Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-5g6vh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-28T21:51:22.069Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

3 - Signs and symptoms and their clinical localization

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 May 2015

Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Vertebrobasilar Ischemia and Hemorrhage
Clinical Findings, Diagnosis and Management of Posterior Circulation Disease
, pp. 74 - 132
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Brazis, PW, Masdeu, JC, Biller, J. Localization in clinical neurology, 6th edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, Boston, 2011.Google Scholar
2.Brodal, P. The central nervous system, structure and function, 3rd edition. Oxford University Press, New York, 2004.Google Scholar
3.Leigh, RJ, Zee, DS. The neurology of eye movements, 4th edition. Oxford University Press, New York, 2006.Google Scholar
4.Albert, DM, Jakobiec, FA. Principles and practice of ophthalmology, 3rd edition, Vol. 5. Neuroophthalmology. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia, 2008.Google Scholar
5.Haerer, AF. DeJong’s The neurologic examination, 5th edition. J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1992.Google Scholar
6.Posner, JB, Saper, CB, Schiff, N, Plum, F. Plum and Posner’s Diagnosis of stupor and coma. Oxford University Press, New York, 2007.Google Scholar
7.Miller, NR, Newman, NJ, Biousse, V, Kerrison, J. Walsh and Hoyt’s Clinical neuro-ophthalmology: the essentials. 2nd edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2008.Google Scholar
8.Brandt, T. Vertigo, its multisensory syndromes, 2nd edition, Springer, New York, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9.Urban, PP, Caplan, LR: (eds.). Brainstem Disorders. Berlin: Springer, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10.Zeki, S. A vision of the brain. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1993.Google Scholar
11.Horton, JC, Hoyt, WF. Quadrantic visual field defects. A hallmark of lesions in extrastriate (V2/V3) cortex. Brain 1991;114:17031718.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12.Zeki, S, Shipp, S. Modular connections between areas V2 and V4 of macaque monkey visual cortex. Eur J Neurosci 1989;1:494506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13.Mesulam, M-M. Higher visual functions of the cerebral cortex and their disruption in clinical practice. In Albert, DM, Jakobiec, FA (eds), Principles and practice of ophthalmology, Vol. 4. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1994, pp. 26402653.Google Scholar
14.Spector, RH, Glaser, JS, David, NJ, Vining, DQ. Occipital lobe infarctions: perimetry and computed tomography. Neurology 1981;31:10981106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15.Barton, JS, Benatar, M. Field of vision. A manual and atlas of perimetry. Humana Press, Towata, NJ, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.Holmes, G, Lister, WT. Disturbances of vision in cerebral lesions with special reference to the cortical representation of the macula. Brain 1916;39:3473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Holmes, G. Disturbances of vision by cerebral lesions. Br J Ophthalmol 1918;2:353384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18.Horton, JC, Hoyt, WF. The representation of the visual field in human striate cortex. A revision of the classic Holmes map. Arch Ophthalmol 1991;109:816824.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19.Livingstone, M, Hubel, D. Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth: anatomy, physiology, and perception. Science 1988;240:740749.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20.Barton, JJS, Caplan, LR. Cerebral visual dysfunction. In Caplan, LR, van Gijn, J (eds.), Stroke syndromes, 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp. 7597.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21.Benton, S, Levy, I, Swash, M. Vision in the temporal crescent in occipital infarction. Brain 1980;103:8397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22.Ceccaldi, M, Brouchon, M, Pelletier, J, Poncet, M. Hemianopsie avec epargne du croissant temporal et infarctus occipital. Rev Neurol 1993;149:423425.Google ScholarPubMed
23.Helgason, C, Caplan, LR, Goodwin, J, Hedges, T III. Anterior choroidal artery territory infarction: case reports and review. Arch Neurol 1986;43:681686.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24.Frisen, L, Holmegaard, L, Rosencrantz, M. Sectorial optic atrophy and homonymous sectoranopia: a lateral choroidal artery syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1978;41:374380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25.Frisen, L. Quadruple sectoranopia and sectorial optic atrophy: a syndrome of the distal anterior choroidal artery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1979;42:590594.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26.Besson, G, Bogousslavsky, J, Regli, F. Posterior choroidal artery infarct with homonymous horizontal sectoranopia. Cerebrovasc Dis 1991;1:117120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27.Luco, C, Hoppe, A, Schweitzer, M, Vicuna, X, Fantin, A. Visual field defects in vascular lesions of the lateral geniculate body. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992;55:1215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28.Celesia, GG, Bushnell, D, Toleikis, SC, Brigell, M. Cortical blindness and residual vision. Neurology 1991;41:862869.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29.Symonds, C, MacKenzie, I. Bilateral loss of vision from cerebral infarction. Brain 1957;80:415454.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30.Aldrich, MS, Alessi, AG, Beck, RW, Gilman, S. Cortical blindness: etiology, diagnosis, and prognosis. Ann Neurol 1987;21:149158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31.Denny-Brown, D, Fischer, EG. Physiological aspects of visual perception II. the subcortical visual direction of behavior. Arch Neurol 1976;33:228242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32.Weiskranz, L. Blindsight revisited. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1996;6:215220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33.Tamietto, M., Cauda, F., Corazzini, L.L. et al. Collicular vision guides non-conscious behavior. J Cogn Neurosci 2010;22(5):888902.