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  • Cited by 38
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
October 2017
Print publication year:
2017
Online ISBN:
9781139049221

Book description

The modern Middle East emerged out of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, when Britain and France partitioned the Ottoman Arab lands into several new colonial states. The following period was a charged and transformative time of unrest. Insurgent leaders, trained in Ottoman military tactics and with everything to lose from the fall of the Empire, challenged the mandatory powers in a number of armed revolts. This is a study of this crucial period in Middle Eastern history, tracing the period through popular political movements and the experience of colonial rule. In doing so, Provence emphasises the continuity between the late Ottoman and Colonial era, explaining how national identities emerged, and how the seeds were sown for many of the conflicts which have defined the Middle East in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. This is a valuable read for students of Middle Eastern history and politics.

Awards

Winner, 2018 Choice Outstanding Academic Title

Reviews

'A brilliant new history that captures the Ottoman foundations of the modern Middle East in the decades between the First and Second World Wars. The hopes and disappointments of the interwar years shaped the Arab world down to the present day. Engagingly written, Michael Provence brings this era to life for readers today.'

Eugene Rogan - University of Oxford

'This is a wonderfully original book, a merciless reconstruction of the British and French mandates in the Middle East as local contemporaries would have experienced them.'

Peter Sluglett - National University of Singapore

'This remarkable work examines how the peoples of the Middle East perceived their present and future before the cataclysm of World War I, famine and death, Ottoman collapse and foreign occupation completely reshaped their region. Instead of looking at the main features that we think of when we look back on the twentieth century in the Middle East, The Last Ottoman Generation and the Making of the Modern Middle East rather starts with the hopes and expectations of an elite in what became the separate Arab states and Turkey that in many respects shared a common background, expectations and outlook. This is an original and illuminating interpretation of events in a region that is still deeply affected by the transformations that Michael Provence illustrates so perceptively.'

Rashid Khalidi - Edward Said Professor of Modern Arab Studies, Columbia University

'Michael Provence’s book is a revelation. Casting aside the old pieties of state nationalism, Provence sets the story of the Arab Middle East in the first half of the twentieth century squarely in the context of the late-Ottoman scene, bringing to life the world of soldiers, politicians and intellectuals struggling to cope with the loss of the Ottoman system, which they believed was a fairer dispensation than the colonial nation states imposed on the Middle East in the wake of World War I. Deeply researched and written in clear, compelling prose, this book is essential reading for anyone who wants a deeper understanding of the history of the modern Middle East.'

Laila Parsons - McGill University, Canada

'[This book] is a definitive study of this crucial period in Middle Eastern history, tracing the period through popular political movements and the experience of colonial rule. In doing so, Provence emphasizes the continuity between the late Ottoman and Colonial era, explaining how national identities emerged, and how the seeds were sown for many of the conflicts which have defined the Middle East in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. An invaluable read for students of Middle Eastern history and politics …'

James A Cox Source: Library Bookwatchs

'The insightful study taps into most of the scholarship exploring this crucial period and primary archival sources found in France, Turkey, and Britain. Provence makes the case for thinking of the interaction between indigenous and foreign forces as crucial to understanding the current state of affairs in the region. In this respect, students of the Middle East will gain from consulting a book that is the best of its genre. As such, it is critical reading for upper-level undergraduates and graduate students. Essential.'

I. Blumi Source: Choice

'… a stimulating semi-revisionist history focusing on continuities rather than ruptures … The book excavates remarkable details from the years of flux after the collapse of the Ottoman state.'

