Animal Science, Volume 79 - Issue 3 - December 2004
- This volume was published under a former title. See this journal's title history.
Research Article
Genotype by environment interactions for productivity and resistance to gastro-intestinal nematode parasites in Red Maasai and Dorper sheep
- R. L. Baker, J. M. Mugambi, J. O. Audho, A. B. Carles, W. Thorpe
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- 18 August 2016, pp. 343-353
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Red Maasai and Dorper sheep were evaluated for their resistance to gastro-intestinal (GI) nematode parasites (predominantly Haemonchus contortus), productivity and productive efficiency (assessed on a metabolizable energy basis) in experiments undertaken at the Kenyan coast (sub-humid environment) and the Kenya highlands (semi-arid environment). In both ewes and lambs there were few significant genotype by environment (G X E) interactions for either resistance (assessed by faecal egg counts-FEC) or resilience (assessed by blood packed red cell volume-PCV) to GI nematodes. Red Maasai sheep were consistently more resistant (low FEC) and more resilient (high PCV) than Dorper sheep. However, there were significant G X £ interactions for ewe reproductive performance and for ewe and lamb mortality rates and live weights. These interactions were due to very poor performance of the Dorper compared to the Red Maasai in the sub-humid coastal environment and to the much improved performance of the Dorper in the semi-arid environment. When these component traits were combined into estimates of flock productivity and productive efficiency there were highly significant GXE interactions with the Red Maasai sheep being considerably more efficient than Dorper sheep in the sub-humid environment, while in the semi-arid environment there was a negligible breed difference in productive efficiency. The results are discussed in terms of breeding strategies for smallholder farmers and pastoralists managing sheep in low-input systems in sub-humid and semi-arid environments.
Effects of trait definition on genetic parameter estimates and sire evaluation for clinical mastitis with threshold models
- Y. M. Chang, D. Gianola, B. Heringstad, G. Klemetsdal
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- 18 August 2016, pp. 355-363
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Clinical mastitis records on 36 178 first-lactation Norwegian dairy cattle (NRF) cows, daughters of 245 sires from 5286 herds, were analysed to study the impact of trait definition on estimates of genetic parameters and sire evaluations for clinical mastitis. The opportunity interval for infection, going from 30 days pre-calving to 300 days post partum, was divided into either 11 periods (each 30 days long); four periods ((-30, 0), (1, 30), (31, 120), (121, 300)); a single period (-30, 300) or defined as the interval currently used for sire evaluation in Norway (-15,120). Within each period, clinical mastitis was scored as 1 if it occurred at least once and 0 otherwise. Analysis was with Bayesian threshold models, assuming that mastitis (presence v. absence) was a different trait in each period. By use of multivariate or univariate normal link functions, unobserved liabilities to disease were modelled as a linear function of year of calving, age-season of calving, herd, sire of cow and residual effects. Estimates of heritability of liability to clinical mastitis ranged from 0-06 to 0-14, depending on the model and stage of lactation. In multi-period models, estimates of genetic correlations between periods were positive and ranged from 0-13 to 0-55. This suggests that clinical mastitis resistance is not the same trait in different periods of the first lactation, which is not captured by the single-interval models. The single-interval (-30, 300) model gave slightly smaller sire-specific posterior probabilities of clinical mastitis during the first lactation than the multi-period models. Furthermore, the interval used in current Norwegian sire evaluation understated the posterior probabilities of clinical mastitis, relative to the multi-period specifications. This led to some differences in sire rankings between the four models, although there was agreement between the four- and 11-period models. In conclusion, the multi-period models captured more genetic variation than the single-interval models, but the four-period model gave sire rankings that differed little from those obtained with an 11-period definition of clinical mastitis.