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34.de Gelder, B, Tamietto, M, van Boxtel, et al. Intact navigation skills after bilateral loss of striate cortex. Curr Biol 2008;18: R11291129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35.Creutzfeldt, OD. Extrageniculo-striate visual mechanisms: compartmentalization of visual functions. In Hicks, TP, Benedek, G (eds.). Vision within extrageniculo-striate systems. Progress in brain research, Vol. 75. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1988, pp. 307320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36.Redlich, FC, Dorsey, JF. Denial of blindness by patients with cerebral disease. Arch Neurol Psychatry 1945;53:407417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37.Swartz, BE, Brust, JCM. Anton’s syndrome accompanying withdrawal hallucinations in a blind alcoholic. Neurology 1984; 34:969973.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38.Kortte, K, Hillis, AE. Recent advances in the understanding of neglect and anosognosia following right hemisphere stroke. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2009;9(6):459–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39.Caplan, LR. “Top of the basilar” syndrome. Neurology 1980;30:7279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40.Moran, J, Desimone, R. Selective attention gates visual processing in the extrastriate cortex. Science 1985;229:782784.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41.Park, KC, Lee, BH, Kim, EJ et al. Deafferentation-disconnection neglect induced by posterior cerebral artery infarction. Neurology 2006;66(1):5661.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42.Watson, RT, Heilman, KM. Thalamic neglect. Neurology 1979;29:690694.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43.Watson, RT, Valenstein, E, Heilman, KM. Thalamic neglect: possible role of the medial thalamus and nucleus reticularis in behavior. Arch Neurol 1981;38:501506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44.Mesulam, M-M. A cortical network for directed attention and unilateral neglect. Ann Neurol 1981;10:309325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45.Baloh, RW, Yee, RD, Honrubia, V. Optokinetic nystagmus and parietal lobe lesions. Ann Neurol 1980;7:269276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46.Morrow, MJ, Sharpe, JA. Retinotopic and directional deficits of smooth pursuit initiation after posterior cerebral hemispheric lesions. Neurology 1993;43:595603.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47.Engerth, G, Hoff, H. A case of hallucinations in the hemianopic visual field Contribution to the genesis of optical hallucinations. Monatsschr Psychiatr 1930;74:246256.Google Scholar
48.Lance, JW. Simple formed hallucinations confined to the area of a specific visual field defect. Brain 1976;99:719734.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
49.Brust, JCM, Behrens, MM. “Release hallucinations” as the major symptom of posterior cerebral artery occlusion: a report of 2 cases. Ann Neurol 1977;2:432436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
50.van Bogaert, L. L’hallucinose pedonculaire. Rev Neurol 1927;43:608617.Google Scholar
51.Lhermitte, J. Syndrome de la calotte du pedoncle cerebral: les troubles psycho-sensoriels dans les lesions du mesocephale. Rev Neurol 1922;38:13591365.Google Scholar
52.McKee, AC, Levine, DN, Kowall, NW, Richardson, EP Jr. Peduncular hallucinosis associated with isolated infarction of the substantia nigra pars reticulata. Ann Neurol 1990;27:500504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53.Critchley, M. Perseverations in the domain of vision. In Locke, S (ed.), Modern Neurology, Little, Brown and Co., Boston, 1969, pp. 149155.Google Scholar
54.Critchley, M. Types of visual perseveration: “palinopsia” and "illusory visual spread”. Brain 1951;74:267299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
55.Bender, MB, Feldman, M, Sobin, AJ. Palinopsia. Brain 1968;91:321338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56.Meadows, JC, Munro, SS. Palinopsia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1977;40:58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57.Michel, EM, Troost, BT. Palinopsia: cerebral localization with computed tomography. Neurology 1980;30:887889.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58.Cummings, JL, Syndulko, K, Goldberg, Z, Tierman, DM. Palinopsia reconsidered. Neurology 1982;32:444447.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59.Mishkin, M, Ungerleider, LG, Macko, KA. Object vision and spatial vision: two cortical pathways. Trends Neurosci 1983;6:414417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
60.Ungerleider, LG, Haxby, JV. “What” and “where” in the human brain. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1994;4(2):157165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
61.Levine, DN, Warach, J, Farah, M. Two visual systems in mental imagery: dissociation of “what” and “where” in imagery disorders due to bilateral posterior cerebral lesions. Neurology 1985;35:10101018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
62.Seeck, M, Schomer, D, Mainwaring, N et al. Selectively distributed processing of visual object recognition in the temporal and frontal lobes of the human brain. Ann Neurol 1995;37:538545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63.Critchley, M. Acquired anomalies of colour perception of central origin. Brain 1965;88:711724.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64.Meadows, JK. Disturbed perception of colors associated with localized cerebral lesions. Brain 1974;97:615632.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65.Pearlman, AL, Birch, J, Meadows, JC. Cerebral color blindness: an acquired defect in hue discrimination. Ann Neurol 1979;5:253261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66.Damasio, A, Yamada, T, Damasio, H, Corbett, J, McKee, J. Central achromatopsia: behavioral, anatomic, and physiologic aspects. Neurology 1980;30:10641071.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67.Rizzo, M, Smith, V, Pokorny, J, Damasio, AR. Color perception profiles in central achromatopsia. Neurology 1993;43:9951001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68.Bouvier, SE, Engel, SA. Behavioral deficits and cortical damage loci in central achromatopsia. Cereb Cortex. 2006;16 (2):183191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
