We examine strategic sophistication using eight two-person 3 × 3 one-shot games. To facilitate strategic thinking, we design a ‘structured’ environment where subjects first assign subjective values to the payoff pairs and state their beliefs about their counterparts’ probable strategies, before selecting their own strategies in light of those deliberations. Our results show that a majority of strategy choices are inconsistent with the equilibrium prediction, and that only just over half of strategy choices constitute best responses to subjects’ stated beliefs. Allowing for other-regarding considerations increases best responding significantly, but the increase is rather small. We further compare patterns of strategies with those made in an ‘unstructured’ environment in which subjects are not specifically directed to think strategically. Our data suggest that structuring the pre-decision deliberation process does not affect strategic sophistication.

For near-future missions planed for Mars Sample Return (MSR), an international working group organized by the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) developed the sample safety assessment framework (SSAF). For the SSAF, analytical instruments were selected by taking the practical limitations of hosting them within a facility with the highest level of biosafety precautions (biosafety level 4) and the precious nature of returned samples into account. To prepare for MSR, analytical instruments of high sensitivity need to be tested on effective Mars analogue materials. As an analogue material, we selected a rock core of basalt, a prominent rock type on the Martian surface. Two basalt samples with aqueous alteration cached in Jezero crater by the Perseverance rover are planned to be returned to Earth. Our previously published analytical procedures using destructive but spatially sensitive instruments such as nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) and transmission electron microscopy coupled to energy-dispersive spectroscopy revealed microbial colonization at clay-filled fractures. With an aim to test the capability of an analytical instrument listed in SSAF, we now extend that work to conventional Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microscopy with a spatial resolution of 10 μm. Although Fe-rich smectite called nontronite was identified after crushing some portion of the rock core sample into powder, the application of conventional FT-IR microscopy is limited to a sample thickness of <30 μm. In order to obtain IR-based spectra without destructive preparation, a new technique called optical-photothermal infrared (O-PTIR) spectroscopy with a spatial resolution of 0.5 μm was applied to a 100 μm thick section of the rock core. By O-PTIR spectroscopic analysis of the clay-filled fracture, we obtained in-situ spectra diagnostic to microbial cells, consistent with our previously published data obtained by NanoSIMS. In addition, nontronite identification was also possible by O-PTIR spectroscopic analysis. From these results, O-PTIR spectroscopy is suggested be superior to deep ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy/μ-Raman spectroscopy, particularly for smectite identification. A simultaneous acquisition of the spatial distribution of structural motifs associated with biomolecules and smectites is critical for distinguishing biological material in samples as well as characterizing an abiotic background.

Let θ > 0 be a measure of the average step size of a stochastic process {pn(θ) }n=1(∞). Conditions are given under which pn(θ) is approximately normally distributed when n is large and θ is small. This result is applied to a number of learning models where θ is a learning rate parameter and pn(θ) is the probability that the subject makes a certain response on the nth experimental trial. Both linear and stimulus sampling models are considered.

This survey paper is concerned with vortex shedding from bodies in unsteady flow due either to time dependent motion of the body in a still fluid or unsteady motion of the fluid about a fixed body. The fluid is treated as incompressible, and the main emphasis is on starting flows and oscillatory flows. Much of the discussion describes 2D flow around sections of long or slender bodies. The first part of the paper covers the inviscid flow scaling of the forces induced by vortex shedding in time dependent flows which drive the shedding. This is followed by application of Wu’s impulse integral of the moment of vorticity to predict the forces induced by vortex shedding from a body in both inviscid and viscous flows. Vortex shedding phenomena involving small amplitude, high-frequency oscillatory flow such as vortex-induced vibration (VIV) and fluid-structure interaction (FSI) are not included in this discussion as in these cases the unsteady flow controls rather than drives the vortex shedding and they are well covered elsewhere.

The second part of the paper describes a vortex force mapping (VFM) method derived by considering the Lamb–Gromyko formulation for the pressure contribution which allows the integral of the vorticity field to be restricted to regions which are not far from the body. It is applied to both inviscid and viscous flows. The section finishes with discussion of application of the VFM to the calculation of forces induced on bodies from flow field measurements, such as particle image velocimetry (PIV).