Changes in ultrasound measures of muscle and its genetic variation during lactation in dairy cows
- K. Sloniewski, I. L. Mao, J. Jensen, P. Madsen
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- 18 August 2016, pp. 365-372
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Changes in ultrasound measures of muscle area (UtM) during lactation in different breeds and parities and with different feeding levels were examined. Random regressions were fitted to repeated measures of UtM in order to study changes in variance components of UtM during lactation. Correlations between measures taken in different stages of lactation and in different parities were also calculated. The shape of UtM curves during lactation appeared to be fairly consistent for all breeds and parities. The lowest point of all curves coincided with the expected nadir of body reserves during lactation. With lower-than-normal feeding level, the drop of UtM after calving was deeper and the overall level was lower. A major proportion of the variance in UtM was found to be determined by additive genetic variation. In all three breeds studied, repeatability and heritability estimates were high and fairly consistent during lactation and between parities. The very high genetic correlations between measures taken in different periods of lactation suggested that muscle growth and recovery are controlled by the same gene complex throughout lactation.
Our results suggest that UtM, if used jointly with other body measures such as body condition score, could be a useful indicator of tissue mobilization and deposition in the lactating cow, especially during the early stage of lactation.
Seasonal changes in tissue weights in Scottish Blackface ewes over multiple production cycles
- N. R. Lambe, G. Simm, M. J. Young, J. Conington, S. Brotherstone
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- 18 August 2016, pp. 373-385
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Hill ewes undergo large changes in body fat and muscle weight throughout the annual production cycle as they contend with the pressures of reproduction and lactation, as well as harsh environmental conditions. This study modelled seasonal changes in fat and muscle weights in Scottish Blackface hill ewes throughout their productive lifetime using random regression statistical techniques.
Scottish Blackface ewes (no. = 308) were scanned using computed tomography (CT) four times per year, from 2 until 5 years old. Heritabilities of tissue weights were estimated at 2-weekly intervals throughout the productive life of the ewe. Genetic correlations between tissue weights at the same point in the production cycle at different ages, and between tissue weights at different events within each annual production cycle were predicted. Animal solutions from random regression analyses were used to estimate tissue weights, from pre-mating at 2 years old to weaning at 5 years old. The effects of litter size in the current and previous production years on fat and muscle weights were investigated.
Correlations between CT tissue weights and those predicted by a sin/cos random regression model were 0.87, 0.84, 0.88 for carcass fat, internal fat and muscle respectively. Heritabilities ranged from 0.31 to 0.90 for carcass fat weight, 0.21 to 0.68 for internal fat weight and 0.26 to 0.57 for muscle weight, throughout the productive lifetime of the ewe. Heritabilities were highest during mating for fat weights, and during the dry period and lambing time for muscle weights. Heritabilities of tissue weights in 3-year-old ewes were higher than in other age groups. Genetic correlations were 1.00 between tissue weights at the same scanning event at different ages, but ranged from close to zero to 0.97 between scanning events within age groups. Clearly environmental variation across time was large. The number of lambs produced in both the current and the previous year influenced tissue levels. Ewes that did not produce lambs (barren) in a given year carried more muscle during that year than ewes producing lambs. As ewes aged, barren ewes carried increasingly more carcass fat and muscle than ewes with lambs. Barren ewes also had significantly more muscle during the following year than ewes that had weaned lambs. Ewes that reared twins had significantly less carcass fat the following year than singleton-bearing or barren ewes. These effects of previous litter size increased significantly with age.
Growth and carcass composition of lambs of two breeds and their cross grazing ryegrass and clover swards
- J. M. Macfarlane, R. M. Lewis, G. C. Emmans
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- 18 August 2016, pp. 387-396
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The effects of sward, breed type and sex on lamb growth and carcass composition were measured at two degrees of maturity in live weight. The three breed types were Scottish Blackface (no. = 60), Suffolk (no. = 59) and their reciprocal crosses (no. = 60). The lambs grazed swards of either ryegrass, clover or a mixed sward intended to contain both. The proportion of the mixed sward as clover was only 0.014. Each lamb was scanned using X-ray computed tomography to measure the weights of fat, lean and bone in the carcass at two proportions of mature body weight (0.30 and 0.45). Live weights were recorded weekly. Average daily gains (ADG) in live weight and carcass tissues were calculated for each lamb between the 0.30 and 0.45 stages of maturity.