69.Geschwind, N, Fusillo, M. Color-naming defects in association with alexia. Arch Neurol 1966;15:137146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
70.Cohn, R, Neumann, MA, Wood, DH. Prosopagnosia: a clinical and pathological study. Ann Neurol 1977;1:177182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
71.Hamsher, K, Levin, HS, Benton, AL. Facial recognition in patients with focal brain lesions. Arch Neurol 1979;36:837839.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
72.Damasio, AR, Damasio, H, van Hoesen, G. Prosopagnosia: anatomic basis and behavioral mechanisms. Neurology 1982;32:331341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
73.Michel, F, Poncet, M, Signoret, JL. Les lesions responsables de la prosopagnosie sont-elles toujours bilaterales? Rev Neurol 1989;146:764770.Google Scholar
74.Barton, JJ, Press, DZ, Keenan, JP, O’Connor, M Lesions of the fusiform face area impair perception of facial configuration in prosopagnosia. Neurology 2002;58(1):7178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
75.Barton, JJ. Structure and function in acquired prosopagnosia: lessons from a series of 10 patients with brain damage. J Neuropsychol 2008;2 (Pt 1):197225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
76.Damasio, A, Tranel, D, Damasio, H. Face agnosia and the neural substrates of memory. Ann Rev Neurosci 1990;13:89109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77.Barton, JJ, Cherkasova, M, O’Connor, M. Covert recognition in acquired and developmental prosopagnosia. Neurology 2001;57(7):11611168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78.Tranel, D, Damasio, AR, Damasio, H. Intact recognition of facial expression, gender, and age in patients with impaired recognition of face identity. Neurology 1988;38:690696.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
79.Rizzo, M, Hurtig, R, Damasio, AR. The role of scanpaths in facial recognition and learning. Ann Neurol 1987;22:4145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
80.Tranel, D, Damasio, AR. Knowledge without awareness: an autonomic index of facial recognition by prosopagnosics. Science 1985;228:14531454.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
81.Balint, R. Seelenlahmung des ‘Schauens’, optische ataxie, raumliche Storing der aufmerksamkeit. Monatschr Psychiatr Neurol 1909;25:5181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
82.Husain, M, Stein, R. Reszo Balint and his celebrated case. Arch Neurol 1988;45:8993.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
83.Moreaud, O, Syndrome, Balint. Arch Neurol 2003;60:13291331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
84.Rizzo, M, Vecera, SP. Psychoanatomical substrates of Bálint's syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;72:162178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
85.Hecaen, H, de Ajuriaguerra, J. Balint’s syndrome (psychic paralysis of visual fixation) and its minor forms. Brain 1954; 77:373400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
86.Tyler, HR. Abnormalities of perception with defective eye movements (Balint’s syndrome). Cortex 1968;4:154171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
87.Holmes, G. Disturbances of visual orientation. Br J Ophthalmol 1918;2:449468, 506–516.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
88.Rizzo, M, Robin, DA. Simultagnosia: a defect of sustained attention yields insights on visual information processing. Neurology 1990;40:447455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
89.Rizzo, M, Hurtig, R. Looking but not seeing: attention, perception, and eye movements in simultagnosia. Neurology 1987;37:16421648.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
90.Damasio, AR, Benton, AL. Impairment of hand movements under visual guidance. Neurology 1979;29:170178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
91.Holmes, G, Horrax, G. Disturbances of spatial orientation and visual attention with loss of stereoscopic vision. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1919;1:385407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
92.Riddoch, G. Dissociation of visual perception due to occipital injuries with especial reference to appreciation of movement. Brain 1917;40:1557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
93.Godwin-Austen, RB. A case of visual disorientation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1965;28:453458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
94.Fisher, CM. Disorientation to place. Arch Neurol 1982;39:3336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
95.Pick, A. On reduplication paramnesia. Brain 1903;26:260267.Google Scholar
96.Weinstein, EA, Kahn, RL, Sugarman, LA. Phenomenon of reduplication. Arch Neurol 1952;67:808814.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
97.Benson, DF, Gardner, H, Meadows, JC. Reduplicative paramnesia. Neurology 1976;26:147151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
98.Devinsky, O. Delusional misidentifications and duplications. Right brain lesions, left brain delusions. Neurology 2009;72:8087.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
99.Cumming, JL, Gittinger, JW. Central dazzle. a thalamic syndrome. Arch Neurol 1981;38:372374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
100.Kobayashi, S, Mukuno, K, Ishikawa, S, Tasaki, Y. Hemispheric lateralization of spatial contrast sensitivity. Ann Neurol 1985;17:141145CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
101.Bisley, J, Pasternak, T. The multiple roles of visual cortical areas MT/MST in remembering the direction of visual motion. Cereb Cortex 2000;10531065.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
102.Zihl, J, von Cramon, D, Mai, N. Selective disturbance of movement vision after bilateral brain damage. Brain 1983;106:313340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
103.Benson, DF, Geschwind, N. The alexias. In Vinken, PJ, Bruyn, GW (eds), Handbook of clinical neurology, Vol. 4. North Holland, Amsterdam, 1969, pp. 112140.Google Scholar
104.Benson, DF, Brown, J, Tomlinson, EB. Varieties of alexia. Word and letter blindness. Neurology 1971;21:951957.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
105.Damasio, AR, Damasio, H. The anatomic basis of pure alexia. Neurology 1983;33:15731583.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
