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Healthy dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean diet (MeDi), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) and the Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) have been evaluated for their potential association with health outcomes. However, the lack of standardisation in scoring methodologies can hinder reproducibility and meaningful cross-study comparisons. Here we provide a reproducible workflow for generating the MeDi, DASH and MIND dietary pattern scores from frequently used dietary assessment tools including the 24-h recall tool and two variations of FFQ. Subjective aspects of the scoring process are highlighted and have led to a recommended reporting checklist. This checklist enables standardised reporting with sufficient detail to enhance the reproducibility and comparability of their outcomes. In addition to these aims, valuable insights in the strengths and limitations of each assessment tool for scoring the MeDi, DASH and MIND diet can be utilised by researchers and clinicians to determine which dietary assessment tool best meets their needs.
This chapter reviews the nocturnal sleep disorders associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). The most common sleep disorders in PD include insomnia, REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome (RLS), and periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD). The diagnosis of RLS in PD patients may be confounded by akathisia and nocturnal motor symptoms. The presence of diurnal variations of symptoms in RLS, and the feeling of inner restlessness without a sensory component in akathisia, may help to differentiate akathisia from RLS. The primary neurodegenerative process of PD, complex medication regimens, age-related changes in the sleep architecture, and co-existent sleep disturbances play an important role in the development of excessive daytime somnolence (EDS). Several objective and subjective diagnostic tools have been used for the diagnosis of EDS in PD patients. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has become an important treatment option for PD patients with disabling motor complications and dyskinesias.
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