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Head and Neck Cancer: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines, Sixth Edition
- Jarrod J Homer, Stuart C Winter, Elizabeth C Abbey, Hiba Aga, Reshma Agrawal, Derfel ap Dafydd, Takhar Arunjit, Patrick Axon, Eleanor Aynsley, Izhar N Bagwan, Arun Batra, Donna Begg, Jonathan M Bernstein, Guy Betts, Colin Bicknell, Brian Bisase, Grainne C Brady, Peter Brennan, Aina Brunet, Val Bryant, Linda Cantwell, Ashish Chandra, Preetha Chengot, Melvin L K Chua, Peter Clarke, Gemma Clunie, Margaret Coffey, Clare Conlon, David I Conway, Florence Cook, Matthew R Cooper, Declan Costello, Ben Cosway, Neil J A Cozens, Grant Creaney, Gahir K Daljit, Stephen Damato, Joe Davies, Katharine S Davies, Alina D Dragan, Yong Du, Mark R D Edmond, Stefano Fedele, Harriet Finze, Jason C Fleming, Bernadette H Foran, Beth Fordham, Mohammed M A S Foridi, Lesley Freeman, Katherine E Frew, Pallavi Gaitonde, Victoria Gallyer, Fraser W Gibb, Sinclair M Gore, Mark Gormley, Roganie Govender, J Greedy, Teresa Guerrero Urbano, Dorothy Gujral, David W Hamilton, John C Hardman, Kevin Harrington, Samantha Holmes, Jarrod J Homer, Deborah Howland, Gerald Humphris, Keith D Hunter, Kate Ingarfield, Richard Irving, Kristina Isand, Yatin Jain, Sachin Jauhar, Sarra Jawad, Glyndwr W Jenkins, Anastasios Kanatas, Stephen Keohane, Cyrus J Kerawala, William Keys, Emma V King, Anthony Kong, Fiona Lalloo, Kirsten Laws, Samuel C Leong, Shane Lester, Miles Levy, Ken Lingley, Gitta Madani, Navin Mani, Paolo L Matteucci, Catriona R Mayland, James McCaul, Lorna K McCaul, Pádraig McDonnell, Andrew McPartlin, Valeria Mercadante, Zoe Merchant, Radu Mihai, Mufaddal T Moonim, John Moore, Paul Nankivell, Sonali Natu, A Nelson, Pablo Nenclares, Kate Newbold, Carrie Newland, Ailsa J Nicol, Iain J Nixon, Rupert Obholzer, James T O'Hara, S Orr, Vinidh Paleri, James Palmer, Rachel S Parry, Claire Paterson, Gillian Patterson, Joanne M Patterson, Miranda Payne, L Pearson, David N Poller, Jonathan Pollock, Stephen Ross Porter, Matthew Potter, Robin J D Prestwich, Ruth Price, Mani Ragbir, Meena S Ranka, Max Robinson, Justin W G Roe, Tom Roques, Aleix Rovira, Sajid Sainuddin, I J Salmon, Ann Sandison, Andy Scarsbrook, Andrew G Schache, A Scott, Diane Sellstrom, Cherith J Semple, Jagrit Shah, Praveen Sharma, Richard J Shaw, Somiah Siddiq, Priyamal Silva, Ricard Simo, Rabin P Singh, Maria Smith, Rebekah Smith, Toby Oliver Smith, Sanjai Sood, Francis W Stafford, Neil Steven, Kay Stewart, Lisa Stoner, Steve Sweeney, Andrew Sykes, Carly L Taylor, Selvam Thavaraj, David J Thomson, Jane Thornton, Neil S Tolley, Nancy Turnbull, Sriram Vaidyanathan, Leandros Vassiliou, John Waas, Kelly Wade-McBane, Donna Wakefield, Amy Ward, Laura Warner, Laura-Jayne Watson, H Watts, Christina Wilson, Stuart C Winter, Winson Wong, Chui-Yan Yip, Kent Yip
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Laryngology & Otology / Volume 138 / Issue S1 / April 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 March 2024, pp. S1-S224
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- April 2024
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Remote Learning Facilitated by MyScope Explore
- Natalie P. Holmes, Matthew J. Griffith, Matthew G. Barr, Nicolas C. Nicolaidis, Vijay Bhatia, Michael Duncan, Ingrid McCarroll, Jenny Whiting, Paul C. Dastoor, Julie M. Cairney
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- Journal:
- Microscopy Today / Volume 29 / Issue 6 / November 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 December 2021, pp. 42-48
- Print publication:
- November 2021
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In response to the requirements imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, we developed a remote learning undergraduate workshop for 44 students at the University of Newcastle by embedding scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of Maratus (Peacock) spiders into the MyScope Explore environment. The workshop session had two main components: 1) to use the online MyScope Explore tool to virtually image scales with structural color and pigmented color on Maratus spiders; 2) to join a live SEM session via Zoom to image an actual Maratus spider. In previous years, the undergraduate university students attending this annual workshop would enter the Microscopy Facility at the University of Newcastle to image specimens with SEM; however, in 2020 the Microscopy Facility was closed to student visitors, and this virtual activity was developed in order to proceed with the educational event. The program was highly successful and constitutes a platform that can be used in the future by universities for teaching microscopy remotely.