At the 0-30 stage of maturity, breed type differences in carcass composition were small; the Scottish Blackface had 0.942 as much bone as the Suffolk lambs (P < 0.001), with the cross lambs intermediate. At the 0-45 stage of maturity, Scottish Blackface lambs had less fat (0.749 times as much; P < 0.001), more lean (1.065 times as much; P < 0.001) and more bone (1.055 times as much; P < 0-001) than did Suffolk lambs. The values for crossbred lambs were intermediate but closer to those of the Suffolk. Neither sward nor its interaction with breed type had any significant effect on carcass composition at either the 0-30 or 0-45 stage of maturity. The effect of sex on carcass composition was significant at the 0-45 stage of maturity when castrated male lambs had less fat (P < 0.001) and more lean (P < 0.001) than female lambs. There were breed type by sward interactions for ADG in live weight (P < 0.05), in carcass weight (P < 0.001), and in fat (P < 0.001) and bone weights (P < 0.05). The interactions were such that Suffolk lambs had higher growth rates than Scottish Blackface lambs on clover but not on ryegrass or the mixed sward. There were no significant differences between Suffolk and crossbred lambs in growth rates on any sward. In this, and in two other experiments, the extent to which growth rate declined as the nutritional environment became worse was greater (P < 0.05) in Suffolk than in Scottish Blackface lambs; that is, Suffolk lambs expressed greater environmental sensitivity than the Scottish Blackface.
Analysis of associations between the prion protein genotype and reproduction traits in meat sheep breeds
- F. de Vries, H. Hamann, C. Drögemüller, M. Ganter, O. Distl
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- 18 August 2016, pp. 397-404
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The objective of this study was to analyse the associations between ovine prion protein (PrP) genotypes and reproduction traits in three German meat sheep breeds. Reproduction traits were age at first early lambing, age at first late lambing, first lambing interval, second lambing interval and total number of lambs born. The data set included 595 genotyped German Texel sheep among 5225 recorded sheep, 351 genotyped German Black-Headed Mutton among 10 177 sheep and 282 genotyped Suffolk sheep among 2849 sheep. Linear animal models were employed for the analysis of the PrP-genotype effect. The PrP-genotype effect was analysed by comparing the most frequent PrP genotypes ARR/ARR, ARR/ARQ, and ARQ/ARQ. In a more general analysis three PrP genotype classes of animals with two, one or no copy of the ARR allele were compared.
In most cases, no significant associations were found between the PrP genotypes and the reproduction traits investigated. Only for the traits age at first early lambing in German Texel and second lambing interval in German Black-Headed Mutton and Suffolk could a significant association with the PrP genotype be observed.
Intake, live-weight gain and carcass characteristics of beef cattle given diets based on forage maize silage harvested at different stages of maturity
- E. M. Browne, D. T. Juniper, M. J. Bryant, D. E. Beever, A. V. Fisher
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- 18 August 2016, pp. 405-413
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Advancing maturity of forage maize is associated with increases in the proportion of dry matter (DM) and starch, and decreases in the proportions of structural carbohydrates in the ensiled crop. This experiment investigated the effects of three maize silages of 291 (low), 339 (medium) and 393 (high) g DM per kg fresh weight on the performance of 48 Simmental X Holstein-Friesian cattle. Equal numbers of steers (mean start weight = 503 (s.d. 31.3) kg) and heifers (mean start weight = 378 (s.d. 11.2) kg) were offered individually isonitrogenous diets composed of the three silages plus a protein supplement with minerals once daily until slaughter at the target live weight of 575 and 475 kg for steers and heifers, respectively. Intake was reduced on the low diet (P < 0.01) compared with the other two treatments. Dietary starch intake increased by a total of 1 kg/day between low and medium diets but by only 0.2 kg/day between medium and high diets. Unlike starch intake, total neutral-detergent fibre intake showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) between diets. There were no differences in live-weight gain between treatments but differences (F < 0.05) in food conversion efficiency indicated relative gains of 115,100 and 102 g gain per kg DM intake for diets low, medium and high, respectively. There were no differences between diets in carcass weights, fat score and overall conformation.
