28 results
Bacterial septic arthritis infections associated with intra-articular injection practices for osteoarthritis knee pain—New Jersey, 2017
- Kathleen M. Ross, Jason S. Mehr, Barbara L. Carothers, Rebecca D. Greeley, Isaac Benowitz, David Henry, Lisa A. McHugh, Lisa DiFedele, Eric Adler, Shereen Naqvi, Laura Taylor, Edward Lifshitz, Christina Tan, Barbara E. Montana
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 40 / Issue 9 / September 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 July 2019, pp. 1013-1018
- Print publication:
- September 2019
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Background:
In March 2017, the New Jersey Department of Health received reports of 3 patients who developed septic arthritis after receiving intra-articular injections for osteoarthritis knee pain at the same private outpatient facility in New Jersey. The risk of septic arthritis resulting from intra-articular injection is low. However, outbreaks of septic arthritis associated with unsafe injection practices in outpatient settings have been reported.
Methods:An infection prevention assessment of the implicated facility’s practices was conducted because of the ongoing risk to public health. The assessment included an environmental inspection of the facility, staff interviews, infection prevention practice observations, and a medical record and office document review. A call for cases was disseminated to healthcare providers in New Jersey to identify patients treated at the facility who developed septic arthritis after receiving intra-articular injections.
Results:We identified 41 patients with septic arthritis associated with intra-articular injections. Cultures of synovial fluid or tissue from 15 of these 41 case patients (37%) recovered bacteria consistent with oral flora. The infection prevention assessment of facility practices identified multiple breaches of recommended infection prevention practices, including inadequate hand hygiene, unsafe injection practices, and poor cleaning and disinfection practices. No additional cases were identified after infection prevention recommendations were implemented by the facility.
Discussion:Aseptic technique is imperative when handling, preparing, and administering injectable medications to prevent microbial contamination.
Conclusions:This investigation highlights the importance of adhering to infection prevention recommendations. All healthcare personnel who prepare, handle, and administer injectable medications should be trained in infection prevention and safe injection practices.
Trigeminal Neuralgia in Aqueduct Stenosis
- William S. Tucker, Ross Fleming, Ferelith A. Taylor, Hart Schutz
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- Journal:
- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 5 / Issue 3 / August 1978
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 September 2015, pp. 331-333
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Trigeminal neuralgia was the presenting symptom in two patients with aqueduct stenosis, hydrocephalus, and raised intracranial pressure. Treatment of the hydrocephalus resulted in the remission of pain in both patients.
Contributors
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- By Aakash Agarwala, Linda S. Aglio, Rae M. Allain, Paul D. Allen, Houman Amirfarzan, Yasodananda Kumar Areti, Amit Asopa, Edwin G. Avery, Patricia R. Bachiller, Angela M. Bader, Rana Badr, Sibinka Bajic, David J. Baker, Sheila R. Barnett, Rena Beckerly, Lorenzo Berra, Walter Bethune, Sascha S. Beutler, Tarun Bhalla, Edward A. Bittner, Jonathan D. Bloom, Alina V. Bodas, Lina M. Bolanos-Diaz, Ruma R. Bose, Jan Boublik, John P. Broadnax, Jason C. Brookman, Meredith R. Brooks, Roland Brusseau, Ethan O. Bryson, Linda A. Bulich, Kenji Butterfield, William R. Camann, Denise M. Chan, Theresa S. Chang, Jonathan E. Charnin, Mark Chrostowski, Fred Cobey, Adam B. Collins, Mercedes A. Concepcion, Christopher W. Connor, Bronwyn Cooper, Jeffrey B. Cooper, Martha Cordoba-Amorocho, Stephen B. Corn, Darin J. Correll, Gregory J. Crosby, Lisa J. Crossley, Deborah J. Culley, Tomas Cvrk, Michael N. D'Ambra, Michael Decker, Daniel F. Dedrick, Mark Dershwitz, Francis X. Dillon, Pradeep Dinakar, Alimorad G. Djalali, D. John Doyle, Lambertus Drop, Ian F. Dunn, Theodore E. Dushane, Sunil Eappen, Thomas Edrich, Jesse M. Ehrenfeld, Jason M. Erlich, Lucinda L. Everett, Elliott S. Farber, Khaldoun Faris, Eddy M. Feliz, Massimo Ferrigno, Richard S. Field, Michael