At Burgers' Ocean 7 male and 3 female blue spotted stingrays, Dasyatis kuhlii were born over a period of 4.5 years. This paper describes the experiences of the captive breeding results of this species. The first two young died within 2 days of birth. One of them had an internal yolk sac, which may feed the young in the first few days. The other eight animals started to feed after 4 to 9 days on a variety of food types. Birth size of the young increased with increasing age of the parents. Mating occurred directly after parturition, so no seasonality could be defined. Gestation length ranged between 138 and 169 days, with a mean of 144.9±9.0 days (N = 11). Litter size was one, possibly caused by only one active ovarium. Sexual maturity of the two parent animals is approximately 3.5 years. The average feeding rations for the adults ranged between 10.1% BW week−1 (131 kcal kg BW−1 week−1) and 11.3% BW week−1 (172 kcal kg BW−1 week−1), with a feeding frequency of 4 times per week. The relationship between body weight (BW) and wingspan (WS) is given as BW = 3.6 × 10−5* WS2.940 (R2 = 0.9645; N = 45).

Common sole, Solea solea and Senegalese sole, S. senegalensis, were collected between January 2003 and June 2005 from commercial fishing vessels operating with gill-nets and bottom trawls along the Portuguese coast, to examine diet, age and growth and reproduction. Soles fed mainly on crustaceans, polychaetes and bivalves. Feeding activity was highest in summer, for males and for the largest individuals. Significant differences were found between the proportion of prey items according to season, sex and size-class. Common sole presented a wider dietary breadth compared to Senegalese sole. Dietary overlap between the two species was higher for the winter period and for females. Age of soles was determined from sagittae otoliths readings. The length of fish analysed varied between 187 mm and 462 mm (oldest fish 9 years), for S. solea, and between 199 mm and 472 mm (oldest fish 8 years), for S. senegalensis. The von Bertalanffy growth equation coefficients differed between sexes. For both species, the asymptotic length L∞ and growth coefficient k obtained for females were higher compared to those estimated for males. The highest values of the gonadosomatic index were obtained for the winter period, when the highest proportion of individuals at spawning stage was recorded.

The feeding habits of myctophid larvae of Symbolophorus californiensis were examined in the southern transition region of the western North Pacific where the main spawning and nursery grounds of S. californiensis are formed. This species is a key component of the pelagic ecosystems of this region, and their larvae attain one of the largest sizes among myctophids. To analyse gut contents larvae, including most life history stages after yolk-sac absorption (3.7 to 22.2 mm body length (BL)), were collected in the upper 100 m layer in 1997 and 1998. Feeding incidence was higher during the day than at night (53.1–92.3% versus 0–5.6%), and daytime feeding incidence increased gradually with larval growth. Larvae fed mainly on copepods of various developmental stages. Larvae of S. californiensis showed an ontogenetic change in their diet: larvae ≤7.9 mm BL (i.e. preflexion stage) fed mainly on copepod eggs and nauplii, while the larvae ≥8 mm BL consumed mainly calanoid copepodites such as Pseudocalanus and Paracalanus spp. In the largest size-class (16–22.2 mm BL), the furcilia stage of euphausiids was also an important prey item. There was an increase in the average prey size with growth in larvae ≤11.9 mm BL, while the number of prey eaten positively correlated with growth in larvae ≥12 mm BL. The trophic niche breadth also increased with larval growth, which would ensure a wide range of available food resources for the larger size-class larvae.

Two species of Scolelepis were found off the Venezuelan coast, one of these is a new record for this region, and the other is a species new to science: Scolelepis (Scolelepis) lighti Delgado-Blas, 2006, and Scolelepis (S.) andradei sp. nov., respectively. Scolelepis (Scolelepis) lighti was previously known only from the Gulf of Mexico and Florida, but the Venezuelan specimens closely match the original description. Scolelepis (S.) andradei is distinguished by the fusion of the anterior and posterior branchiae to the notopodial lamellae, bidentate notopodial hooded hooks starting from setigers 23–29, and the absence of notopodial hooks.