Articulated trilobite ontogeny: suggestions for a methodological standard
- Nigel C. Hughes, Jonathan M. Adrain, James D. Holmes, Paul S. Hong, Melanie J. Hopkins, Jin-Bo Hou, Alessandro Minelli, Tae-Yoon S. Park, John R. Paterson, Jin Peng, Mark Webster, Xi-Guang Zhang, Xing-Liang Zhang, Giuseppe Fusco
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- Journal:
- Journal of Paleontology / Volume 95 / Issue 2 / March 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 November 2020, pp. 298-304
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In order to maximize the utility of future studies of trilobite ontogeny, we propose a set of standard practices that relate to the collection, nomenclature, description, depiction, and interpretation of ontogenetic series inferred from articulated specimens belonging to individual species. In some cases, these suggestions may also apply to ontogenetic studies of other fossilized taxa.
Mineral chemistry of perpotassic lavas of the Vulsinian district, the Roman Province, Italy
- Paul M. Holm
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- Journal:
- Mineralogical Magazine / Volume 46 / Issue 340 / September 1982
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 July 2018, pp. 379-386
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The Vulsinian district is the largest and northernmost of the Roman Provinces. There is very little modern mineralogical data on the Italian Pliocene to Recent perpotassic alkaline volcanic rocks and this account deals with the compositions of the phenocrysts in the Vulsinian lavas.
The lavas comprise two suites: a leueite-bearing undersaturated series of leucitites, leueite tephrites, leucite phonolites, and trachytes; and a subordinate hy-normative series of mainly trachytes and latites. All lavas are porphyritic with mostly 1–15 vol. % phenoerysts. No cumulates were found. Major elements, and Cr and Ni were determined in the phenocrysts by microprobe analysis and more than 20 trace elements were determined on mineral separates by PIXE.
The undersaturated suite. Ubiquitous clinopyroxene phenoerysts belong to the Di-Hedss series and range from Di97 to Di46. Important amounts of Fe3+ are always present. In the mafic rocks the diopside is chromian, but Ti is low. AI mainly substitutes in the Z positions in all lavas. Only minor Na enrichment occurs with increasing total Fe (0–7 mole % acmite) and thus Ca ferri-Tschermak's component is important. In many of the maric lavas diopside mantles green cores of salite, which has a composition very like the salite of felsic lavas. Leucites contain 5–22 mole % orthoelase in solid solution, but show no systematic variation. Plagioclase, mostly An93-An72, occurs in the felsie lavas, and alkali feldspar only in some phonolites. They both have exceptionally high concentrations of Sr and Ba, with a maximum of 1.3 wt. % SrO and 5.6 wt. % BaO in hyalophanes. Olivine, Fo92-Fo66, occurs in some leucititic lavas in mostly accessory amounts. Phlognpite, magnetite and nepheline are accessory phases of the felsic lavas. Apatite only occur as micro-phenocrysts of the fclsic lavas. Haüyne in trace amounts is found in a few phonolites. Pargasitic amphibole microphenocrysts are found in one lava.