Using visual image analysis to describe pig growth in terms of size and shape
- A. B. Doeschl-Wilson, C. T. Whittemore, P. W. Knap, C. P. Schofield
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- 18 August 2016, pp. 415-427
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Random regression models were used to analyse the daily growth data for a total of 25 pigs of two commercial crossbred types between 75 and 140 days of age. A visual imaging system placed above a feeding station provided daily the plan area and length measurements of different body parts. Daily live-weight measurements of the pigs were obtained from a platform balance integrated into an electronic feeding station. Growth curves associated with different measures, pigs and types were compared. Significant differences in the age growth curves between the pig types could only be found in the ham width measurements (P < 0.05). The linear measure of ham width showed the greatest difference between the two types, and the lowest coefficient of variation among individual animals. Size measures were shown to be a more consistent indicator of pig performance during growth than live weight: pigs with a relatively large surface area or ham width at the early growth stage also have relatively large surface area or ham width at later stages and the between-animal variation in these measurements remains constant with age. Gain in live weight relative to increase in size differed significantly between the two pig types (P < 0.05). Pigs of the two types had significantly different shapes, but the change of shape during growth did not differ significantly between them. The allometric relationships between surface area and ham width1.85 and between body length and ham width0.85 indicate that the ham widths of pigs increase faster in proportion to full body measures. Variations between individual animals in size increase and shape change are significant (P < 0.05). The analysis suggests that VIA size and shape measurements provide valid descriptors of pig growth.
Performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal disaccharidase activity of weaner/grower pigs given diets containing extruded Chinese stored brown rice with exogenous enzyme supplements
- Junbo Li, Defa Li, Y. -L. Yin, X. S. Piao, J. H. He, G. P. Chen, J. C. Shu
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- 18 August 2016, pp. 429-438
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One performance and one ileal apparent digestibility (IAD) trial were conducted to investigate the performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal disaccharidase activity of weaner/grower pigs given diets containing Chinese stored brown rice (CSBR) extruded and with exogenous enzyme supplements. In experiment 1, 96 crossbred (Duroc X Landrace X Large White) piglets weaned at 24 days of age were randomly divided into four groups according to a 2 X 2 factorial design. The animals were given four diets: (1) CSBR without enzyme supplementation, (2) CSBR supplemented with 625 mg a-amylase (2509 enzyme activity units) and 200 mg glucoamylase per kg (20018 enzyme activity units) per kg diet, (3) a normal temperature extruded CSBR (NTECSBR) without enzyme supplementation, and (4) NTECSBR supplemented with 625 mg a-amylase (2508 enzyme activity units) and 200 mg glucoamylase (20010 enzyme activity units) per kg diet. Growth, food consumption and specific activity of disaccharides in sections of the digestive tract were measured. In experiment 2, six male grower pigs with a mean initial body weight 21 kg, fitted with a simple ‘T’ cannula at the terminal ileum were used in a 6X6 Latin-square design. In addition to CSBR and NTECSBR diets with and without enzymes, a low temperature extruded diet LTECSBR with and without enzymes (as for other diets) was introduced. IAD of nutrients was measured. Extrusion resulted in a poorer (P < 0.05) food/gain for weaned pigs. Extrusion and enzyme supplementation had no influence (P > 0.05) on average daily food intake and average daily gain. Extrusion tended to improve (P = 0.075) IAD of starch but IAD of energy, dry matter, crude protein and amino acids were not influenced (P > 0.05). Enzyme supplementation had no effect on IAD of amino acids (P > 0.05), except for increasing IAD of lysine, threonine and isoleucine (P < 0.05). Extrusion and enzyme supplementation resulted in a higher (P < 0.05) maltase activity in the duodenum at day 14 of the trial. However, extrusion decreased (P < 0.05) the activity of maltase, isomaltase, sucrase and lactase in the jejunum at day 28. Enzyme supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the activities of maltase, isomaltase, trehalase and lactase in the jejunum at day 28. There was a positive extrusion X enzyme interaction (P < 0.05) for the activity of maltase and trehalase in the duodenum at day 14; a negative interaction was observed for the activity of lactase, maltase, isomaltase and trehalase in the jejunum at day 28. The results suggest that neither extrusion nor enzyme supplementation are necessary for CSBR to be used in pig diets.