106.Ajax, ET. Dyslexia without agraphia. Arch Neurol 1967;17:645652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
107.Kreindler, A, Ionasescu, V. A case of “pure” word blindness. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1961;24:275280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
108.Caplan, LR, Hedley-White, T. Cuing and memory dysfunction in alexia without agraphia. Brain 1974;97:251162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
109.Dejerine, J. Contribution a l’etude anatomo-pathologique et clinique des differentes varietes du cecite verbale. Compte Rendu Seanc Soc Biol 1892;4:6190.Google Scholar
110.Geschwind, N. Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man. Brain 1965;88:237294, 585–644.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
111.Bender, MB, Feldman, M. The so-called “visual agnosias”. Brain 1972;95:173186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
112.Rubens, AB, Benson, DF. Associative visual agnosia. Arch Neurol 1971;24:305316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
113.Caplan, LR. Variability of perceptual function: the sensory cortex as a “categorizer” and “deducer”. Brain Lang 1978;6:113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
114.Critchley, M. The parietal lobes. Arnold, London, 1953, pp. 203224.Google Scholar
115.Kertesz, A, Sheppard, A, Mac Kenzie, R. Localization in transcortical sensory aphasia. Arch Neurol 1982;39:475478.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
116.Mohr, JP, Watters, WC, Duncan, GW. Thalamic hemorrhage and aphasia. Brain Lang 1975;2:317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
117.Cappa, SF, Vignolo, LA. “Transcortical” features of aphasia following thalamic hemorrhage. Cortex 1979;15:121130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
118.Reynolds, AF, Turner, PT, Harries, AB, Ojemann, GA, Davies, LE. Left thalamic hemorrhage with dysphasia: a report of five cases. Brain Lang 1979;7:6273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
119.Chung, C-S, Caplan, LR, Han, W et al. Thalamic haemorrhage. Brain 1996;119:18731886.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
120.Caplan, LR. Thalamic hemorrhage. In Kase, CS, Caplan, LR. Intracerebral hemorrhage. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 1994, pp. 341362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
121.Bogousslavsky, J, Caplan, LR. Vertebrobasilar occlusive disease, review of selected aspects: 3. Thalamic infarcts. Cerebrovasc Dis 1993;3:193205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
122.McFarling, D, Rothi, LJ, Heilman, KM. Transcortical aphasia from ischaemic infarcts of the thalamus: a report of two cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1982;45:107112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
123.Lissauer, H. Ein fall von Seelenblindheit nebst einem beitrage zur theorie derselben. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 1890;21:222270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
124.Albert, ML, Reches, A, Silverberg, R. Associative visual agnosia without alexia. Neurology 1975;25:322326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
125.Gamni, AJ, Hawryluk, GA. Visual agnosia without alexia. Neurology 1984;34:947950.Google Scholar
126.Kertesz, A. Visual agnosia: the dual deficit of perception and recognition. Cortex 1979;15:403419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
127.Rubens, AB, Benson, DF. Associative visual agnosia. Arch Neurol 1971;24:305316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
128.Albert, ML, Soffer, D, Silverberg, R, Reches, A. The anatomic basis of visual agnosia. Neurology 1979;29:876879.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
129.Humphreys, GW, Riddoch, MJ. To see but not to see: a case study of visual agnosia. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, London, 1987.Google Scholar
130.Humphreys, GW, Riddoch, MJ, Donnelly, N et al. Intermediate visual processing and visual agnosia. In Farah, M, Ratcliff, G (eds), The neuropsychology of high-level vision. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1994, pp. 63101.Google Scholar
131.Farah, MJ. Visual agnosia, 2nd edition. MIT Press, Cambridge, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
132.Davidoff, J, Warrington, EK. A dissociation of shape discrimination and figure-ground perception in a patient with normal acuity. Neuropsychologia 1993;31(1):8393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
133.Campion, J, Latto, R. Apperceptive agnosia due to carbon monoxide poisoning. An interpretation based on critical band masking from disseminated lesions. Behavioural Brain Res 1985;15:227–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
134.Vecera, SP, Gilds, KS. What processing is impaired in apperceptive agnosia? Evidence from normal subjects. J Cogn Neurosci 1998;10(5):568–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
135.Behrmann, M, Kimchi, R. What does visual agnosia tell us about perceptual organization and its relationship to object perception? J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 2003;29:1942.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
136.Riddoch, M, Humphreys, G. A case of integrative visual agnosia. Brain 1987;110:1431–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
137.Shelton, PA, Bowers, D, Duara, R, Heilman, KM. Apperceptive visual agnosia: a case study. Brain Cogn 1994;25(1):123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
138.Delvenne, JF, Seron, X, Coyette, F, Rossion, B. Evidence for perceptual deficits in associative visual (prosop)agnosia: a single-case study. Neuropsychologia 2004;42(5):597612.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
139.Grossman, M, Galetta, S, d'Esposito, M. Object recognition difficulty in visual apperceptive agnosia. Brain Cogn 1997;33:306402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
140.Riddoch, MJ, Humphreys, GW. Visual object processing in optic aphasia: a case of semantic access agnosia. Cognitive Neuropsychol 1987;4:131185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
141.Carlesimo, GA, Casadio, P, Sabbadini, M, Caltagirone, C. Associative visual agnosia resulting from a disconnection between intact visual memory and semantic systems. Cortex 1998;34(4):563576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
