Psychoanalysis ushered in this century. Will its influence on developmental psychopathology
end in the next? The paper explores some critical obstacles in the way of psychodynamic
research, including the fragmentation of psychoanalytic theory, the relative independence of
theory from its clinical and empirical base, the predominance of inductive scientific logic, the
polymorphous use of terms, the privacy of clinical data, the dominance of the reconstructionist
stance, and the isolation of psychoanalysis from psychology and neurobiology. Notwithstanding
these limitations, core psychoanalytic precepts are not only consistent with some of the most
important advances of the last decade but may also be helpful in elaborating these new
discoveries in the next century. Psychoanalysis is centered on the notion that complex,
conflicting, unconscious representations of mental states constitute a key facet of normal and
abnormal development. This notion retains its power, and deserves a prominent position among
the major frames of reference to guide developmental science in the next century.