In most marie members diopside ±leuctie ±olivine were liquidus phases. This study does not confirm that these rocks are related by crystal fractionation. In more felsie lavas clinopyroxene (salite-ferrosalite) and leucite are joined by: plagioclase, magnetite ±phlogopite, and Ba-rich alkali feldspar ±haüyne. The felsic rocks are thought to be related by crystal fractionation.
Salitic green cores of phenocrystic pyroxene, mantled by diopside in rocks which also carry normally-zoned diopside, are relicts which provide evidence of either a relatively high PH2O, prior to the crystallization of diopside or magma mixing in the earlier life of these lavas. Pyroxene chemistry points towards low-pressure crystallization (2 kbar), generally in a dry environment.
The hy-normative suite. All lavas have phenocrysts of augite, sanidine, plagioclase, magnetite, biotite, and olivine. The pyroxene is less calcic and has less alumina, but is otherwise rather similar to the salites of the undersaturated suite. Compared to the undersaturated suite, feldspars do not have high Sr and Ba, magnetite has higher TiO2 and olivine crystallized from even the felsic lavas. The pyroxenes show the signs of low-pressure crystallization.
Reconstruction of a Caregiver Burden Scale: Identifying Culturally Sensitive Items in Saudi Arabia
- Eradah O. Hamad, Ahmad N. AlHadi, Paul F. Tremblay, Marie Y. Savundranayagam, Elizabeth Anne Kinsella, Jeffrey D. Holmes, Christopher J. Lee, Andrew M. Johnson
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- Journal:
- Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement / Volume 37 / Issue 2 / June 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 April 2018, pp. 218-233
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For this study, we adapted the Montgomery Borgatta Caregiver Burden Scale, used widely in the United States, to the Saudi Arabian context. To produce an Arabic, culturally sensitive version of the scale, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 Saudi family caregivers. The Arabic version of the scale was tested, and participants were asked to comment on the appropriateness of items for the construct of “caregiver burden” using the repertory grid technique and laddering procedure – two constructivist methods derived from personal construct theory. From interview findings, we examined the content of the items and the caregiver burden construct itself. Our findings suggest that the use of constructivist methods to refine constructs and quantitative instruments is highly informative. This strategy is feasible even when little is known about the investigated constructs in the target culture and further elucidates our understanding of cross-cultural variations or invariance of different versions of the scale.
U–Pb geochronology of the Eocene Kærven intrusive complex, East Greenland: constraints on the Iceland hotspot track during the rift-to-drift transition
- SIGURJÓN B. THÓRARINSSON, PAUL M. HOLM, SEBASTIAN TAPPE, LARRY M. HEAMAN, NIELS-OLE PRÆGEL
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- Journal:
- Geological Magazine / Volume 153 / Issue 1 / January 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 July 2015, pp. 128-142
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Several major tholeiitic (e.g. the Skaergaard intrusion) and alkaline (e.g. the Kangerlussuaq Syenite) intrusive complexes of the North Atlantic Large Igneous Province are exposed along the Kangerlussuaq Fjord in East Greenland. The Kærven Complex forms a satellite intrusion to the Kangerlussuaq Syenite and includes early tholeiitic gabbros and a series of cross-cutting alkaline intrusions ranging from monzonite to alkali granite. The alkaline intrusions cut the gabbros, and are cut by the outer nordmarkite zone of the Kangerlussuaq Syenite. This study presents the first U–Pb zircon ages from the alkaline units of the Kærven Complex. Fourteen multi-grain zircon fractions have been analysed by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). Absolute age differences could not be resolved between the different units, suggesting a relatively rapid succession of intrusions between c. 53.5 and 53.3 Ma. Our compilation of precise radiometric age data shows that most of the alkaline magmatism in the Kangerlussuaq Fjord occurred prior to 50 Ma. Moreover, pre-50 Ma alkaline intrusions and lavas show a SSE-younging trend, which is interpreted as the track of the Iceland hotspot during the rift-to-drift transition of the North Atlantic.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Contributors