142.Caramazza, A, Shelton, JR. Domain-specific knowledge systems in the brain the animate-inanimate distinction. J Cogn Neurosci 1998;10(1):134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
143.Farah, M, McMullen, P, Meyer, M. Can recognition of living things be selectively impaired? Neuropsychologia 1991;29:185193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
144.Kurbat, MA. Can the recognition of living things really be selectively impaired? Neuropsychologia 1997;35(6):813–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
145.Caplan, LR, Hollander, J. The effective clinical neurologist, 3rd edition. PMPH-USA, Shelton CT, 2011.Google ScholarPubMed
146.Paterson, A, Zangwill, OL. Disorders of visual space perception associated with lesions of the right hemisphere. Brain 1944;67:331358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
147.McFie, J, Piercy, MF, Zangwill, OL. Visual spatial agnosia associated with lesions of the right hemisphere. Brain 1950;73:167190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
148.Piercy, M, Hecaen, H, de Ajuriaguerra, J. Constructional apraxia associated with unilateral cerebral lesions–left and right cases compared. Brain 1960;83:225260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
149.Kertesz, A, Dobrowolski, S. Right-hemisphere deficits, lesion size and location. J Clin Neuropsychol 1981;3:283299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
150.Mishkin, M. Vision, memory, and the temporal lobe: summary and perspective. In Iwai, E, Mishkin, M (eds), Vision, memory and the temporal lobe. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1990, pp. 427436.Google Scholar
151.Ross, ED. Sensory-specific and fractional disorders of recent memory in man. I. Isolated loss of visual recent memory. Arch Neurol 1980; 37:193200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
152.Habib, M. Visual hypoemotionality and prosopagnosia associated with right temporal lobe isolation. Neuropsychologica 1986;24:577582.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
153.Bauer, RM. Visual hypoemotionality as a symptom of visual-limbic disconnection in man. Arch Neurol 1982;39:702708.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
154.Fisher, CM. Abulia minor vs agitated behavior. Clin Neurosurg 1983;31:931.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
155.Ghoshal, S, Gokhale, S, Rebovich, G, Caplan, LR. The neurology of decreased activity: abulia. Rev Neurol Dis 2012;8:e55–67.Google Scholar
156.Alexander, GE, DeLong, MR, Strick, PL. Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 1986;13:266271.Google Scholar
157.Percheron, G, Filion, M. Parallel processing in the basal ganglia: up to a point. Trends Neurosci 1991; 14:5559.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
158.McFarland, NR, Haber, S. Thalamic relay nuclei of the basal ganglia form both reciprocal and nonreciprocal cortical connections, linking multiple frontal cortical areas. J Neurosci 2002;22(18):81178132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
159.Schmahmann, J. Cognitive and behavioral manifestations of cerebellar strokes: their relation to motor control and functional topography in the cerebellum. In Caplan, LR, van Gijn, J (eds.), Stroke syndromes, 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp. 3251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
160.Facon, E, Steriade, M, Werthein, N. Hypersomnie prolongee engendree par des lesions bilaterales du systeme activateur medial: le syndrome thrombotique de la bifurcation du tronc basilaire. Rev Neurol 1958;98:117133.Google Scholar
161.Castaigne, P, Buge, A, Escourolle, R et al. Ramollissement pedonculaire median, tegmento-thalamique avec ophthalmoplegie et hypersomnie. Rev Neurol 1962;106:357367.Google Scholar
162.Mehler, MF. The rostral basilar artery syndrome: diagnosis, etiology, prognosis. Neurology 1989;39:916.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
163.Mehler, MF. The neuro-ophthalmologic spectrum of the rostral basilar artery syndrome. Arch Neurol 1988;45:966971.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
164.Segarra, JM. Cerebral vascular disease and behavior: I. The syndrome of the mesencephalic artery (basilar artery bifurcation). Arch Neurol 1970;22:408418.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
165.Guberman, A, Stuss, D. The syndrome of bilateral paramedian thalamic infarction. Neurology 1983;33:540546.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
166.Stuss, DT, Guberman, A, Nelson, R, Larochele, S. The neuropsychology of paramedian thalamic infarction. Brain Cogn 1988;8:348378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
167.Bogousslavsky, J, Regli, F, Delaloye, B, Delaloye-Bischof, B, Assal, A, Uske, A. Loss of psychic self-activation with bithalamic infarction. Neurobehavioural, CT, MRI, and SPECT correlates. Acta Neurol Scand 1991;83:309316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
168.Engelborghs, S, Marien, P, Pickut, BA, Verstraeten, S, De Deyn, PP. Loss of psychic self-activation after paramedian bithalamic infarction. Stroke 2000;31:17621765.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
169.Rousseaux, M. Frontal lobe dysfunction in diencephalic and mesencephalic lesions. In Leys, D, Scheltens, Ph (eds.), Vascular dementia. ICG publications, Dordrecht, 1994, pp. 7185.Google Scholar
170.Bogousslavsky, J, Regli, F, Assal, G. The syndrome of unilateral tuberothalamic artery territory infarction. Stroke 1986;17:434441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
171.Sandson, TA, Daffner, KR, Carvalho, PA, Meslam, MM. Frontal lobe dysfunction following infarction of the left-sided medial thalamus. Arch Neurol 1991;48:13001303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
172.Lisovoski, F, Koskas, P, Dubard, T et al. Left tuberothalamic artery territory infarction: neuropsychological and MRI features. Eur Neurol 1993;33:181184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
173.Kaplan, RF, Estol, CJ, Damasio, H, Tettenborn, B, Caplan, LR, Bilateral polar territory infarcts. Neurology 1991;41:329.Google Scholar
174.Bechterew, WW. Demonstration eines gehirns mit Zeistrung der vorderen und inneren theile der hirnrinde beider schlaffenlappen. Neurol Zeitbl 1900;19:990991.Google Scholar
175.Victor, M, Angevine, J, Mancall, E, Fisher, CM. Memory loss with lesions of hippocampal formation. Arch Neurol 1961;5:244263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
