Burgers vortices is made and it is found that the Burgers vortex model captures the vortex structure average size and the mechanisms of enstrophy transport in the radial direction, but is unable to capture local statistics and describe the governing physics along the axes of the vortices.
Spontaneous and explicit symmetry breaking of thermoacoustic eigenmodes in imperfect annular geometries
- Thomas Indlekofer, Abel Faure-Beaulieu, James R. Dawson, Nicolas Noiray
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 944 / 10 August 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 June 2022, A15
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This article deals with the symmetry breaking of azimuthal thermoacoustic modes in annular combustors. Using a nominally symmetric annular combustor, we present experimental evidence of a predicted spontaneous reflectional symmetry breaking, and also an unexpected explicit rotational symmetry breaking in the neighbourhood of the Hopf bifurcation which separates linearly stable azimuthal thermoacoustic modes from self-oscillating modes. We derive and solve a multidimensional Fokker–Planck equation to unravel a unified picture of the phase space topology. We demonstrate that symmetric probability density functions of the thermoacoustic state vector are elusive, because the effect of asymmetries, even imperceptible ones, is magnified close to the bifurcation. This conclusion implies that the thermoacoustic oscillations of azimuthal modes in real combustors will systematically exhibit a statistically dominant orientation of the mode in the vicinity of the Hopf bifurcation.
Asynchronous and synchronous quenching of a globally unstable jet via axisymmetry breaking
- Abhijit K. Kushwaha, Nicholas A. Worth, James R. Dawson, Vikrant Gupta, Larry K.B. Li
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 937 / 25 April 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 March 2022, A40
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We explore experimentally whether axisymmetry breaking can be exploited for the open-loop control of a prototypical hydrodynamic oscillator, namely a low-density inertial jet exhibiting global self-excited axisymmetric oscillations. We find that when forced transversely or axially at a low amplitude, the jet always transitions first from a period-1 limit cycle to $\mathbb {T}^2$ quasiperiodicity via a Neimark–Sacker bifurcation. However, we find that the subsequent transition, from $\mathbb {T}^2$ quasiperiodicity to $1:1$ lock-in, depends on the spatial symmetry of the applied perturbations: axial forcing induces a saddle-node bifurcation at small detuning but an inverse Neimark–Sacker bifurcation at large detuning, whereas transverse forcing always induces an inverse Neimark–Sacker bifurcation irrespective of the detuning. Crucially, we find that only transverse forcing can enable both asynchronous and synchronous quenching of the natural mode to occur without resonant or non-resonant amplification of the forced mode, resulting in substantially lower values of the overall response amplitude across all detuning values. From this, we conclude that breaking the jet axisymmetry via transverse forcing is a more effective control strategy than preserving the jet axisymmetry via axial forcing. Finally, we show that the observed synchronization phenomena can be modelled qualitatively with just two forced coupled Van der Pol oscillators. The success of such a simple low-dimensional model in capturing the complex synchronization dynamics of a multi-modal hydrodynamic system opens up new opportunities for axisymmetry breaking to be exploited for the open-loop control of other globally unstable flows.
Compounding and complementary carnivores: Australian bird species eaten by the introduced European red fox Vulpes vulpes and domestic cat Felis catus
- JOHN C.Z. WOINARSKI, ALYSON M. STOBO-WILSON, HEATHER M. CRAWFORD, STUART J. DAWSON, CHRIS R. DICKMAN, TIM S. DOHERTY, PATRICIA A. FLEMING, STEPHEN T. GARNETT, MATTHEW N. GENTLE, SARAH M. LEGGE, THOMAS M. NEWSOME, RUSSELL PALMER, MATTHEW W. REES, EUAN G. RITCHIE, JAMES SPEED, JOHN-MICHAEL STUART, EILYSH THOMPSON, JEFF TURPIN, BRETT P. MURPHY
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- Journal:
- Bird Conservation International / Volume 32 / Issue 3 / September 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 December 2021, pp. 506-522
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Two introduced carnivores, the European red fox Vulpes vulpes and domestic cat Felis catus, have had extensive impacts on Australian biodiversity. In this study, we collate information on consumption of Australian birds by the fox, paralleling a recent study reporting on birds consumed by cats. We found records of consumption by foxes on 128 native bird species (18% of the non-vagrant bird fauna and 25% of those species within the fox’s range), a smaller tally than for cats (343 species, including 297 within the fox’s Australian range, a subset of that of the cat). Most (81%) bird species eaten by foxes are also eaten by cats, suggesting that predation impacts are compounded. As with consumption by cats, birds that nest or forage on the ground are most likely to be consumed by foxes. However, there is also some partitioning, with records of consumption by foxes but not cats for 25 bird species, indicating that impacts of the two predators may also be complementary. Bird species ≥3.4 kg were more likely to be eaten by foxes, and those <3.4 kg by cats. Our compilation provides an inventory and describes characteristics of Australian bird species known to be consumed by foxes, but we acknowledge that records of predation do not imply population-level impacts. Nonetheless, there is sufficient information from other studies to demonstrate that fox predation has significant impacts on the population viability of some Australian birds, especially larger birds, and those that nest or forage on the ground.