G. Fitzsimons, Hugh L. Flanagan Jr., Vladimir Formanek, Amanda A. Fox, John A. Fox, Gyorgy Frendl, Tanja S. Frey, Samuel M. Galvagno Jr., Edward R. Garcia, Jonathan D. Gates, Cosmin Gauran, Brian J. Gelfand, Simon Gelman, Alexander C. Gerhart, Peter Gerner, Omid Ghalambor, Christopher J. Gilligan, Christian D. Gonzalez, Noah E. Gordon, William B. Gormley, Thomas J. Graetz, Wendy L. Gross, Amit Gupta, James P. Hardy, Seetharaman Hariharan, Miriam Harnett, Philip M. Hartigan, Joaquim M. Havens, Bishr Haydar, Stephen O. Heard, James L. Helstrom, David L. Hepner, McCallum R. Hoyt, Robert N. Jamison, Karinne Jervis, Stephanie B. Jones, Swaminathan Karthik, Richard M. Kaufman, Shubjeet Kaur, Lee A. Kearse Jr., John C. Keel, Scott D. Kelley, Albert H. Kim, Amy L. Kim, Grace Y. Kim, Robert J. Klickovich, Robert M. Knapp, Bhavani S. Kodali, Rahul Koka, Alina Lazar, Laura H. Leduc, Stanley Leeson, Lisa R. Leffert, Scott A. LeGrand, Patricio Leyton, J. Lance Lichtor, John Lin, Alvaro A. Macias, Karan Madan, Sohail K. Mahboobi, Devi Mahendran, Christine Mai, Sayeed Malek, S. Rao Mallampati, Thomas J. Mancuso, Ramon Martin, Matthew C. Martinez, J. A. Jeevendra Martyn, Kai Matthes, Tommaso Mauri, Mary Ellen McCann, Shannon S. McKenna, Dennis J. McNicholl, Abdel-Kader Mehio, Thor C. Milland, Tonya L. K. Miller, John D. Mitchell, K. Annette Mizuguchi, Naila Moghul, David R. Moss, Ross J. Musumeci, Naveen Nathan, Ju-Mei Ng, Liem C. Nguyen, Ervant Nishanian, Martina Nowak, Ala Nozari, Michael Nurok, Arti Ori, Rafael A. Ortega, Amy J. Ortman, David Oxman, Arvind Palanisamy, Carlo Pancaro, Lisbeth Lopez Pappas, Benjamin Parish, Samuel Park, Deborah S. Pederson, Beverly K. Philip, James H. Philip, Silvia Pivi, Stephen D. Pratt, Douglas E. Raines, Stephen L. Ratcliff, James P. Rathmell, J. Taylor Reed, Elizabeth M. Rickerson, Selwyn O. Rogers Jr., Thomas M. Romanelli, William H. Rosenblatt, Carl E. Rosow, Edgar L. Ross, J. Victor Ryckman, Mônica M. Sá Rêgo, Nicholas Sadovnikoff, Warren S. Sandberg, Annette Y. Schure, B. Scott Segal, Navil F. Sethna, Swapneel K. Shah, Shaheen F. Shaikh, Fred E. Shapiro, Torin D. Shear, Prem S. Shekar, Stanton K. Shernan, Naomi Shimizu, Douglas C. Shook, Kamal K. Sikka, Pankaj K. Sikka, David A. Silver, Jeffrey H. Silverstein, Emily A. Singer, Ken Solt, Spiro G. Spanakis, Wolfgang Steudel, Matthias Stopfkuchen-Evans, Michael P. Storey, Gary R. Strichartz, Balachundhar Subramaniam, Wariya Sukhupragarn, John Summers, Shine Sun, Eswar Sundar, Sugantha Sundar, Neelakantan Sunder, Faraz Syed, Usha B. Tedrow, Nelson L. Thaemert, George P. Topulos, Lawrence C. Tsen, Richard D. Urman, Charles A. Vacanti, Francis X. Vacanti, Joshua C. Vacanti, Assia Valovska, Ivan T. Valovski, Mary Ann Vann, Susan Vassallo, Anasuya Vasudevan, Kamen V. Vlassakov, Gian Paolo Volpato, Essi M. Vulli, J. Matthias Walz, Jingping Wang, James F. Watkins, Maxwell Weinmann, Sharon L. Wetherall, Mallory Williams, Sarah H. Wiser, Zhiling Xiong, Warren M. Zapol, Jie Zhou
- Edited by Charles Vacanti, Scott Segal, Pankaj Sikka, Richard Urman
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- Book:
- Essential Clinical Anesthesia
- Published online:
- 05 January 2012
- Print publication:
- 11 July 2011, pp xv-xxviii
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Planetary Crusts
- Their Composition, Origin and Evolution
- S. Ross Taylor, Scott McLennan
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- Published online:
- 22 October 2009
- Print publication:
- 18 December 2008
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Planetary Crusts explains how and why solid planets and satellites develop crusts. Extensively referenced and annotated, it presents a geochemical and geological survey of the crusts of the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars, the asteroid Vesta, and several satellites like Io, Europa, Ganymede, Titan and Callisto. After describing the nature and formation of solar system bodies, the book presents a comparative investigation of different planetary crusts and discusses many crustal controversies. The authors propose the theory of stochastic processes dominating crustal development, and debate the possibility of Earth-like planets existing elsewhere in the cosmos. Written by two leading authorities on the subject, this book presents an extensive survey of the scientific problems of crustal development, and is a key reference for researchers and students in geology, geochemistry, planetary science, astrobiology and astronomy.