176.Benson, DF, Marsden, CD, Meadows, JC. The amnestic syndrome of posterior cerebral artery occlusion. Acta Neurol Scand 1974;50:133145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
177.Mohr, JP, Leicester, MD, Stoddard, LT, Sidman, M. Right hemianopia with memory and color deficits in circumscribed left posterior cerebral artery territory infarction. Neurology 1971;21:1104III3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
178.Kurachi, M, Yamaguchi, N, Inasaka, T, Torii, H. Recovery from alexia without agraphia: report of an autopsy. Cortex 1979;15:297312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
179.Ott, B, Saver, JL. Unilateral amnestic stroke. Six new cases and a review of the literature. Stroke 1993;24:10331042.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
180.Ferro, JM, Martins, IP. Memory loss. In Caplan, LR, van Gijn, J (eds.), in Stroke syndromes, 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp. 212220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
181.Szabo, K, Forster, A, Jager, T et al. Hippocampal lesion patterns in acute posterior cerebral artery stroke: clinical and imaging findings. Stroke 2009;40:20422045.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
182.Selden, NR, Gitelman, DR, Salamon-Murayama, N, Parrish, TB, Mesulam, MM. Trajectories of cholinergic pathways within the cerebral hemispheres of the human brain. Brain 1998;121:2249–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
183.Caplan, LR. Delirium: a neurologist’s view–the neurology of agitation and overactivity. Rev Neurol Dis 2010;7(4):III118.Google ScholarPubMed
184.Horenstein, S, Chamberlin, W, Conomy, J. Infarction of the fusiform and calcarine regions: agitated delirium and hemianopia. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 1962;92:357367.Google Scholar
185.Medina, J, Rubino, F, Ross, E. Agitated delirium caused by infarction of the hippocampal formation and fusiform and lingual gyri. Neurology 1974;24:11811183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
186.Devinsky, O, Bear, D, Volpe, BT. Confusional states following posterior cerebral artery infarction. Arch Neurol 1988;45:160163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
187.Caplan, LR. Getting started in an area of interest. Practical Neurol 2004;4:114117.Google Scholar
188.Fisher, CM. Unusual vascular events in the territory of the posterior cerebral artery. Can J Neurol Sci 1986;13:17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
189.Fisher, CM. The posterior cerebral artery syndrome. Can J Neurol Sci 1986;13:232239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
190.Fisher, CM. Anger associated with dysphasia.Trans Am Neurol Assoc 1970;95:240242.Google ScholarPubMed
191.Caplan, LR, Kelly, M, Kase, CS et al. Infarcts of the inferior division of the right middle cerebral artery: mirror image of Wernicke’s aphasia. Neurology 1986;36:10151020.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
192.Arseni, C, Danaila, L. Logorrhea syndrome with hyperkinesia. Eur Neurol 1977;15:183187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
193.Young, GB, Ropper, AH, Bolton, CF. Coma and impaired consciousness; a clinical perspective. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1998.Google Scholar
194.Moruzzi, G, Magoun, HW. Brain stem reticular formation and activation of the EEG. EEG Clin Neurophysiol 1949;1:455473.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
195.Magoun, HW. The waking brain, 2nd edition, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1963.Google Scholar
196.Pappas, CTE, Carrion, C. Altered levels of consciousness and the reticular activating system. BNI Quarterly 1989;5:28.Google Scholar
197.Parvizi, J, Damasio, AR. Neuroanatomical correlates of brainstem coma. Brain 2003;126:15241536.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
198.Saper, CB. Diffuse cortical projection systems; anatomical organization and role in cortical function. In Plum, F (ed.), Handbook of Physiology. The Nervous System. American Physiological Society, Bethesda, MD, 1987, pp. 169210.Google Scholar
199.Von Economo, C. Sleep as a problem of localization. J Nerv Ment Dis 1930; 71:2549–259.Google Scholar
200.Lugaresi, E, Medori, R, Montagna, P et al. Fatal familial insomnia and dysautonomia with selective degeneration of thalamic nuclei. N Engl J Med 1986;315:9971003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
201.Parchi, P., Capellari, S., Chin, et al. A subtype of sporadic prion disease mimicking fatal familial insomnia. Neurology 1999;52:17571763.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
202.Spacey, SD, Pastore, M, McGillivray, B et al. Fatal familial insomnia: the first account in a family of Chinese descent. Arch Neurol 2004;61:122125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
203.Ingvar, DH, Sourander, P. Destruction of the reticular core of the brain stem. Arch Neurol 1970;23:18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
204.Chase, T, Moretti, L, Prensky, A. Clinical and electroencephalographic manifestations of vascular lesions of the pons. Neurology 1968;18:357368.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
205.Autret, A, Laffont, F, de Toffol, B, Cathala, H-P. A syndrome of REM and non-REM sleep reduction and lateral gaze paresis after medial tegmental pontine stroke. Arch Neurol 1988;45:12361242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
206.Wang, DZ, Kokkinas, J, Levine, SR. Bilateral horizontal gaze palsy caused by a primary pontine hemorrhage in an alert patient. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994;4:5154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
207.Bronstein, AM, Rudge, P, Gresty, MA et al. Abnormalities of horizontal gaze. clinical, oculographic, and magnetic resonance imaging findings 11. gaze palsy and internuclear ophthalmoplegia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990;53:200207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
208.Bronstein, AM, Morris, J, DuBoulay, G et al. Abnormalities of horizontal gaze: clinical, oculographic, and magnetic resonance imaging findings 1. abducens palsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990;53:194199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
209.Fisher, CM. Ocular bobbing. Arch Neurol 1964;11:543546.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