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- By Peter J. D. Andrews, Sandeep Ankolekar, Issam A. Awad, Omar Ayoub, Philip Bath, Jürgen Bardutzky, Alexander Beck, Patrícia Canhão, J. Ricardo Carhuapoma, Winward Choy, Mahua Dey, Rajat Dhar, Michael C. Diringer, Arnd Dörfler, Joshua R. Dusick, Justin A. Dye, Corina Epple, José M. Ferro, Reiner Fietkau, Anthony Frattalone, Philippe Gailloud, Oliver Ganslandt, Anil Gholkar, Philipp Gölitz, Barbara A. Gregson, Daniel Hanley, Thomas M. Hemmen, Dan Holmes, Hagen B. Huttner, Jennifer Jaffe, Olav Jansen, Eric Jüttler, Karl L. Kiening, Martin Köhrmann, Rainer Kollmar, Kara L. Krajewski, Joji B. Kuramatsu, Perttu J. Lindsberg, Andrew Losiniecki, Patrick Lyden, Neil A. Martin, Heinrich P. Mattle, A. David Mendelow, Patrick Mitchell, Daniel T. Nagasawa, Neeraj S. Naval, Jan-Oliver Neumann, Tim Nowe, Berk Orakcioglu, Soenke Peters, Sara Pitoni, François Proust, Adnan I. Qureshi, Martin Radvany, Elise Rowan, Tiina Sairanen, Oliver W. Sakowitz, Edgar Santos, Peter D. Schellinger, Stefan Schwab, Günter Seidel, Sabine Semrau, Louise Sinclair, Dimitre Staykov, Thorsten Steiner, Jeanne Teitelbaum, Wondwossen G. Tekle, Andreas W. Unterberg, Katayoun Vahedi, H. Bart van der Worp, Paul M. Vespa, Raghu Vindlacheruvu, Jens Witsch, Isaac Yang, Wendy C. Ziai, Mario Zuccarello, Klaus Zweckberger
- Edited by Stefan Schwab, Daniel Hanley, A. David Mendelow
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- Critical Care of the Stroke Patient
- Published online:
- 05 June 2014
- Print publication:
- 05 June 2014, pp viii-xii
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Notes on Contributors
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- By Chris Beyers, Amy Branam, Alan Brown, Mark Canada, Patricia A. Cunningham, Satwik Dasgupta, David Dowling, John Evelev, Michael J. Everton, Benjamin F. Fisher, Paul Fisher, Meghan A. Freeman, Christopher Gair, Andrea Goulet, Jonathan Hartmann, Kevin J. Hayes, Gregory Hays, Alvin Holm, Lindsey Hursh, James M. Hutchisson, Paul Christian Jones, Katherine Kim, Nathaniel Lewis, Bruce Mills, Travis Montgomery, Tara Moore, Bran Nicol, Philip Edward Phillips, Anne Boyd Rioux, Therese M. Rizzo, Kathryn K. Shinn, Heidi Silcox, Peter Swirski, Jonathan Taylor, John Tresch, Lois Davis Vines, Jeffrey Andrew Weinstock, Brett Zimmerman
- Edited by Kevin J. Hayes, University of Central Oklahoma
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- Book:
- Edgar Allan Poe in Context
- Published online:
- 05 November 2013
- Print publication:
- 29 October 2012, pp ix-xiv
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The Danish Twin Registry: Linking Surveys, National Registers, and Biological Information
- Axel Skytthe, Lene Christiansen, Kirsten Ohm Kyvik, Frans L. Bødker, Lars Hvidberg, Inge Petersen, Morten M. F. Nielsen, Paul Bingley, Jacob Hjelmborg, Qihua Tan, Niels V. Holm, James W. Vaupel, Matt McGue, Kaare Christensen
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- Journal:
- Twin Research and Human Genetics / Volume 16 / Issue 1 / February 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 October 2012, pp. 104-111
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Over the last 60 years, the resources and the research in the Danish Twin Registry (DTR) have periodically been summarized. Here, we give a short overview of the DTR and a more comprehensive description of new developments in the twenty-first century. First, we outline our experience over the last decade of combining questionnaire and survey data with national demographic, social, and health registers in Statistics Denmark. Second, we describe our most recent data collection effort, which was conducted during the period 2008–2011 and included both in-person assessments of 14,000+ twins born 1931–1969 and sampling of biological material, hereby expanding and consolidating the DTR biobank. Third, two examples of intensively studied twin cohorts are given. The new developments in the DTR in the last decade have facilitated the ongoing research and laid the groundwork for new research directions.
