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Contributors
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- By Cecil S. Ash, Paul Barach, Ulrike Buehner, M. Ross Bullock, Leonardo Canale, Henry G. Chou, Jeffrey A. Claridge, John J. Como, Armagan Dagal, Martin Dauber, James S. Davis, Shalini Dhir, François Donati, Roman Dudaryk, Richard P. Dutton, Talmage D. Egan, Yashar Eshraghi, John R. Fisgus, Jeff Gadsden, Sugantha Ganapathy, Mark A. Gerhardt, Inderjit Gill, Joseph F. Golob, Glenn P. Gravlee, Marcello Guglielmi, Jana Hambley, Peter Hebbard, Elena J. Holak, Khadil Hosein, Ken Johnson, Matthew A. Joy, George W. Kanellakos, Olga Kaslow, Arthur M. Lam, Vanetta Levesque, Jessica Anne Lovich-Sapola, M. Jocelyn Loy, Peter F. Mahoney, Donn Marciniak, Maureen McCunn, Craig C. McFarland, Maroun J. Mhanna, Timothy Moore, Cynthia Nguyen, Maxim Novikov, E. Orestes O’Brien, Ketan P. Parekh, Claire L. Park, Michael J. A. Parr, Elie Rizkala, Steven Roth, Alistair Royse, Colin Royse, Kasia Petelenz Rubin, David Ryan, Claire Sandstrom, Carl I. Schulman, Rishad Shaikh, Ranjita Sharma, Jeffrey H. Silverstein, Peter Slinger, Charles E. Smith, Christopher Smith, Paul Soeding, Rakesh V. Sondekoppam, P. David Soran, Eldar Søreide, Elizabeth A. Steele, Kristian Strand, Dennis M. Super, Kutaiba Tabbaa, Nicholas T. Tarmey, Joshua M. Tobin, Kalpana Tyagaraj, Heather A. Vallier, Sandra Werner, Earl Willis Weyers, William C. Wilson, Shoji Yokobori, Charles J. Yowler
- Edited by Charles E. Smith
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- Book:
- Trauma Anesthesia
- Published online:
- 05 April 2015
- Print publication:
- 09 April 2015, pp vii-x
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Enhancing the value of horizon scanning through collaborative review
- William J. Sutherland, Hilary Allison, Rosalind Aveling, Ian P. Bainbridge, Leon Bennun, David J. Bullock, Andy Clements, Humphrey Q. P. Crick, David W. Gibbons, Sarah Smith, Michael R. W. Rands, Paul Rose, Jörn P. W. Scharlemann, Martin S. Warren
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There is an increased appreciation of the need for horizon scanning: the identification and assessment of issues that could be serious in the future but have currently attracted little attention. However, a process is lacking to identify appropriate responses by policy makers and practitioners. We thus suggest a process and trial its applicability. Twelve environmental conservation organizations assessed each of 15 previously identified horizon scanning issues for their impact upon their organization and the urgency with which they should consider the issue. They also identified triggers that would result in changes in their scoring of the likely urgency and impact of the issues. This process enables organizations to identify priority issues, identify issues they can ignore until there are further developments, benchmark priorities across organizations and identify cross-organizational priorities that warrant further attention, so providing an agenda for collation of evidence, research and policy development. In this trial the review of responses by other organizations resulted in the upgrading of response by a substantial proportion of organizations for eight of the 15 issues examined. We suggest this approach, with the novel components of collaborative assessment and identification of triggers, could be adopted widely, both within conservation organizations and across a wider range of policy issues.
6 - Maize
- Edited by Kan Wang, Alfredo Herrera-Estrella, Marc van Montagu, Universiteit Gent, Belgium
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- Book:
- Transformation of Plants and Soil Microorganisms
- Published online:
- 04 August 2010
- Print publication:
- 09 March 1995, pp 65-80
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Summary
Introduction
Genes advantageous for pathogen or insect resistance, or for enhancing yield, are continuously being sought by plant breeders. Many of these genes exist outside the species targeted for improvement. This fact has led researchers to contemplate ways of overcoming the biological barriers to gene transfer. More than a quarter of a century has passed since the first attempt was made to introduce DNA into maize (Zea mays) through physical intervention (Coe & Sarkar, 1966). Although this attempt, which involved direct injection of DNA into apical meristems of seeds, was not successful, it did serve to identify a principal problem – namely that ‘The cell wall, a massive barrier to large structures, may have to be disrupted mechanically or chemically, or otherwise circumvented’. Another observation made in 1966 by Coe & Sarkar was that ‘the number of meristem cells actually penetrated and observed may be too small to have included a fortuitous, observable transformation’. Over two decades later the efficient combination of DNA delivery and transformed cell selection has proved to be the key to production of transgenic plants of all species and particularly of maize, which as a cereal of major commercial importance has attracted substantial attention in recent years.
Maize transformation, defined as the production of transgenic plants that are fertile and produce transgenic seed, was achieved for the first time in 1990 (Fromm et al., 1990; Gordon-Kamm et al. 1990). Since then a number of commercial research groups have conducted field trials of transgenic maize, demonstrating the attainment of more widespread success.