Source: The Hurriyet Daily News

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Contents

Select Bibliography

Archives

Syria

  • Asad Library

  • Markaz al-Watha’iq al-Tarikhiyya

  • Archives of the Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Education

Turkey

  • Istanbul University Archival Collection

  • Archives of the Turkish Republic Military Museum

  • Archives of the Turkish Republic Prime Minister, Istanbul

  • Yıldız Saray Photo Archive, IRCICA

Lebanon

  • National Archives

  • American University of Beirut, Jafet Library

  • Periodical Collection

  • Special and Archival Collections

Switzerland

  • Archives of the League of Nations Permanent Mandate Commission, Geneva

Germany

  • Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin

  • Zentrum Moderner Orient Library

France

  • Archives Diplomatiques de Nantes, Nantes

  • Archives Ministère de la Défense, Armée du Levant, Vincennes

  • Bibliothèque nationale de France

United Kingdom

  • British National Archives, Kew

  • Imperial War Museum, London

United States

  • Library of Congress, Abdul-Hamid collection

Press Sources

  • Alif Bâ’, Damascus daily newspaper, various dates

  • L’Echo de Paris, Paris daily, various dates

  • al-Muqtabas, Damascus daily paper, various dates

  • Jamcia al-cArabiyya, Jerusalem daily, 1927–

  • L’Humanité, Paris daily, various dates

  • al-Fata al-’Arab, Damascus daily, various dates

  • The Times, London daily, various dates

  • Jarida al-Bilad, Baghdad daily, various dates

  • Al-Qabas, Damascus daily, various dates

  • Al-Ayyam, Damascus daily, various dates

  • Egyptian Gazette, Cairo weekly, various dates

  • Manchester Guardian, Manchester daily, various dates

  • Al-Mussawar, Cairo weekly, various dates

Published Primary Sources

Abi Rashid, Hanna, Hawran al-damiyya (Cairo, 1926, reprint, Beirut: Maktabat al-Fikr al-‘Arabi, 1961)
Abi Rashid, Hanna, Jabal al-duruz (Cairo: 1925, reprint, Beirut: Maktabat al-Fikr al-‘Arabi, 1961)
cAli, Tahsin, Mudhakirrat Tahsin cAli 1880–1970 (Beirut: al-Mu’assasa al-cArabiyya lil-Diraset wa al-Nashr, 2003)
al-cAs, Muhammad Sacid, al-Tajarib al-harbiyya fi harb al-thawra al-suriyya (Beirut, 1990)
Andréa, Général Charles Joseph, La révolte druze et l’insurrection de Damas (Paris, 1937)
Arslan, Shakib, Sira Dhatiyya (Beirut: Dar al-Talic a, 1969)
al-Askari, Jafar, A Soldier’s Story: From Ottoman Rule to Independent Iraq: The Memoirs of Jafar Pasha Al-Askari (1885–1936), trans. Mustafa Tariq Al-Askari (London: Arabian Publishers, 2003)
de Caix, Robert, La Syrie (Paris: Sociéte de l’histoire nationale, Plon, 1931)
Carbillet, Capitaine Gabriel, Au Djébel Druse, choses vues et vécues (Paris: Éditions Argo, 1929)
Coblentz, Paul, Le silence de Sarrail (Paris: L. Querelle, 1930)
Djemal Pasha, Ahmad, Memories of a Turkish Statesman, 1913–1919 (London: Hutchinson, 1922)
Doty, Bennett J., The Legion of the Damned: The Adventures of Bennett J. Doty in the French Foreign Legion as Told by Himself (New York: Century Co., 1928)
Dowson, Sir Ernest, An Inquiry into Land Tenure and Related Questions (Letchworth, England: printed for the Iraqi government by Garden City Press, 1932)
al-Faris, Jurj, Man hum fi al-calam al-carabi (Damascus: matbac al-ahali, 1957)
al-Faris, Jurj, Man huwa fî suriyya 1949 (Damascus: matbac al-ahali, 1950)
Gibb, Sir Alexander and partners, The Economic Development of Syria, report commissioned by the Ministry of Public Works and Communications, Republic of Syria (London: Knapp, Drewett and Sons, 1947)
von der Goltz, Colmar, Das Volk in Waffen (Berlin: R. V. Decker, 1883)
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al-Hashimi, Taha, Mudhakkirat Taha al-Hashimi (Beirut: Dar al-Ta’lica, 1967–78)
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al-Rayyis, Munir, al-Kitab al-dhahabi lil-thawrat al-wataniyya fî al-mashriq al-carabi: al-thawra al-suriyya al-kubra, vol. I (Beirut: Dar al-Tali‘ah lil-Tiba‘ah wa-al-Nashr, 1969)
al-Rayyis, Munir, al-Kitab al-dhahabi lil-thawrat al-wataniyya fî al-mashriq al-carabi: thawra Filasṭin cam 1936, vol. II (Beirut: Dar al-Tali‘ah lil-Tiba‘ah wa-al-Nashr, 1969)
al-Rayyis, Munir, al-Kitab al-dhahabi lil-thawrat al-wataniyya fî al-mashriq al-carabi: harb al-cIraq cam 1941, vol. III (Beirut: Dar al-Tali‘ah lil-Tiba‘ah wa-al-Nashr, 1969)
al-Sacid, Amin, al-Thawra al-carabiyya al-kubra (Beirut: Dar al-katib al ‘arabi, reprint, n.d.)
al-Sacid, Nuri, Mudhakkirat Nuri al-Sacid can al-harakat al-caskariyya lil-jaysh al-cArabi fi al-Hijaz wa-Suriyya, 1916–1918: al-Fariq al-rukn Nuri al-Sacid cala tullab Kulliyyat al-Arkan bi-Baghdad fi Mayis 1947 (Beirut: al-Dar al‘Arabiyya lil-Mawsu‘at, 1987)
al-Shahbandar, cAbd al-Rahman, al-Thawra al-Suruyya al-Kubra: Mudhakkirat al-duktur cAbd al-Rahman al-Shahbandar (Beirut: 1967, reprint, Damascus: manshuratwazara al-thaqafa, 1993)
al-Shahbandar, cAbd al-Rahman, Mudhakkirat wal-khutab (Beirut, 1967, reprint Damascus: manshurat wazara al-thaqafa, 1993)
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al-Zirikli, Khayr ad-Dīn, al-Aclam: qamus tarajim li-ashar ar-rijal wa’n-nisa min carab wa’l-mustacribin al-mustasthriqin, 8 vols., reprint of c. 1950 (Beirut: dar al-calam al-malayin, 1990)