Immediate-use steam sterilization (IUSS) shortens the time of sterilization but may increase the risk of surgical site infection (SSI). Among 23,919 procedures with 416 (1.7%) procedures resulting in SSI, IUSS was associated with a 1.52 (95% CI, 1.10–2.11) times higher risk of SSI. IUSS should be minimized.

Studies of extinction typically focus on unintended losses of biodiversity and culture. This study, however, examines an attempt to induce extinction of a parasite: human hookworm (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale). Our interdisciplinary approach integrates medical history and epidemiology using records created by the Jamaica Hookworm Commission of 1919–1936. We show that the attempt to induce the extinction of hookworms was driven by its perceived effects on labour productivity and consequent status as an ideological and economic threat. We use spatial epidemiology to describe the relationships between parasites, environments and the working conditions of plantation labourers. Using data from 330 locations across Jamaica in which 169,380 individuals were tested for hookworm infection we show that the prevalence of hookworm infection was higher in districts surrounding plantations. Prevalence decreased with the temperature of the coldest month, increased with the amount of rainfall in the driest month, and increased with vegetation quantity (normalised difference vegetation index). Worm burden (and thus pathology) varied greatly between individuals, even those living together; hookworm infection varied between environments, socioeconomic conditions and individuals. Nevertheless, the conditions of labour shaped the distribution of hookworms. Plantations both spread and problematised hookworms, driving efforts to bring it to extinction.

Adequate nutrition is necessary for overall health and development(1). Prisoners in general lack autonomy over their diet, in addition to being a population with a high risk of poor health outcomes(2, 3). It is important therefore that prisons are offered menus which meet dietary reference values (DRVs), as set by the UK government, aiming for equity with the general population, and that prisoners choose food options that are beneficial for their health. The aim of this study was to conduct a nutritional analysis of prisoners’ food diaries to determine whether dietary recommendations were being met.

Seven-day food diaries were collected from prisoners eating the normal food supplied by three young offender institutions in 2009. Food eaten was analysed using DietPlan6 version 6.0 (Forestfield Software Ltd). Individual nutrient data were tested for normality and compared against the UK DRVs and NDNS data from 2008/9 using either the one-sample T-test, or one-sample Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Data in the results is presented as (Mean ± SD).

There were n=466 diaries analysed, from male participants aged between 16 to 24 years. Twenty- eight nutrients were compared with their respective DRVs by age categories: 16-18y (n=156), 19-24y (n=310), and 16-24y (n=466).

For ages 16-24y, chloride (5556 ± 1692mg), folate (302 ± 112ug), iodine (195 ± 81ug), monounsaturated fat (35 ± 10g), potassium (3667 ± 1161mg), sodium (3899 ± 1392mg), sugar (136 ± 73g), riboflavin (2 ± 1mg), vitamin B12 (6 ± 4ug), vitamin C (92 ± 63mg), and zinc (11 ± 3mg) exceeded DRV requirements (P<0.01). Carbohydrates (53 ± 5%E), saturated fat (12 ± 5%E), and sugar (19 ± 9%E) all exceeded their DRVs (P<0.05). Vitamin A (553 ± 531ug) and fibre (15 ± 6g) were found 24% and 18% lower than the DRVs, respectively (P<0.01). Fat (34 ± 5%E), polyunsaturated fat (6 ± 1%E), and protein (14 ± 2%E), as a percent of energy, were below the DRV by 3%, 8%, and 7% respectively (P<0.01). Magnesium (301 ± 107mg) was equal to the DRV (P=0.81).

For 16-18, and 19-24 respectively, calcium (1286 ± 928mg; 1337 ± 489mg), copper (1 ± 0.6mg; 2 ± 0.6mg), iron (14 ± 5mg; 15 ± 6mg), niacin (19 ± 7mg; 21 ± 7mg), phosphorus (1545 ± 381mg; 1620 ± 493mg), protein (96 ± 24g; 100 ± 29g), thiamine (2 ± 0.6mg; 2 ± 0.7mg), and vitamin B6 (2.3 ± 0.7ug; 3 ± 0.9ug) exceeded their DRV (P<0.01). For 16-18y, energy (kcals) was equal to the DRV (2748 ± 787kcal, P=0.91). For years 19-24y, energy (kcal) exceeded the DRV (2931 ± 939kcal, P<0.01).