Arbacia dufresnii is a common and abundant sea urchin in Argentinean waters. The gonad index cycle was studied for this species in Golfo Nuevo, Patagonia, from May 2001 to March 2003. Comparative studies of gonad index and gonad histology were performed for the three years of 2001, 2002 and 2003. The gonad index reflects gonadal stages, and the results showed two spawning peaks for the studied period. The first spawning event occurred during spring and a second major spawning occurred in summer. Proliferation and differentiation of gametes, and the presence of mature gonads were synchronous among males and females. Male and female individuals spawned synchronically. Gonad resorption was observed for males and females. Histological examination data reflected gonad index analysis, providing together a good estimation of the reproductive cycle of A. dufresnii. Statistical analyses showed a positive correlation between gonad index and photoperiod. The mean fresh oocyte diameter observed was 87.1 µm (SD = 1.3 µm) with a jelly coat of 12.7 µm (SD = 0.9 µm), which corresponds to planktotrophic larval development.

Age determination using quantification of in situ neurolipofuscin has been an useful and reliable tool to understand population dynamics of crustaceans. In the present investigation, in situ neurolipofuscin was quantified in the medulla terminalis of eyestalks (cluster A cell mass, MT-A), and in the olfactory lobe cell mass 10 (OLCM-10) of the supra-oesophageal ganglion of unknown age blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) caught in the wild. No significant difference in neurolipofuscin quantity was found between right and left MT-A and between right and left OLCM-10. Comparison between MT-A and OLCM-10 resulted in a weaker correlation. Average neurolipofuscin was 0.353±0.038% vol. and 0.896±0.105% vol. in MT-A and OLCM-10, respectively. Size explained 23% of the variation of neurolipofuscin loading in OLCM-10. No significant relationship was found between size and MT-A neurolipofuscin content. It can be concluded that both structures are suitable for the quantification of neurolipofuscin, and they have the potential for age determination for C. sapidus.

The north-eastern coast of Venezuela hosts a high diversity of megafauna, particularly related with high productivity due to coastal upwelling. This area is mainly characterized by the existence of the primary fisheries in Venezuela, mostly supported by a great abundance of small pelagic species. This would explain why the area supports a wide range of marine top predators, including cetaceans. The current status of cetacean populations off north-eastern Venezuela is uncertain, mainly because research efforts have been very sparse. There are still many gaps of information in cetacean biology to establish a solid baseline that can be used for management decisions. Common dolphins (Delphinus spp.) are widely dispersed over the whole north-east basin, including waters off Araya and Paria Peninsula and around Margarita, Coche and Cubagua Islands. Areas of higher densities for Delphinus spp. coincide with the focal location of sardine fisheries and the most-active upwelling on the north-eastern coast. Therefore, a scheme of management should consider the areas of major productivity along the coast as potential critical habitat for the species. Further data collection is recommended, increasing aspects such as trophic ecology and the continuity of behavioural sampling, paired with systematic line transect estimation.

Spontaneous swimming activity of O-group common sole (Solea solea) was evaluated using a video-tracking system under laboratory conditions. An experiment was conducted during two consecutive days on individuals sampled in June, July, September and November (2004) in a coastal nursery ground (Pertuis Charentais, Bay of Biscay, France). The measured behavioural variables were: distance travelled and frequency of occurrence of burying, swimming and immobility. O-group sole showed a relatively clear circadian activity in line with the artificial light conditions (day, twilight and night). Swimming activity of O-group sole decreased drastically from June to July, thereafter remaining at a very low level in September and November. Such important changes reflect the transition between the exploratory behaviour of the post-colonization period and a well established sedentary behaviour remaining until the onset of winter. These results highlight the potential limitation in habitat use capacities of O-group sole once settled in coastal nursery grounds.