Imperfect symmetry of real annular combustors: beating thermoacoustic modes and heteroclinic orbits
- Abel Faure-Beaulieu, Thomas Indlekofer, James R. Dawson, Nicolas Noiray
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 925 / 25 October 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 31 August 2021, R1
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In jet engines and gas turbines, the annular shape of the combustion chamber allows the appearance of self-oscillating azimuthal thermoacoustic modes. We report experimental evidence of a new type of modal dynamics characterised by periodic switching of the spinning direction and develop a theoretical model that fully reproduces this phenomenon and explains the underlying mechanisms. It is shown that tiny asymmetries of the geometry, the mean temperature field, the thermoacoustic response of the flames or the acoustic impedance of the walls, present in any real systems, can induce these heteroclinic orbits. The model also explains experimental observations showing a statistically dominant spinning direction despite the absence of swirling flow, or pairs of preferred nodal line directions.
The response of an axisymmetric jet placed at various positions in a standing wave
- Eirik Æsøy, José G. Aguilar, Nicholas A. Worth, James R. Dawson
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 917 / 25 June 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 April 2021, A16
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The hydrodynamic response of an axisymmetric jet placed at various positions in a standing wave oriented normally to the jet is investigated. At the velocity and pressure nodes the axisymmetric ($m=0$) and first azimuthal ($m={\pm }1$) modes are excited, respectively, through manipulation of the jet exit boundary conditions. At positions between the nodes, both the $m=0$ and $m={\pm }1$ modes are simultaneously excited resulting in asymmetric forcing due to the phase difference between the transverse and longitudinal acoustic fluctuations. This leads to the asymmetric formation of vortices in the near field and bifurcation into two or more momentum streams further downstream. The dominant momentum stream is deflected in the direction of the velocity node. It is shown that the asymmetric response can be well approximated by a superposition of the boundary conditions at the pressure and velocity nodes where the contributions from each mode are proportional to the acoustic pressure and velocity. A method is proposed to characterize the bifurcation behaviour statistically via moments of the probability density functions constructed from profiles of streamwise momentum. The jet symmetry and momentum spreading are shown to be proportional to the magnitude of the transverse acoustic velocity. Finally, the streamwise velocity is reconstructed as a superposition of Gaussian profiles providing a robust method to characterize the number of individual momentum streams which also shows that each of the streams behave self-similarly.
The inter-scale energy budget in a von Kármán mixing flow
- Anna N. Knutsen, Pawel Baj, John M. Lawson, Eberhard Bodenschatz, James R. Dawson, Nicholas A. Worth
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 895 / 25 July 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 May 2020, A11
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A detailed assessment of the inter-scale energy budget of the turbulent flow in a von Kármán mixing tank has been performed based on two extensive experimental data sets. Measurements were performed at a Taylor microscale Reynolds number of $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}=199$ in the central region of the tank, using scanning particle image velocimetry (PIV) to fully resolve the velocity gradient tensor (VGT), and stereoscopic PIV for an expanded field of view. Following a basic flow characterisation, the Kármán–Howarth–Monin–Hill equation was used to investigate the inter-scale energy transfer. Access to the full VGT enabled the contribution of the different terms of the energy budget to be evaluated without any assumptions or approximations. The scale-space distribution of the dominant terms was also reported to assess the isotropy of the energy transfer. The results show a highly anisotropic distribution of energy transfer in scale space. Energy transfer was shown in a spherically averaged sense to be dominated at the small scales by the nonlinear inter-scale transfer term. However, in contrast to flows considered in previous studies, the local energy transfer is found to depend heavily on the linear contribution associated with the mean flow. Analysis of the scale-to-scale transfer of energy also allowed direct assessment of the classical picture of the energy cascade. It was found that while the inter-scale energy cascade driven by the turbulent fluctuations always proceeds in the forward direction, the total energy cascade driven by both the turbulent fluctuations and the mean flow exhibits significant inverse cascade regions, where energy is transferred from smaller to larger scales.