2 - A primary crust: the highland crust of the Moon
- S. Ross Taylor, Australian National University, Canberra, Scott McLennan, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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- Planetary Crusts
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- 22 October 2009
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- 18 December 2008, pp 32-60
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Summary
Comparisons with the Earth's geologic style, though inevitable, have proved to be treacherous guides to the Moon.
(Don Wilhelms)Every school child is aware that the Moon is not a planet. So why begin this discussion on planetary crusts with examples from a planetary satellite? The reason is that the two types of crusts on the Moon, that form the lighter highlands and the darker maria, are among our best examples of primary and secondary crusts. Their origin and evolution are better understood than those of any other examples in the Solar System, including the Earth. In addition, the Moon, in contrast to the Earth, forms a classic example of a one-plate planet, that is the norm for our Solar System.
The composition of the Moon
The mean lunar radius is 1737.1 km, which is intermediate between that of the two jovian satellites of Jupiter, Europa (r = 1561 km) and Io (r = 1818 km). The Moon is much smaller than the jovian satellite Ganymede (r = 2634 km), which in turn is the largest satellite in the Solar System and like the saturnian satellite Titan, is larger than Mercury. Although the jovian satellites and also Titan are comparable in mass, the Moon/Earth ratio is the largest satellite-to-parent ratio in the planetary system, a consequence of a distinctive origin.
9 - The Hadean crust of the Earth
- S. Ross Taylor, Australian National University, Canberra, Scott McLennan, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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- Planetary Crusts
- Published online:
- 22 October 2009
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- 18 December 2008, pp 233-248
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Summary
I find no traces of a beginning
(James Hutton)In the following four chapters, we deal with the development of the continental crust on the Earth. The history of this planet, except for the past 200 Myr, is contained almost entirely in the continental crust that is subject to so many factors (erosion, tectonic activity, differentiation, metamorphism, volcanism, break-up and re-accretion among others) that it is surprising how good the record is. We begin with that dark period from which no rocks have survived. This however has not prevented, but rather encouraged speculation about the nature of the crust in that remote epoch. This, the so-named Hadean Eon, extends for several hundred million years, from the formation of the Earth to the first known occurrence of a preserved rock record, a period of time comparable to the extent of the Phanerozoic.
The Hadean crust and mantle
What indeed was the nature of the crust of the Hadean Earth? Extensive searches have failed to reveal rocks older than somewhere between 3850 and 4030 Myr. The only earlier remnants that have survived to record the existence of Hadean surface rocks are some relict detrital zircon crystals up to 4100 Myr in age, with a handful as old as 4363 Myr, that are found in younger sedimentary rocks in the Jack Hills in Western Australia.
Contents
- S. Ross Taylor, Australian National University, Canberra, Scott McLennan, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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- Planetary Crusts
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7 - Venus: a twin planet to Earth?
- S. Ross Taylor, Australian National University, Canberra, Scott McLennan, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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Summary
It was believed up until the 1960s that Venus might be Earth-like with respect to harbouring life and writers of science fiction endowed its surface with advanced civilizations.