Photo-grammetric techniques developed for measuring body length and small scale movement patterns of cetaceans were applied to surface swimming basking sharks off the west coast of Scotland. These methods removed the need for close approaches, reducing the likelihood of disturbing the focal animal. Average swimming speed was calculated from the total path length between shark locations measured at approximately one minute intervals. These average speeds varied from 0.49 to 0.73 ms−1 for tracks of between 30 and 170 minutes' duration. Body length measurements ranged between 2.35 and 6.43 m. For ten sharks where body length and swimming speed were measured there was a significant correlation between body length (L) and swimming speed (V) expressed as V = 0.36L033.

The ciliate Euplotes encysticus Yonezawa, 1985 was insufficiently described so far regarding its living morphology, infraciliature and silverline system. Recently, a China population was isolated from brackish water (salinity 6‰) near a coastal sandy beach (114°32′E 22°43′N) of the Daya Bay, South China Sea and subsequent investigations were performed on it in detail. Based on data available, the morphology of this species was summarized and a new diagnosis is given which is characterized by: medium-sized body with consistently 9 frontoventral, 2 caudal and 2 left marginal cirri; 30–40 adoral membranelles; 7 dorsal kineties; dorsal silverline system consisting of complex type with irregular network; capable of encystment. Both the morphology and SSr RNA gene sequence show, with high support, a close relationship of E. encysticus and Euplotes muscorum.

This study was conducted to clarify the seasonal variation of the chemical composition of the Tunisian Sardinella aurita with a focus on the total lipid content. The chemical composition showed a large fluctuation over years in response to various factors. For the entire fish, lipid content was lower in July (2.50%), but higher in November (10.25%). It varies with seasons in inverse proportion to water content. Interestingly, it was found that red muscle have much higher lipid content than white muscle and the entire fish body. The major fatty acids in S. aurita lipids were palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and myristic acid. Palmitic acid comprised the main proportion (23.9%). The high amounts of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in the screened species are almost in agreement with other studies. Moreover, the percentage of omega-3 fatty acids (25%) was very similar to that in oil production commercial fish.

Four species of the genus Haplosyllis from Indonesia are herein described and illustrated. In Haplosyllis aciculata sp. nov. and Haplosyllis ingensicola sp. nov. the longest midbody cirri exceed body width and posterior parapodia have a single broad, strongly curved acicula, while in Haplosyllis tenhovei sp. nov. and Haplosyllis nicoleae sp. nov. cirri are shorter than body width, and the two or more aciculae are straight or curved. The available information on the ecology and host species is provided.

The Galapagos Islands are among the most important nesting areas for the green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas, in the eastern Pacific Ocean. In addition, the coastal waters of this oceanic archipelago host many important feeding areas for this species, although little is known about green turtle feeding ecology at these sites. The goal of this study was to identify and quantify the most important items in the diet of the green turtle at the foraging grounds of Bahia Elizabeth, Caleta Derek and Punta Nuñez. Our analysis was based on 65 oesophageal samples from turtles captured in 2006 and 2007. We compared spatial and seasonal composition of diet using non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis (MDS) and analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Green turtle diet was composed mainly of the algae species Ulva lactuca, Polysiphonia sp., Hypnea sp. and Dictyota sp., and the red mangrove Rhizophora mangle. Turtles also consumed animal matter, mainly cnidarians, albeit to a lesser extent. Content of turtle diets was different among feeding grounds and seasons. The ANOSIM showed that diet composition can differ between foraging grounds using presence/absence of diet items. Even though U. lactuca was the most abundant algae consumed in both seasons, changes in species richness of algae were found between both sampling events, with diet during the warm season more varied than the cold season (χ2 = 16.84, df = 6; P < 0.05).

The Guiana dolphin, Sotalia guianensis, is a small delphinid found in coastal areas from northern Honduras to southern Brazil. Little is known about the ecology of this species in several areas of its geographical distribution. In this paper, we present new data about the residency of Guiana dolphins in Ilha Grande Bay, south-eastern Brazil. Boat surveys were conducted at the study area from May 2007 to March 2008. Applying the photo-identification technique, we took pictures of dolphins' dorsal fins, looking for natural markings on them. A total of 17,969 photographs were taken, from which was created a databank of 462 distinct dolphins. Individuals showed different degrees of residency in the bay. More than 50% of the catalogued dolphins were considered non-residents and/or showed a low degree of residence. The average interval between resightings was 35 ± 27.4 days. Animals without markings (calves and juveniles) accounted for 45% (N = 2917) of photographs taken. These results indicate that this population has a fluid structure including different individuals over time. We suggest a possible relationship between the presence of some individuals and local resource availability, such as prey and protected areas.