An ultra-wide bandwidth (704 to 4 032 MHz) receiver for the Parkes radio telescope
- George Hobbs, Richard N. Manchester, Alex Dunning, Andrew Jameson, Paul Roberts, Daniel George, J. A. Green, John Tuthill, Lawrence Toomey, Jane F. Kaczmarek, Stacy Mader, Malte Marquarding, Azeem Ahmed, Shaun W. Amy, Matthew Bailes, Ron Beresford, N. D. R. Bhat, Douglas C.-J. Bock, Michael Bourne, Mark Bowen, Michael Brothers, Andrew D. Cameron, Ettore Carretti, Nick Carter, Santy Castillo, Raji Chekkala, Wan Cheng, Yoon Chung, Daniel A. Craig, Shi Dai, Joanne Dawson, James Dempsey, Paul Doherty, Bin Dong, Philip Edwards, Tuohutinuer Ergesh, Xuyang Gao, JinLin Han, Douglas Hayman, Balthasar Indermuehle, Kanapathippillai Jeganathan, Simon Johnston, Henry Kanoniuk, Michael Kesteven, Michael Kramer, Mark Leach, Vince Mcintyre, Vanessa Moss, Stefan Osłowski, Chris Phillips, Nathan Pope, Brett Preisig, Daniel Price, Ken Reeves, Les Reilly, John Reynolds, Tim Robishaw, Peter Roush, Tim Ruckley, Elaine Sadler, John Sarkissian, Sean Severs, Ryan Shannon, Ken Smart, Malcolm Smith, Stephanie Smith, Charlotte Sobey, Lister Staveley-Smith, Anastasios Tzioumis, Willem van Straten, Nina Wang, Linqing Wen, Matthew Whiting
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- Journal:
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia / Volume 37 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 April 2020, e012
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We describe an ultra-wide-bandwidth, low-frequency receiver recently installed on the Parkes radio telescope. The receiver system provides continuous frequency coverage from 704 to 4032 MHz. For much of the band ( ${\sim}60\%$ ), the system temperature is approximately 22 K and the receiver system remains in a linear regime even in the presence of strong mobile phone transmissions. We discuss the scientific and technical aspects of the new receiver, including its astronomical objectives, as well as the feed, receiver, digitiser, and signal processor design. We describe the pipeline routines that form the archive-ready data products and how those data files can be accessed from the archives. The system performance is quantified, including the system noise and linearity, beam shape, antenna efficiency, polarisation calibration, and timing stability.
Vortex dynamics of a jet at the pressure node in a standing wave
- Nicholas A. Worth, Dhiren Mistry, Tim Berk, James R. Dawson
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 882 / 10 January 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 November 2019, A22
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In this paper we investigate the vortex structure and dynamics formed in the near field of a turbulent axisymmetric jet subjected to transverse acoustic forcing. Full three-dimensional phase-averaged velocity measurements were obtained to elucidate the coherent structures formed when the jet is positioned at the pressure node of a plane standing wave oriented transversely to the streamwise flow direction, which creates a plane symmetry about the nodal line dissecting the jet exit. Due to the change in phase that occurs across the nodal line, it was found that axisymmetry is broken and the jet undergoes a periodic transverse flapping motion consistent with a sinuous mode. This was accompanied by a periodic train of interconnected vortex structures, resembling inverted hairpin (or horseshoe) vortices, formed as the shear layers rolled up in anti-phase either side of the jet, and propagated a few diameters downstream before breaking up. An inviscid vortex model employing inverted hairpin line vortices is shown to capture both the dynamics of the vortex structures and the fluctuating velocity fields. Overall, the jet response and resulting vortex dynamics observed represent a significant departure from the axisymmetric flow structures observed with conventional longitudinal forcing and more closely resemble the phenomenon of bifurcating jets.
Kinematics of local entrainment and detrainment in a turbulent jet
- Dhiren Mistry, Jimmy Philip, James R. Dawson
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- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 871 / 25 July 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 30 May 2019, pp. 896-924
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In this paper we investigate the continuous, local exchange of fluid elements as they are entrained and detrained across the turbulent/non-turbulent interface (TNTI) in a high Reynolds number axisymmetric jet. To elucidate characteristic kinematic features of local entrainment and detrainment processes, simultaneous high-speed particle image velocimetry and planar laser-induced fluorescence measurements were undertaken. Using an interface-tracking technique, we evaluate and analyse the conditional dependence of local entrainment velocity in a frame of reference moving with the TNTI in terms of the interface geometry and the local flow field. We find that the local entrainment velocity is intermittent with a characteristic length scale of the order of the Taylor micro-scale and that the contribution to the net entrainment rate arises from the imbalance between local entrainment and detrainment rates that occurs with a ratio of two parts of entrainment to one part detrainment. On average, an increase in local entrainment is correlated with excursions of the TNTI towards jet centreline into regions of higher streamwise momentum, convex surface curvature facing the turbulent side of the jet and along the leading edges of the interface. In contrast, detrainment is correlated with excursions of the TNTI away from the jet centreline into regions of lower streamwise momentum, concave surface curvature and along the trailing edge. We find that strong entrainment is characterised by a local counterflow velocity field in the frame of reference moving with the TNTI which enhances the transport of rotational and irrotational fluid elements. On the other hand, detrainment is characterised by locally uniform flow fields with the local fluid velocity on either side of the TNTI advecting in the same direction. These local flow patterns and the strength of entrainment or detrainment rates are also observed to be strongly influenced by the presence and relative strength of vortical structures which are of the order of the Taylor micro-scale that populate the turbulent region along the jet boundary.