The effect of litter size and littermate weight on pre-weaning performance of low-birth-weight piglets that have been cross-fostered
- J. G. H. English, G. Bilkeit
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- 18 August 2016, pp. 439-443
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To evaluate the effect of litter size and littermate weight on low-birth-weight (< 1 kg) piglets that have been cross-fostered, piglets' pre-weaning performance in the following groups were compared. Group A (no. = 10), low-birth-weight piglets raised with equal number of heavy-birth-weight piglets in small (eight piglets) litters; group B (no. = 10), low-birth-weight piglets raised with equal number of heavy-birth-weight piglets in large (12 piglets) litters; group C (no. = 10), low-birth-weight piglets raised with equal number of average-birth-weight piglets in small (eight piglets) litters; D (no. = 10), low-birth-weight piglets raised with equal number of average-birth-weight piglets in large (12 piglets) litters; E (no. = 10), small (eight piglets) low-birth-weight litters; F (no. = 10), large (12 piglets) low-birth-weight litters.
Mortality of low-birth-weight piglets in large litters was greater (P < 0.001) with heavy littermates, but in small litters was no different. Weight gain of piglets until day 3 post partum was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by littermate weight and litter size, or their interaction. Weight at 21 days post partum was significantly affected by littermate weight, litter size, and their interaction. Low-birth-weight piglets in small litters had significantly higher 21-day weights in large litters (P < 0.01, P < 0.05 and P < 0.05 with littermates of low, average and heavy birth weight respectively). In large but not small litters, low-birth-weight piglets missed more nursing episodes and spent more time in teat disputes than their heavier littermates whether in heavy-birth-weight (P < 0.01), or average-birth-weight (P < 0.05) litters.
Littermate weight may affect the performance of low-birth-weight piglets due to direct competition for access to a functional teat.
Effects of high dietary concentration of lactose and increased soya-bean meal inclusion in starter diets for piglets
- K. M. Pierce, J. J. Callan, P. McCarthy, J. V. O'. Doherty
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- 18 August 2016, pp. 445-452
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A 3 X 2 factorial experiment was conducted to investigate the interactions between lactofeed 70 (LF70) (860 g/kg whey permeate, 140 g/kg soya-bean meal; Volac International, UK) and soya-bean meal (SBM) or dried skim milk (DSM) in piglet diets. Three hundred and thirty-six piglets were selected after weaning at 21 days with an initial live weight of 6-35 kg. They were blocked on the basis of live weight and within each block assigned to one of six dietary treatments. The pigs were offered the following starter diets : (1) 300 g/kg LF70 with 215 g/kg SBM and 100 g/kg DSM; (2) 200 g/kg LF70 with 215 g/kg SBM and 100 g/kg DSM; (3) 100 g/kg LF70 with 215 g/kg SBM and 100 g/kg DSM; (4) 300 g/kg LF70 with 325 g/kg DSM; (5) 200 g/kg LF70 with 325 g/kg DSM; (6) 100 g/kg LF70 with 325 g/kg DSM. The starter diets were offered for 25 days. Following this, a weaner diet (14 g/kg lysine, 14-5 MJ/kg digestible energy) was given for a period of 12 days. There was a significant interaction between LF70 level and protein source on average daily gain (ADG P < 0.001) and food conversion ratio (FCR P < 0.05) during the starter period. There was a linear increase in ADG and a linear improvement in FCR with increasing LF70 levels in diets with SBM. However, there was a linear decrease in ADG with increasing LF70 levels in diets with DSM. There was a significant interaction (P < 0.001) between LF70 level and protein source on average daily food intake (ADFI) during the starter period. At high LF70 levels, the inclusion of DSM reduced ADFl compared with SBM. However, there was no difference between DSM and SBM at the medium