Parablennius gattorugine and Parablennius ruber are closely related sympatric western European species. In this note, traits that distinguish the larvae of both species are presented and it is demonstrated that conflicting descriptions reported in the literature on the larvae of P. gattorugine stem from confusion between the two species.

Home ranges of seven Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) (Van Bénéden, 1864) were studied in the Cananéia estuary (~25°03′S 47°55′W), south-eastern Brazil. Boat-based observations were conducted from May 2000 to July 2003 in ~132 km2 of protected inner waters. The photo-identification technique was used to follow naturally marked individuals through time and space. From a total of 138 catalogued individuals, five males and two females presented 20+ sightings and were used for home range estimation. Sightings were plotted and analysed in a Geographic Information System (GIS). With the ‘Home Range Tools’ extension the fixed kernel density estimator with band width (smoothing parameter) chosen via least squares cross-validation was performed for each individual. The fixed kernel method was used to estimate the non-parametric utility distribution of each dolphin, keeping band width (h) constant for a data set. The first polygons created by these parameters had an amoeboid shape and in some cases more than one centre of activity. The 95% home range estimated outlines varied from 1.6 to 22.9 km2 (7.9 ± 8.3 km2). This large interval shows strong evidences on individual variation in S. guianensis' home ranges. Several individuals showed small home ranges when compared to other cetacean species. An overlap of home ranges of different sizes and shapes were observed for Guiana dolphins with large range movements. Centres of activity were concentrated in the main entrance of the Cananéia estuary. This was a first attempt to understand the way S. guianensis uses the Cananéia estuary and such data are essential for conservation and management purposes.

Three sampling surveys were carried out, by SCUBA diving, in the Algarve (southern Portugal) in December 2007. A total of 57 species of gymnolaemate Bryozoa were identified. Of these, eight species were new to science (Mollia cristinae sp. nov., Hippoporina teresae sp. nov., Schizoporella spinosa sp. nov., Fenestrulina inesae sp. nov., Celleporina derungsi sp. nov., Dentiporella saldanhai sp. nov., Rhynchozoon celestinoi sp. nov. and Rhynchozoon rosae sp. nov.). Another 16 species are cited for the first time in Portuguese waters; of these, Stephanollona contracta is cited for the first time in European continental waters. Reference material deposited in several collections was also revised, and lectotypes and paralectotypes were selected for Mollia multijuncta and Dentiporella sardonica, species subjected to diverse interpretations. In addition Rhynchozoon revelatus was found to be a junior synonym of D. sardonica. The species collected in the study area reflect the existence of Lusitanian, Mauretanian and Mediterranean influences; the latter influence is of interest as the Mediterranean species found were previously considered endemic to the Mediterranean Sea and are usually found in shallow waters. Finally, a large degree of intracolonial variability was observed in some of the species studied, especially in Stephanollona armata, which may be taken into account in studies of the geographical variability and differentiation of cryptic species.

A new species of the palaemonid shrimp genus Periclimenes, P. cannaphilus, is described from upper bathyal hydrothermal vents of the Bonin-Mariana Arc in the north-western Pacific at depths of 392–456 m. A symbiotic relationship between the new shrimp species and a siboglinid tube worm Lamellibrachia satsuma is suggested by their simultaenuous collection and further observations in situ. Similarities in the morphology and symbiotic association suggest that the new species is closely related to P. thermohydrophilus, also associated with L. satsuma in shallow hydrothermal vent fields in Kagoshima Bay, southern Japan, but differences in the rostral shape, the position of the epigastric tooth on the carapace, and the development of the hepatic tooth on the carapace morphologically differentiate the two species. Phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of the mitochondrial DNA COI gene supports the recognition of two clades corresponding to these two taxa.