The multi-scale geometry of the near field in an axisymmetric jet
- Dhiren Mistry, James R. Dawson, Alan R. Kerstein
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 838 / 10 March 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 January 2018, pp. 501-515
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A characteristic feature of axisymmetric jets, and turbulent shear flows in general, is the entrainment of mass across the turbulent/non-turbulent interface (TNTI). The multi-scale nature of the TNTI surface area was recently observed to exhibit power-law scaling with a fractal dimension, $D_{f}$, between $D_{f}=2.3{-}2.4$, inferred from two-dimensional data, in both high Reynolds number boundary layers and the far field of axisymmetric jets. In this paper, we show that the fractal scaling previously observed in the far field of an axisymmetric jet is established at the end of the potential core. Simultaneous measurements of the velocity and scalar fields were obtained and coarse grain filtering was applied over two decades of scale separation, showing that $D_{f}$ evolves to ${\approx}2.35$ at $x/d=4.6$, which is similar to $D_{f}$ found in the far field between $x/d=40{-}60$. This is evidence that scale separation becomes sufficiently developed to achieve scale invariance of the TNTI surface area in the near field of the jet well before self-similarity is established. We also observe that the onset of this geometric scale invariance coincides with the onset of radial homogeneity shown by two-point velocity correlations. Finally, we present a simple theoretical basis for these results using an exact fractal construction based on the Koch curve and applying a coarse-grain filtering analysis.
Thermal dependence of bioengineered glufosinate tolerance in cotton
- James R. Mahan, Peter A. Dotray, Ginger G. Light, Kristy R. Dawson
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 54 / Issue 1 / February 2006
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 1-5
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Tolerance to glufosinate has been bioengineered into cotton through the expression of a gene encoding the enzyme phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT). Studies were conducted to determine thermal limitations on herbicide efficacy in bioengineered cotton. The 50% inhibition (I50) of glufosinate of the target-site enzyme glutamine synthetase was thermally dependent with the lowest values between 25 and 35 C. Larger values of I50 were measured above and below the 25 to 35 C range. The apparent Michaelis constant KM of the enzyme PAT was relatively stable from 15 to 30 C and increased more rapidly from 30 to 45 C. The two components in combination suggest the aggregate tolerance to glufosinate would not be thermally limited between 15 and 45 C. The thermal dependence of the aggregate tolerance in cotton suggests that glufosinate would not damage the crop over a range of temperatures. This prediction is in agreement with the results of field studies carried out over a number of years, which showed the glufosinate-tolerant cotton to be undamaged by glufosinate over a wide range of temperatures.
Entrainment at multi-scales across the turbulent/non-turbulent interface in an axisymmetric jet
- Dhiren Mistry, Jimmy Philip, James R. Dawson, Ivan Marusic
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 802 / 10 September 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 August 2016, pp. 690-725
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We consider the scaling of the mass flux and entrainment velocity across the turbulent/non-turbulent interface (TNTI) in the far field of an axisymmetric jet at high Reynolds number. Time-resolved, simultaneous multi-scale particle image velocimetry (PIV) and planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) are used to identify and track the TNTI, and directly measure the local entrainment velocity along it. Application of box-counting and spatial-filtering methods, with filter sizes $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}$ spanning over two decades in length, show that the mean length of the TNTI exhibits a power-law behaviour with a fractal dimension $D\approx 0.31{-}0.33$. More importantly, we invoke a multi-scale methodology to confirm that the mean mass flux, which is equal to the product of the entrainment velocity and the surface area, remains constant across the range of filter sizes. The results, within experimental uncertainty, also show that the entrainment velocity along the TNTI exhibits a power-law behaviour with $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}$, such that the entrainment velocity increases with increasing $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}$. In fact, the mean entrainment velocity scales at a rate that balances the scaling of the TNTI length such that the mass flux remains independent of the coarse-grain filter size, as first suggested by Meneveau & Sreenivasan (Phys. Rev. A, vol. 41, no. 4, 1990, pp. 2246–2248). Hence, at the smallest scales the entrainment velocity is small but is balanced by the presence of a very large surface area, whilst at the largest scales the entrainment velocity is large but is balanced by a smaller (smoother) surface area.
Recovering the Scientist–Practitioner Model: How IOs Should Respond to Unproctored Internet Testing
- James C. Beaty, Craig R. Dawson, Sarah S. Fallaw, Tracy M. Kantrowitz
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- Journal:
- Industrial and Organizational Psychology / Volume 2 / Issue 1 / March 2009
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 January 2015, pp. 58-63
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Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
-
- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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