and low LF70 levels. There was a significant interaction between LF70 level and protein source in organic matter digestibility (OMD) (P < 0.01) and gross energy digestibility (GED) (P < 0.01). The pigs offered diets containing DSM had a significantly lower OMD and GED at low LF70 levels compared with pigs offered diets containing SBM. However, the inclusion of DSM had no significant effect on OMD or GED at the medium and high LF70 levels. There was a quadratic response in nitrogen digestibility (ND) with increasing concentrations of LF70 (P < 0.05). There was an increase in ND to 200 g/kg LF70 inclusion, however there was no further increase in ND above 200 g/kg LF70 inclusion. In conclusion, increasing the inclusion of lactofeed from 100 g/kg to 300 g/kg in starter diets where soya-bean meal comprised the principle protein source improved food efficiency and increased daily gain and daily food intake when compared with diets where dried skim milk comprised the principle protein source.
The effect of strain of Holstein-Friesian cow and feeding system on reproductive performance in seasonal-calving milk production systems
- B. Horan, J. F. Mee, M. Rath, P. O' Connor, P. Dillon
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- 18 August 2016, pp. 453-467
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Three strains of Holstein-Friesian (HF) cows: high production North American (HP), high durability North American (HD) and New Zealand (NZ) were assigned, within strain, to one of three pasture-based feeding systems: Moorepark (MP), high concentrate (HC), and high stocking rate (HS). The effects of strain of HF, feeding system and parity on milk production, body condition score (BCS), live weight, energy balance and reproductive performance were studied using a repeated measures model with a factorial arrangement of strain ofHF and feeding systems. Associations between these variables and conception to first service (CONCEPT1), conception to first and second service (CONCEPTl_2), pregnancy rate at 6 weeks (PREG6) and overall pregnancy rate (PREG) were assessed using logistic regressions. When treatment means were compared, the NZ strain had a shorter gestation length and a higher CONCEPT1J2 than both the HP and HD strains. Similarly, the NZ strain had a higher PREG6 and PREG than the HP strain. Feeding system had no significant effect on reproductive performance. The HP strain had the highest milk yield at first AI and peak milk yield, the NZ strain had the lowest milk yield while the HD strain was intermediate. The energy balance of the NZ strain was higher than that of the HP and HD strains. The NZ strain had the lowest live weight and highest BCS; the HD strain had the highest live weight and the HP strain had the lowest BCS. The results show that dairy cows with superior genetic merit for fertility traits have better reproductive performance.
Effect of reducing energy supply during the finishing of Belgian Blue double-muscled cull cows
- J. F. Cabaraux, O. Dotreppe, I. Dufrasne, A. Clinquart, L. Istasse, J. -L. Hornick
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- 18 August 2016, pp. 469-482
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A 4-year experiment has been conducted on finishing Belgian Blue cull cows of double-muscled type in order to study the effects of diets containing adequate levels of metabolizable protein, but either normal (NENP), low (LENP) or medium (MENP) levels of metabolizable energy, on animal performance, carcass and meat characteristics, and plasma metabolites and hormones. The LENP diet was offered during the whole (LENP group) or second half of the finishing (NENP-LENP groups), and the MENP diet during the whole finishing (MENP group). The degree of fatness required for the slaughter of animals from NENP groups was close to 4-5 (scale from 0 (very lean) to 5 (very fat)). In each underfed group, the slaughter of the animals was synchronized to that of NENP cows, by degressive degree of fatness. The same duration of finishing was thus obtained for all groups.