(Henry S. F. Cooper)The enigma of Venus
Venus has historically been regarded as a “twin planet” to the Earth as amongst the planets, it is closest to the Earth in mass, density, size and in distance from the Sun. However it has, by terrestrial standards, extraordinary crustal features and a geological history that bears little resemblance to that of the Earth. In addition, it does not possess a satellite and has a retrograde rotation with a period of 243 days.
The planet clearly warrants closer study particularly as the differences between these twin planets emphasize the problems of building crusts or discovering habitable planets in other planetary systems. So it is useful to contrast crustal development on Venus with that of its twin planet Earth, that occupy the following five chapters.
The density of Venus (5.24 g/cm3) is about 5% less than that of the Earth (5.514 g/cm3). This difference is mostly due to the slightly lower internal pressures as the planetary radius is 320 km less than that of the Earth. But the uncompressed density of both planets is very close (Earth 3.96 g/cm3; Venus 3.9 g/cm3). The similar density of Venus to the Earth and the presence of a basaltic crust on the planet are the basis for assuming a broadly similar composition and internal structure.
10 - The Archean crust of the Earth
- S. Ross Taylor, Australian National University, Canberra, Scott McLennan, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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Summary
That dark backward and abysm of time
(William Shakespeare)The Archean
More so than most of the past, the Archean is truly another country, with a geological record that is distinct from that of more recent epochs. The Archean covers a crucial 1500 Myr of Earth history, nearly three times the length of the entire Phanerozoic, from the earliest recorded rocks at its beginning to the growth of 60–70% of the continental crust by its close.
Much confusion has arisen through the imprecise use of the term Archean, or even Precambrian, in referring to the “Archean crust”. Thus the “Precambrian” includes two totally distinct periods of Earth history that are separated by the great transition between the Archean and Proterozoic. Although the Archean has been formally divided into the following eras: Eoarchean (3800?–3600 Myr), Paleoarchean (3600–3200 Myr), Mesoarchean (3200–2800 Myr) and Neoarchean (2800–2500 Myr) it will be interesting to see if this classification is widely adopted. However, we are less concerned here with the details of the tectonic evolution of the Archean terrains to which this scheme might be applicable, so that we use the somewhat broader and commonly employed subdivision of that epoch into Early (3.9–3.5 Gyr), Middle (3.5–3.0 Gyr) and Late Archean (3.0–2.5 Gyr).
Yet even within the Archean, there is a vast difference between the scattered remnants that remain of the earliest crust, preserved at locations such as Isua in Greenland and the massive cratons in Canada, Australia, Africa and elsewhere, that developed in the Late Archean over a billion years later.
8 - The oceanic crust of the Earth
- S. Ross Taylor, Australian National University, Canberra, Scott McLennan, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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Summary
If the great ocean were our domain, instead of the narrow limits of the land, our difficulties would be considerably lessened … an amphibious being, who should possess our faculties, would still more easily arrive at sound theoretical opinions in geology
(Charles Lyell)The next five chapters deal with the formation of crusts on the Earth. These occupy a significant fraction of this book, partly on account of their intrinsic importance to us, but also because we know so much about them. We begin by considering the oceanic crust, both because it forms a good example of a secondary crust and because the continental crust, discussed in the succeeding four chapters is effectively derived from it.
The sea floor and plate tectonics
The oceanic crust differs significantly in composition from the continental crust, a fact that has been known only for the past half-century. Before that time, the ocean floors were commonly thought to be underlain by sunken continental crust. Land bridges were invoked to explain puzzling cross-ocean similarities in fossil faunas. But in the 1950s, it was established that the oceanic crust, in great contrast to the continental crust, was both more dense and only a few kilometers thick. Thus it was most likely to be composed of dense basalt, or “sima” in the jargon of the time, that contrasted with the less dense continental granitic crust or “sial”.
Prologue
- S. Ross Taylor, Australian National University, Canberra, Scott McLennan, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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Summary
We are apt to judge the great operations of Nature on too confined a plan.
(Sir William Hamilton)It seems inevitable that rocky planets, like bakers, cannot resist making crusts, heat being the prime cause in both cases. Although trivial in volume relative to their parent planets, crusts often contain a major fraction of the planetary budget of elements such as the heat-producing elements potassium, uranium and thorium as well as many other rare elements while the familiar continental crust of the Earth on which most of us live is of unique importance to Homo sapiens. It was on this platform that the later stages of evolution occurred and so has enabled this enquiry to proceed.