Entry #12 - Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma: United We Stand, Divided We Fall
- Harold H. Kelley, University of California, Los Angeles, John G. Holmes, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Norbert L. Kerr, Michigan State University, Harry T. Reis, University of Rochester, New York, Caryl E. Rusbult, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Paul A. M. Van Lange, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
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- An Atlas of Interpersonal Situations
- Published online:
- 21 October 2009
- Print publication:
- 03 February 2003, pp 271-284
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Summary
Examples
The single-trial Prisoner's Dilemma, discussed in Entry #5, is defined by the conflict between self-interest (“me”) and joint interest (“we”). An individual is always better off choosing a noncooperative option, irrespective of the partner's behavior, even though the cooperative choice is preferable from a dyadic standpoint. Choices in the “classic” case of the single-trial Prisoner's Dilemma, involving simultaneous and irrevocable choice (as in the story from which the situation takes its name), are unlikely to be influenced by past interactions or future goals. In contrast, in Iterated Prisoner's Dilemmas, behavior is likely to be affected by prior interactions and considerations regarding future interactions with the partner. This is true even when the choices at each point are simultaneous and irrevocable. The persons become able to react contingently to each other's prior behaviors and, therefore, to develop strategies for influencing each other's behavior. For example, a person is unlikely to prepare extensively for a joint working meeting if she knows that her colleague has repeatedly slacked off before in past meetings. On the other hand, a person may devote greater time and effort preparing for a joint task when anticipating future shared endeavors in order to motivate the other to enhance her performance in the future.
Iterated Prisoner's Dilemmas are common in everyday life (and are considerably more common than the single-trial Prisoner's Dilemma).
Incomplete Information Situations
- Harold H. Kelley, University of California, Los Angeles, John G. Holmes, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Norbert L. Kerr, Michigan State University, Harry T. Reis, University of Rochester, New York, Caryl E. Rusbult, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Paul A. M. Van Lange, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
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- 21 October 2009
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2 - Outcome Interdependence
- Harold H. Kelley, University of California, Los Angeles, John G. Holmes, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Norbert L. Kerr, Michigan State University, Harry T. Reis, University of Rochester, New York, Caryl E. Rusbult, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Paul A. M. Van Lange, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
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Summary
A “situation” is defined in the dictionary as “a position with respect to conditions and circumstances,” or, more generally, as a “site” or “problem.” These introductory chapters describe how, in keeping with that definition, we describe and distinguish among situations involving several persons, that is, interpersonal situations. In this chapter, we give concrete examples of a simple yet useful method for characterizing such situations, namely, the “outcome matrix,” and explain the rationale for its use. We then show the implications of that method as well as some of its limitations. Chapter 3 describes our remedies for those limitations.
This Atlas is based on a particular theory known as “interdependence theory.” It was first presented by Thibaut and Kelley (1959) and then elaborated in Kelley and Thibaut (1978) and Kelley (1984b). It derives from Kurt Lewin's emphasis on interdependence as “the essence of a group” (1948, p. 84), and it implements that view by borrowing payoff matrices from game theory (Luce & Raiffa, 1957) and adapting them to the broader purposes of an interpersonal psychology. Other, newer elaborations of the theory, concerning situational conditions affecting the timing and sequencing of behavior and the availability of information, are less well developed but deserve and receive attention in our Atlas.
The theory aspires to provide a means for drawing systematic and logical distinctions among situations which make it possible to imagine laying them out on a “map” or “globe” of the situational “world” – hence our metaphor of an “atlas.”