The experimental feeding strategies reduced the amounts of fat deposited in the carcass and the meat while muscle deposition was remarkably preserved. The proportions of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in intramuscular fat were also decreased while their proportions increased in plasma free fatty acids. Plasma insulin levels were also reduced and those ofIGF-1 were, surprisingly, maintained. The low energy diet promoted thus the settlement of a discrete lipolytic state while high levels ofIGF-1 preserved muscle deposition. This feeding strategy should be evaluated in other breeds of cattle.
Effect of rumen-protected supplements of fish oil on intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance of growing goats
- J. R. Fernández, M. Rodríguez Osorio, E. Ramos, G. de la Torre, F. Gil Extremera, M. R. Sanz Sampelayo
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- 18 August 2016, pp. 483-491
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Two groups of six male goats were used to assess the effects of rumen-protected supplements offish oil on intake, digestibility and nitrogen (N) balance. The animals were offered a diet consisting of forage and concentrate, the latter fraction supplemented with 0 (control) or lOOg/kg of rumen-protected fish oil supplement (PFO), containing a high proportion of the n-3 series (whole diet contained 0 or 60 g PFO per kg dry matter). No significant differences (P > 0.05) were found between the two groups concerning live-weight gain, food intake, digestibility of DM, organic matter, N, neutral-detergent fibre and energy. In contrast, there were differences (P < 0.05) regarding the digestibility of fat and of acid-detergent fibre, which were higher among the animals given the PFO diet. With respect to the individual fatty acids, we observed higher digestibility (P < 0.05) of C14:0, C16:0, C18:0 and C20:0 among the animals given the PFO diet. The digestibility of C14:0, C18:0 and C20:0 was found to be negative among the animals given the control diet. No significant differences (P > 0-05) were found regarding digestibility of total C18:1. In contrast, the coefficients for C18:2 (n-6) and C18:3 (n-3) were higher (P < 0.05) among the non-supplemented animals. The intake and faecal flow values of C18:0 suggest that the mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids with 18 atoms of carbon may, in both cases, undergo partial hydrogenation, which would be greater among the control group. The utilization of C20:5 (n-3) and, especially, of C22 : 6 (n-3), which were consumed only by the animals given the PFO diet, was estimated at 1-000. The PFO diet also produced lower levels ofurinary-N excretion (P < 0.05), giving rise to higher N balances (P < 0.05).
The effects of offering mineral blocks to ewes pre-mating and in late pregnancy on block intake, pregnant ewe performance and immunoglobulin status of the progeny
- T. F. Crosby, T. M. Boland, P. O. Brophy, P. J. Quinn, J. J. Callan, D. Joyce
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- 18 August 2016, pp. 493-504
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Two experiments were carried out to quantify the intake of mineral blocks by ewes in group- and individually fed situations, and to examine the effects of mineral block intake on food and water intake, colostrum production and lambs' immunoglobulin G (IgG) absorption when ewes are individually housed and offered maize or grass silage with a concentrate supplement. In experiment 1, mineral blocks were offered to 359 ewes either when grazing at mating time (no. = 200) or, when indoors in the last 4 or 7 weeks of pregnancy, the latter as either twin-bearing ewes that were group-fed (no. = 18) or individually fed (no. = 27) or single-bearing ewes that were group-fed (no. = 114). Block intake was measured on a weekly basis. In experiment 2,a2X2 X 2 factorial design was used to compare the effects of forage (grass or maize silage), restricted mineral block access and added minerals/vitamins in the concentrate on food and water intakes, colostrum production and immunoglobulin absorption by the lamb using 64 twin- bearing ewes that were individually housed. Grass silage and maize silage were offered ad libitum, concentrates were offered at a flat rate of 400 g per head per day. Mineral blocks were offered to ewes for 3 h/day. Following lambing, the ewes were hand milked at 1,10 and 18 h post partum. Colostrum samples were assayed for immunoglobulin G (IgG) content. Lambs were blood sampled at 24 h old to determine