Planetary crusts in the Solar System indeed have undeniable advantages for scientists: they are accessible. Unlike the other regions of planets that we wish to study, such as cores and mantles, you can walk on crusts, land spacecraft on them, collect samples from them, measure their surface compositions remotely, study photographs, or use radar to penetrate obscuring atmospheres. Despite this accessibility, the problems both of sampling or observing crusts are non-trivial: most of our confusion in deciphering the history of crusts ultimately turns on our ability to sample them in an adequate fashion. We discuss these diverse problems in the appropriate chapters.
This advantage of relatively easy access to crusts is also offset by the distressing tendency for crusts to be complex, so that one may easily become lost in the detail, failing to see the forest for the trees.
11 - The Post-Archean continental crust
- S. Ross Taylor, Australian National University, Canberra, Scott McLennan, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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Summary
Possibly many may think that the deposition and consolidation of fine-grained mud must be a very simple matter and the results of little interest. However…. it is soon found to be so complex a question…that one might feel inclined to abandon the enquiry, were it not that so much of the history of our rocks appears to be written in this language.
(Henry C. Sorby)The continental crust of the Earth is so familiar to us that perhaps we underestimate its significance as a platform for human existence while at the same time overestimate its significance for understanding planetary crusts. Without such a haven above sea level, the later stages of evolution would have taken a very different course. If oceanic islands had formed the only dry land, birds rather than mammals might have become dominant as they did in Mauritius and New Zealand. However, the buoyant extensive continental crust has provided a useful platform for the land-based stages of evolution. After the extinction of the dinosaurs and much else 65 Myr ago, the way was cleared on the continental massifs for mammalian evolution to flourish. This led ultimately to the emergence of primates and to the appearance of many species of the genus Homo, ultimately enabling this account.
The Archean–Proterozoic transition
Following the Archean, that had lasted for 1500 Myr, the Proterozoic Eon continued for an even longer period (2000 Myr).
6 - Mars: crustal composition and evolution
- S. Ross Taylor, Australian National University, Canberra, Scott McLennan, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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- Planetary Crusts
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Summary
Early science fiction portrayed Mars as totally alien and unfamiliar, but some aspects of the Martian surface would seem surprisingly recognizable to a human visitor.
(Bill Hartmann)Although Mars has been the focus of planetary exploration over the past three decades, most effort has centered on evaluating the distribution and history of near-surface liquid water as a marker for potential habitability – for ancient and extant life and for future exploration – and so much of the data are more relevant to questions of surficial processes over geological time. These findings are important, but not central to our investigation. Accordingly, we have resisted the temptation of focusing too much attention on these results, as impressive as they are. Instead, we consider them where they address major questions of crustal evolution that are the subject of this enquiry. There are several up-to-date reviews of the recent findings from the Mars exploration programs for those so interested.
Martian crustal evolution represents a near-perfect intermediary between the simple and mostly ancient crustal histories of Mercury and the Moon, where primary crusts dominate, and the extended evolution of Earth. On Earth any primary crust that may have existed is long since lost from the geological record and both secondary and tertiary crusts formed, but at very different rates, over some four billion years.
Sampling martian crust
Mars presents unique challenges in obtaining representative sampling of the crust.
Preface
- S. Ross Taylor, Australian National University, Canberra, Scott McLennan, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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- Planetary Crusts
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Summary
This work is not intended as a textbook, or as a review, but represents an enquiry into the problem of how and why solid planets produce crusts. As this seems to have happened at many different scales throughout the Solar System, we were curious to see whether some general principles might emerge from the detail. The formation of the planets themselves is the outcome of essentially random processes, constrained mainly by the history of the inner nebula and by the cosmochemical abundances of the chemical elements. But perhaps the production of crusts might be a simpler or more uniform process, a notion supported by the frequent appearance of basaltic lavas of assorted types on the surfaces of rocky bodies.
This book is also written from geochemical and geological perspectives, the areas with which the authors are most familiar. We were immediately faced with the problems of ordering the discussion in a logical sequence because “good reasons could be found for placing every chapter before every other chapter”. Although one might reasonably expect to begin such a book with a discussion of the continental crust on which we are standing, this useful feature, like the Earth itself in a wider planetary context, is one of the least enlightening places from which to discover how planets form crusts. For this reason, our familiar continental crust appears late in the discussion. We decided instead to begin with simpler examples.