Two- and Three-Component Patterns
- Harold H. Kelley, University of California, Los Angeles, John G. Holmes, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Norbert L. Kerr, Michigan State University, Harry T. Reis, University of Rochester, New York, Caryl E. Rusbult, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Paul A. M. Van Lange, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
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- An Atlas of Interpersonal Situations
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- 21 October 2009
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- 03 February 2003, pp 175-176
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Frontmatter
- Harold H. Kelley, University of California, Los Angeles, John G. Holmes, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Norbert L. Kerr, Michigan State University, Harry T. Reis, University of Rochester, New York, Caryl E. Rusbult, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Paul A. M. Van Lange, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
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- An Atlas of Interpersonal Situations
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- 03 February 2003, pp i-vi
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Entry #20 - N-Person Prisoner's Dilemma: Tragedy of the Commons
- Harold H. Kelley, University of California, Los Angeles, John G. Holmes, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Norbert L. Kerr, Michigan State University, Harry T. Reis, University of Rochester, New York, Caryl E. Rusbult, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Paul A. M. Van Lange, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
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- An Atlas of Interpersonal Situations
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- 03 February 2003, pp 415-428
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Summary
Examples
This situation is a generalization of the two-person Prisoner's Dilemma situation to more than two persons (hence, it is sometimes called an N-person PD or NPD situation; its other most common label is a social dilemma). As in the Prisoner's Dilemma Game (PDG), each person's concern is whether she or he should make a choice which advantages the self but disadvantages others – in this situation, several others (e.g., all members of a group). For example, the police might give each member of a captured N-person criminal gang the same basic choices offered to the two prisoners in the classic PD (e.g., confess and thereby knock 1 year off your own sentence but also thereby add 2 years to every other gang member's sentence). Or, members of a fishing village might choose between maximizing their individual catches (and, hence, profits) versus limiting their catches/profits (but thereby helping to preserve the long-term viability of the fishing grounds upon which this and future generations of the village depend); Hardin's (1968) famous example of the “Tragedy of the Commons” is a very similar social dilemma. Or, members of a group performing some task might choose between working hard (and thereby improving the chances of the group performing well and quickly) or hardly working (and saving themselves effort while still profiting from any group success). In each case, noncooperative behavior brings better outcomes for oneself; but cooperative behavior brings better outcomes to the group as a whole.
Entry #7 - Chicken: Death before Dishonor
- Harold H. Kelley, University of California, Los Angeles, John G. Holmes, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Norbert L. Kerr, Michigan State University, Harry T. Reis, University of Rochester, New York, Caryl E. Rusbult, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Paul A. M. Van Lange, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
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Summary
Examples
The name of this situation is based on a deadly game. In one version, the two contestants – invariably males – drive their cars at high speed, headlong toward each other. The essence of this high-stakes game is to see which contestant has the stronger nerves. The first one to veer off course to avoid a collision loses the test of courage and is branded a “chicken” (i.e., a coward). If both drivers (in a simultaneous moment of sanity) veer off, the contest ends in a draw – somewhat embarrassing but giving neither a justification for accusing the other of less courage. Of course, if neither driver “chickens out,” the result is a fatal – and hence, rather hollow – “victory” for both. Another variation on this game – in which the contestants simultaneously drive toward a cliff's edge – was depicted in the film Rebel without a Cause.
A similar situation occurs when neighboring countries, seeking something valuable possessed by the other, issue ultimatums threatening war if the other will not yield. If one's neighbor yields, one may gain something of real value, but if neither yields and both carry through on their threats, the resulting war is likely to cost both far more than what was sought through the initial threats.
Struggles for dominance in a group can also create a Chicken situation.