serum IgG value. In experiment 1, mean daily mineral block intake per ewe was lowest at mating time (19 g) and highest when ewes were individually housed (194 g). In experiment 2, intakes of dry matter(DM) and energy were higher (F < 0.05) in the maize silage treatments. Similarly, when ewes had access to mineral blocks they had higher (P < 0.05) intakes of DM, energy and protein in addition to having a higher water intake (2.24 v. 0.771 per ewe per day; s.e. 0.139; P < 0.01). The mean total colostrum yield to 18 h post lambing at 1734 ±98.0 ml was unaffected by any of the treatments. When ewes had access to mineral blocks their lambs had lower (6.8 v. 18.8; s.e. 1.48; P < 0.01) serum IgG values and the efficiency of IgG absorption from the colostrum into the blood stream was reduced (0.097 v. 0.247; s.e. 0.0214; P < 0.01). In conclusion, the data show that there is wide variation in mineral block intake in different situations and that intake of some minerals can exceed toxic values. Additionally, when individually fed pregnant ewes have access to blocks for just 3 h/day, there is a significant increase in water intake and a dramatic reduction in lamb serum IgG concentration and in the efficiency of absorption of colostral IgG into the blood. We suggest that while mineral blocks can confer advantages in specific situations, there is the need to revisit their formulation and to further research the mode of action responsible for the compromised IgG absorption.
In situ degradability of dry matter and neutral-detergent fibre of thorn scrubland forage consumed by goats in the semi-arid region of north Mexico
- R. A. S. Juárez, E. R. Montoya, C. G. Nevarez, S. M. A. Cerrillo, F. L. Mould
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- 18 August 2016, pp. 505-511
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Three goats provided with oesophageal and ruminal cannulae were used to determine variations in dry matter (DM) and neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) degradability of the forage consumed when grazing thorn scrubland in the semi-arid region of north Mexico, during two consecutive dry and wet periods. Ingesta samples were incubated intraruminally, the data were fitted to the exponential equation P = a + b (l - e-ct) and statistically analysed using a randomized-block design. Organic matter and crude protein (CP) contents were higher (P < 0.05) in the wet seasons. Values of NDF were similar in dry and wet season of both years whereas higher numerical values of acid-detergent fibre (ADF), lignin and cellulose were registered in the dry seasons. DM and NDF degradabilities after 24 and 48 h of ruminal incubation were higher (P < 0.05) in the wet seasons. Higher values (P < 0.05) in DM and NDF bag losses at zero time (A fraction) were registered in the two wet seasons. The insoluble but fermentable DM and NDF (B fractions) were higher (P < 0.05) in the 1999 wet season and variable in the rest of the studied period. Numerically higher values of DM and NDF c fraction were found in wet periods, whereas DM and NDF potential degradabilities were higher (P < 0.05) in the wet season in 1999 and similar across seasons in 2000. Lowest (P < 0.05) contents of CP in grazed forage, DM and NDF degradabilities after 48 h of ruminal incubation, and A, and B, and c fractions were observed in the dry seasons. Thus, these results may be related to both the lower feeding value of forage consumed by the animals and lower performance of livestock during this period. Then, the DM and NDF degradability after 48 h, together with the insoluble but fermentable matter and the c fraction permit the nutritive value of the forage consumed by grazing goats to be accurately described.
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Author index
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- 18 August 2016, pp. 513-515
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Subject index
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- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 August 2016, pp. 516-523
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Front Matter
ASC Volume 79 Issue 3 Cover and Front Matter
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- 18 August 2016, pp. f1-f3
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Back Matter
ASC Volume 79 Issue 3 Cover and Back Matter
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- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 August 2016, pp. b1-b2
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