210.Castaigne, P, Lhermitte, F, Buge, A et al. Paramedian thalamic and midbrain infarcts: clinical and neuropathological study. Ann Neurol 1981;10:127148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
211.Castaigne, P, Escourolle, R. Etude topographique des lesions anatomique dans les hypersomnies. Rev Neurol 1967;116:547584.Google Scholar
212.Tatemichi, TK, Steinke, W, Duncan, C et al. Paramedian thalamopeduncular infarction: clinical syndromes and magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol 1992;32(2):162171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
213.Ropper, A. A preliminary MRI study of the geometry of brain displacement and level of consciousness with acute intracranial masses. Neurology 1989;39:622627.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
214.Caplan, LR, Zervas, NT. Survival with permanent midbrain dysfunction after surgical treatment of traumatic subdural hematoma: the clinical picture of a Duret hemorrhage? Ann Neurol 1977;1:587589.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
215.Keane, JR, Itabashi, HH. Locked-in syndrome due to tentorial herniation. Neurology 1985;35:16471649.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
216.Cuneo, RA, Caronna, JJ, Pitts, L et al. Upward transtentorial herniation seven cases and a literature review. Arch Neurol 1979;36:618623.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
217.Arboix, A, Marti-Vilalta, JLM. Hemiparesis and other types of motor weakness. In Caplan, LR, van Gijn, J (eds.), Stroke Syndromes, 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp. 110.Google Scholar
218.Ross, ED. Localization of the pyramidal tract in the internal capsule by whole brain dissection. Neurology 1980;30:5964.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
219.Caplan, LR, DeWitt, LD, Pessin, MS et al. Lateral thalamic infarcts. Arch Neurol 1988;45:959964.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
220.Dejerine, J, Roussy, G. Le syndrome thalamique. Rev Neurol 1906;14:521532.Google Scholar
221.Wilkins, RH, Brody, I. The thalamic syndrome. Neurological classics XVIII. Arch Neurol 1969;20:559563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
222.Foix, C, Hillemand, P. Les syndromes de la region thalamique. Presse Med 1925;33:113117.Google Scholar
223.Mohr, JP, Kase, CS, Meckler, RJ, Fisher, CM. Sensorimotor stroke due to thalamocapsular ischemia. Arch Neurol 1977;34:739741.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
224.Milandre, L, Brosset, C, Gabriel, B, Khalil, R. Mouvements involontaires transitoires et infarctus thalamiques. Rev Neurol 1993;149:402406.Google Scholar
225.Masdeu, JC, Gorelick, PB. Thalamic astasia:inability to stand after unilateral thalamic lesions. Ann Neurol 1988;23:596603.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
226.Solomon, D, Barohn, RJ, Bazan, C, Grissom, J. The thalamic ataxia syndrome. Neurology 1994;44:810814.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
227.Nighoghossian, N, Trouillas, P, Riche, G et al. Midbrain ataxia related to crus cerebri infarct. Cerebrovasc Dis 1995;5:61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
228.Hommel, M, Besson, G, Pollak, P et al. Hemiplegia in posterior cerebral artery occlusion. Neurology 1990;40:14961499.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
229.Hommel, M. Moreaud, O, Besson, G, Perret, J. Site of arterial occusion in the hemiplegic posterior cerebral artery syndrome. Neurology 1991;41:604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
230.Chambers, BR, Brooder, RJ, Donnan, GA. Proximal posterior cerebral artery occlusion simulating middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neurology 1991;41:385390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
231.North, K, Kan, A, de Silva, M, Ouvrier, R. Hemiplegia due to posterior cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke 1993;24:17571760.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
232.Ortiz, N, Barraquer Bordas, LI, Dourado, M, Avila, AR. La hemiplijia en los infartos de la arteria cerebral posterior. Un analisis de los diversos mecanismos responsables. Neurologia 1993;8:188193.Google Scholar
233.Brandt, T, Thie, A, Caplan, LR, Hacke, W. Infarkte im Versorgungsgebiet der A. cerebri posterior. Nervenarzt 1995;66:267274.Google Scholar
234.Caplan, LR, Chung, C-S, Wityk, RJ et al. New England Medical Center posterior circulation stroke registry: I. Methods, data base, distribution of brain lesions, stroke mechanisms, and outcomes. J Clin Neurol 2005;1:1430.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
235.Ho, K-L. Pure motor hemiplegia due to infarction of the cerebral peduncle. Arch Neurol 1982;39:524526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
236.Bogousslavsky, J, Maeder, P, Regli, F et al. Pure midbrain infarction: clinical syndromes, MRI, and etiologic patterns. Neurology 1994;44:20322040.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
237.Martin, PJ, Chang, H-M, Wityk, R, Caplan, LR. Midbrain infarction: associations and etiologies in the New England Medical Center Posterior Circulation Registry. Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998;64:392395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
238.Hommel, M, Bogousslavsky, J. The spectrum of vertical gaze palsy following unilateral brainstem stroke. Neurology 1991;41:12291234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
239.Nighoghossian, N, Trouillas, P, Riche, G et al. Midbrain ataxia related to crus cerebri infarct. Cerebrovasc Dis 1995;5:61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
240.Fisher, CM, Caplan, LR. Basilar artery branch occlusion: a cause of pontine infarction. Neurology 1991;21:900905.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
241.Fisher, CM. Pure motor hemiparesis of vascular origin. Arch Neurol 1965;13:3044.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
242.Caplan, LR. Intracranial branch atheromatous disease: a neglected, understudied and underused concept. Neurology 1989;39:12461250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
243.Bassetti, C, Bogousslavsky, J, Barth, A, Regli, F. Isolated infarcts of the pons. Neurology 1996;46:165175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