Introduction to the Entries for the Situations
- Harold H. Kelley, University of California, Los Angeles, John G. Holmes, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Norbert L. Kerr, Michigan State University, Harry T. Reis, University of Rochester, New York, Caryl E. Rusbult, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Paul A. M. Van Lange, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
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- 03 February 2003, pp 113-126
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Summary
The following section of the Atlas devotes a chapter to each of 21 abstract interpersonal situations that we have chosen to describe in detail. We will use the term “entry” for each of these situations, parallel to usage in listings for maps in a geographical atlas, topics in an encyclopedia, or locations in a table of basic elements. In this introduction, we first describe the structure and contents of each entry. Then we describe our reasons for selecting these particular situations, the criteria used for including or excluding potential entries. Finally, we discuss the issue of the adequacy of our coverage of situations and the potential strengths and weaknesses of our reasoning.
The Structure of Individual Entries
Each situation is first described through concrete, everyday examples from interpersonal life, with the goal of illustrating the more abstract features of each entry in a nontechnical fashion. A conceptual description follows, using the various analytical tools developed in the earlier chapters. Each situation is characterized in terms of the basic control components that influence individuals' outcomes in the situation, as well as the response and informational conditions that are typically part of the social problem. Then, the relation of this entry to other “family” members or “neighbors” is discussed, in order to help the reader gain perspective on the conceptual “location” of the situation, the region of the interpersonal situation map that it occupies.
Entry #13 - Investment: Building for the Future
- Harold H. Kelley, University of California, Los Angeles, John G. Holmes, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Norbert L. Kerr, Michigan State University, Harry T. Reis, University of Rochester, New York, Caryl E. Rusbult, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Paul A. M. Van Lange, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
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Summary
Examples
Investment situations are extended situations in which each person, at each of a series of preliminary steps, must make an “investment” in order to move toward a desirable goal. For example, in seeking to establish a successful business, the owners proceed through a series of preliminary steps at which they invest time and effort in order to reach their goal. They work evenings and weekends, forgo short-term financial profits, and reinvest early earnings in development activities, including employee training and construction projects. In the situations considered here, those of mutual investment, both owners must engage in these activities. If either loses heart and backs out of the venture, their investments are lost and the company fails. If both persist and jointly work their way through the early steps, making suitable choices and effective investments of time, effort, and resources, they may achieve a desirable goal – a company that will earn substantial profits.
In like manner, the partners in an emerging romantic relationship must work together, making their way through preliminary steps at which they invest a variety of resources in their involvement. They disclose private thoughts and feelings to each other, purchase joint possessions, develop a shared friendship network, spend time becoming acquainted with one another's family members, and exert effort to resolve conflicts involving incompatible preferences. If both partners successfully surmount the preliminary hurdles of their involvement, they may achieve a desirable goal – a committed, trusting relationship in which each partner gratifies the other's needs.
4 - Exploring the Geography of the Outcome Patterns
- Harold H. Kelley, University of California, Los Angeles, John G. Holmes, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Norbert L. Kerr, Michigan State University, Harry T. Reis, University of Rochester, New York, Caryl E. Rusbult, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Paul A. M. Van Lange, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
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- An Atlas of Interpersonal Situations
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- 03 February 2003, pp 82-110
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In this chapter, we examine in some detail the 2 × 2 outcome matrices which, as explained in chapter 2, define the problems that interdependent persons may encounter. This requires further explanation of how the basic patterns of interdependence (see Table 2.7) may be combined to produce more complex patterns. Our general point is that many complex situations can be understood more clearly when considered as a combination of certain basic elements. We then take a closer look at the three dimensions of symmetric interdependence shown in chapter 2 (Figure 2.2) and see how various common patterns are distributed through those dimensions. The distribution enables us to gain further understanding of each situation by examining its location relative to other situations. For example, as will be explained in this chapter, the distribution of the situations has implications for the developmental course of a dyadic relationship as, through changes in the individuals and the problems they encounter, a pair moves from one kind of situation to another. Readers who are less interested in the full implications of our combinatorial system may prefer to skip this chapter and go directly to the following “Introduction to the Entries” and to the entries themselves.
Exploring the Possible 2 × 2 Matrices by Combining the Basic Components
All possible patterns of 2 × 2 interdependence can be constructed by combining the patterns of control represented in Table 2.7: Bilateral Actor Control (BAC), Mutual Partner Control (MPC), and Corresponding or Conflicting Mutual Joint Control (MJC).