List of abbreviations
- S. Ross Taylor, Australian National University, Canberra, Scott McLennan, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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14 - Reflections: the elusive patterns of planetary crusts
- S. Ross Taylor, Australian National University, Canberra, Scott McLennan, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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Summary
It is difficult to make predictions, especially about the future
(folklore)Too many variables
On commencing this study, we were hopeful of reaching some general conclusions about the origin and evolution of crusts, at least on the terrestrial planets. However a survey of the previous chapters reveals little that might assist one in predicting any of the details of crustal development. Crusts of many types are present but they are characterized by differences rather than similarities; there are more variables than there are planets. As with most aspects of planetology, reaching general conclusions or deriving some widely applicable principles remains elusive. Rather than the terrestrial planetary crusts representing points on a continuum of evolutionary style, crustal evolution is governed largely by stochastic processes that also influenced the origin and evolution of the planets themselves. So there are too many variables and too few outcomes to allow for any kind of statistical treatment, just as the accretion of the terrestrial planets, as we have seen in Chapter 1, is essentially a stochastic process, with outcomes impossible to predict.
Although it is possible to classify crusts on the terrestrial planets into “primary”, “secondary” and “tertiary” (Section 1.5), this does not imply any logical or inevitable sequence of development. Thus both the primary anorthositic crust of the Moon and the tertiary continental crust of the Earth are unique (Fig. 14.1). So like many classifications, distinguishing the different types of crusts provides convenient pigeonholes but has little predictive power.
4 - Mercury
- S. Ross Taylor, Australian National University, Canberra, Scott McLennan, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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Summary
The laws of motion of Mercury are extremely complicated; they do not take place exactly in the plane of the ecliptic
(Pierre-Simon Laplace)The planet
Mercury is a unique planet even by the standards of the Solar System. Like Mars, it is a survivor of many similar bodies, possibly a dozen or more, that formerly were present in the inner Solar System before the hierarchical assembly of the Earth and Venus. Thus the investigation of this planet may yield important insights into the early stages of the accretion of planets between the assembly of kilometer-size objects and of the Earth-sized bodies (Chapter 1).
Because so little is known about this smallest planet, one might question the wisdom of including here a separate chapter on Mercury. Although it was tempting to include this discussion in a section under minor bodies (Chapter 13), we decided on separate treatment. This conclusion was driven by the similarities between the mercurian crust and that of the lunar highlands, so that this chapter follows on naturally from those dealing with the Moon. It also provides some interesting problems about primary or secondary crusts. Further, the Messenger mission is already en route to this innermost planet, so that it is useful at this stage to summarize more thoroughly our current understanding.
The geology of Mercury, a one-plate planet like Mars and Venus, shows some similarities with that of the Moon.
12 - Composition and evolution of the continental crust
- S. Ross Taylor, Australian National University, Canberra, Scott McLennan, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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- Planetary Crusts
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Summary
It is difficult to calculate what the composition of the crust of the Earth is in any reliable way
(Harold Urey)The composition of the upper part of the continental crust is well established, but it is so enriched in incompatible elements and the heat-producing elements K, U and Th in particular, that it cannot be representative of the entire crust. Unfortunately the inaccessible and largely unknown nature of the lower continental crust makes it more difficult to determine the overall crustal composition so that elements of model-dependency enter the discussion. Because the crust is a significant reservoir for many elements, understanding its overall chemical composition is of fundamental importance to geochemistry as these data place constraints on the basic processes of crustal growth, differentiation and evolution of the mantle.
Because of these restrictions, indirect evidence from the geophysical disciplines (e.g. heat flow, seismology) has to be employed mostly to obtain the bulk composition of the continental crust. So in contrast to upper crustal abundances where there is a consensus, the chemical composition of the bulk crust is much more controversial, with recent models covering a broad range from basalt through to dacite (Fig. 12.1).
However, compositions at both extremes encounter a variety of problems that are difficult to reconcile with known crustal characteristics. In our opinion, the combination of constraints imposed by the upper crustal composition, heat flow and geochemistry yields reliable compositions for the bulk crust.
Acknowledgments
- S. Ross Taylor, Australian National University, Canberra, Scott McLennan, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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- Planetary Crusts
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- 22 October 2009
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