Unpublished Dissertations

Abu Fakhr, Fandi, “Tarikh liwa’ Hawran al-ijtimacal-Suwayda’– Darca-al-Qunaytra – cAjlun, 1840–1918,” self-published PhD dissertation, Damascus University, 1999
Ajay, Nicholas, “Mount Lebanon and the Wilayah of Beirut, 1914–1918: the War Years,” unpublished PhD dissertation, Georgetown University, 1972
Anderson, Charles W., “From Petition to Confrontation: The Palestinian National Movement and the Rise of Mass Politics, 1929–1939,” unpublished PhD dissertation, New York University, 2013
Bailony, Reem, “Transnational Rebellion: The Syrian Revolt of 1925–1927,” unpublished PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 2015
Dalati, Aziz Amin, “The Ghouta of Damascus,” unpublished B.B.A. thesis, AUB, 1938
Griffiths, Merwin, “The Reorganization of the Ottoman Army under Abdül-Hamid II 1880–1907,” unpublished PhD dissertation, UCLA, 1966
Marr, Phebe, “Yasin al-Hashimi: The Rise and Fall of a Nationalist (A Study of the Nationalist Leadership in Iraq, 1920–1936),” unpublished PhD dissertation, Harvard University, 1966
Méouchy, Nadine, “Les formes de conscience politique et communautaire au Liban et en Syrie a l’époque du mandat Français 1920–1939,” unpublished Doctorat en Histoire dissertation, Université de Paris, 1989
Mufarrij, Fuad K., “Syria and Lebanon under French Mandate,” unpublished MA thesis, AUB, 1935
Nashibi, Hisham A., “The Political Parties in Syria, 1918–1939,” unpublished MA thesis, AUB, 1952
al-Qaysi, Abdul-Wahhab Abbas, “The Impact of Modernization on Iraqi Society During the Ottoman Era: A Study of Intellectual Development in Iraq, 1869–1917,” unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Michigan, 1958
Rustum, Asad, “Syria Under Mehemet Ali,” unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Chicago, 1923
Sanagan, Mark, “Lightning Through the Clouds: Islam, Community, and Anti-Colonial Rebellion in the Life and Death of Izz al-Dīn al-Qassām, 1883–1935,” unpublished PhD dissertation, McGill University, 2016
Tomeh, Ramez George, “Landownership and Political Power in Damascus: 1858–1958,” unpublished MA thesis, AUB, 1977
Steven, Wagner, “British Intelligence and Policy in the Palestine Mandate, 1919–1939,” unpublished DPhil dissertation, University of Oxford, 2014

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