This study represents the largest assessment of dietary intake of prisoners and demonstrates that the prison catering, for the most part, met the DRVs. However, sugar, fat, and energy intake exceeded their DRV target, posing clear risks to health by possibly contributing to later obesity, hypertension, Type 2 diabetes and heart disease.

Background: Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT)most commonly affects younger women. Diagnosis may be delayed due to its distinct presentation and demographic profile compared to other stroke types. Methods: We examined delays to diagnosis of CVT in the SECRET randomized trial and TOP-SECRET parallel registry. Adults diagnosed with symptomatic CVT within <14 days were included. We examined time to diagnosis and number of health care encounters prior to diagnosis and associations with demographics, clinical and radiologic features and functional and patient-reported outcomes (PROMS) at days 180&365. Results: Of 103 participants, 68.9% were female; median age was 45 (IQR 31.0-61.0). Median time from symptom onset to diagnosis was 4 (1-8) days. Diagnosis on first presentation to medical attention was made in 60.2%. The difference in time to diagnosis for single versus multiple presentations was on the order of days (3[1-7] vs. 5[2-11.75], p=0.16). Women were likelier to have multiple presentations (OR 2.53; 95% CI1.00-6.39; p=0.05) and longer median times to diagnosis (5[2-8]days vs. 2[1-4.5] days; p=0.005). However, this was not associated with absolute or change in functional, or any patient reported, outcome measures (PROMs) at days 180&365. Conclusions: Diagnosis of CVT was commonly delayed; women were likelier to have multiple presentations. We found no association between delayed diagnosis and outcomes.

“All or none” approaches to the use of contact precautions for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) both fail to recognize that transmission risk varies. This qualitative study assessed healthcare personnel perspectives regarding the feasibility of a risk-tailored approach to use contact precautions for MRSA more strategically in the acute care setting.

The acid-catalyzed reaction between methanol and isobutene to give methyl-t-butyl ether may be carried out using a cation-exchanged smectite as the catalyst. In 1,4-dioxan solvent at 60°C smectites exchanged with Al3+, Fe3+, or Cr3+ give yields of ∼60% after 4 hr, whereas smectites exchanged with Cu2+, Pb2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Ca2+, and Na+ give less than ∼8% yield. The reaction is efficient only when certain solvents are used, e.g., with Al3+-smectite the yield is ∼5% when using 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diethyleneglycol diethylether, n-pentane, tetrahydropyran, N-methylmorpholine, or tetrahydrofuran solvents compared with ∼60% using 1,4-dioxan solvent (4 hr). Moreover, the effective solvents depend somewhat on the clay interlayer cation. The use of tetrahydrofuran and tetrahydropyran gives ∼35% yields at 60°C (4 hr) with Fe3+- or Cr3+-smectites but ∼4% yield with Al3+-smectite.

The reaction of 2-methyl pent-2-ene with primary alcohols (C1-C18) at 95°C over an Al-montmorillonite gave yields of 20–90% of ethers of the type R-O-C(CH3)2C3H7. Lower yields were produced if secondary alcohols were employed, and tertiary alcohols gave only a trace of this ether. When a variety of alkenes was reacted with butan-1-ol at 95°C over a similar catalyst, no reaction occurred unless the alkene was capable of forming a tertiary carbonium ion immediately upon protonation. In this case the product was the tertiary ether t-R-O-nC4H9. However, at a reaction temperature of 150°C a variety of products were formed including (1) ether by the attack of butanol on the carbonium ions produced either directly from protonation of the alkenes or by hydride shift from such an ion, (2) alkenes by the attack of n-C4H9+ ions (derived from protonation and dehydration of butanol) on the alkene, (3) di-(but-1-yl) ether by dehydration of the butanol, and (4) small amounts of alcohol by hydration of the alkene. The differences in reactivity below and above 100°C are related directly to the amount of water present in the interlayer space of the clay and the degree of acidity found there. Although the clay behaves as an acid catalyst, the reactions are far cleaner (more selective) than comparable reactions catalyzed by sulfuric acid.