244.Kataoka, S, Hori, A, Shirakawa, T, Hirose, G. Paramedian pontine infarction, neurological/topographical correlation. Stroke 1997;28:809815.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
245.Kim, JS, Lee, JH, Im, JH, Lee, MC. Syndromes of pontine base infarction, a clinical-radiological correlation study. Stroke 1995;26:950955.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
246.Kumral, E. Bayülkem, G, Evyapan, D. Clinical spectrum of pontine infarction. J Neurol 2002;249:16591670.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
247.Fields, TS, Benavente, OR. Penetrating artery territory pontine infarction. Rev Neurol Dis 2011;8(1–2):3038.Google Scholar
248.Yamamoto, Y, Ohara, T, Hamanaka, M et al. Predictive factors for progressive motor deficits in penetrating artery infarctions in two different arterial territories. J Neurol Sci. 2010;288:170174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
249.Kaufman, DK, Brown, RD, Karnes, WE. Involuntary tonic spasms of a limb due to a brain stem lacunar infarction. Stroke 1994;25:217219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
250.Caplan, LR. Pontine hemorrhage. In Kase, CS, Caplan, LR (eds). Intracerebral hemorrhage. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 1994, pp. 403423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
251.Chung, C-S, Caplan, LR. Pontine infarcts and hemorrhages. In Caplan, LR, van Gijn, J (eds.), Stroke Syndromes, 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp. 448460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
252.Fisher, CM. A lacunar stroke: the dysarthria clumsy hand syndrome. Neurology 1967;17:614617.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
253.Fisher, CM. Ataxic hemipareis. A pathological study. Arch Neurol 1978;35:126128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
254.Fisher, CM. The ‘herald hemiparesis’ of basilar artery occlusion. Arch Neurol 1988;45:13011303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
255.Ropper, AH. “Convulsions” in basilar artery occlusion. Neurology 1988; 38:15001501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
256.Fisher, CM. Some neuro-ophthalmological observations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1967;30:383392.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
257.Pierot-Desilligny, C, Chain, F, Serdaru, M et al. The one and a half syndrome. Brain 1981;104:665699.Google Scholar
258.Kubik, CS, Adams, RD. Occlusion of the basilar artery: a clinical and pathologic study. Brain 1946;69:73121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
259.Fisher, CM. Bilateral occlusion of basilar artery branches. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1977;40:11821189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
260.Masdeu, JC, Alampur, U, Cavalure, R, Tavoulareas, G. Astasia and gait failure with damage of the pontomesencephalic locomotor region. Arch Neurol 1994;35:619621.Google ScholarPubMed
261.Garcia-Rill, E. The pedunculopontine nucleus. Prog Neurobiol 1991; 36:363389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
262.Caplan, LR, Goodwin, J. Lateral tegmental brainstem hemorrhages. Neurology 1982;32:252260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
263.Kim, JS. Medullary infarcts and hemorrhages. In Caplan, LR, van Gijn, J (eds), Stroke Syndromes, 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp. 461468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
264.Toyoda, K, Imamura, T, Saku, Y et al. Medial medullary infarction: analyses of eleven patients. Neurology 1996;47(5):11411147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
265.Kim, JS, Han, YS. Medial medullary infarction: clinical, imaging, and outcome study in 86 consecutive patients. Stroke. 2009;40(10):32213225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
266.Ho, K, Meyer, K. The medial medullary syndrome. Arch Neurol 1981;38:385387.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
267.Ropper, AH, Fisher, CM, Kleinman, G. Pyramidal infarction in the medulla: a cause of pure motor hemiplegia sparing the face. Neurology 1979;29:9195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
268.Nakamura, S, Kitami, M, Furukawa, Y. Opalski syndrome: ipsilateral hemiplegia due to a lateral-medullary infarction. Neurology 2010;75(18):1658.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
269.García-García, J, Ayo-Martín, O, Segura, T. Lateral medullary syndrome and ipsilateral hemiplegia (Opalski syndrome) due to left vertebral artery dissection. Arch Neurol 2009;66(12):15741575.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
270.Hauw, J-J, Der Agopian, P, Trelles, L, Escourolle, R. Les infarctus bulbaires. J Neurol Sci 1976;28:83102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
271.Duffy, P, Jacobs, G. Clinical and pathological findings in vertebral artery thrombosis. Neurology 1958;8:862869.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
272.Babinski, J, Nageotte, J. Hemiasynergie, lateropulsion et myosis bulbaires avec hemianesthesie et hemiplegie croisees. Rev Neurol 1902;10:358365.Google Scholar
273.Babinski, J, Nageotte, J. Lesions syphilitiques des centres nerveux. Foyers de ramollissement dans le bulbe. Hemiasynergie, lateropulsion et myosis bulbaires avec hemianesthesie et hemiplegie croisees. Nouv Iconogr Salpetriere 1902;15:492512.Google Scholar
274.Dejerine, J. Semiologie des affections du systeme nerveux. Masson, Paris, 1914, pp. 199205Google Scholar
275.Kase, CS, Varakis, JN, Stafford, JR, Mohr, JP. Medial medullary infarction from fibrocartilaginous embolism to the anterior spinal artery. Stroke 1983;14:413418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
276.Mizutani, T, Lewis, R, Gonatas, N. Medial medullary syndrome in a drug abuser. Arch Neurol 1980;37:425428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
277.Hanna, JP, Frank, JI. Automatic stepping in the pontomedullary stage of central herniation. Neurology 1995;45:985986.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
278.Fisher, CM, Picard, E, Polak, A et al. Acute hypertensive cerebellar hemorrhage:diagnosis and surgical treatment. J Nerv Ment Dis 1965;140:3857.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
279.Kase, CS. Cerebellar hemorrhage. In Kase, CS, Caplan, LR (eds.), Intracerebral hemorrhage. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 1994, pp. 425443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
280.Kase, CS, Norving, B, Levine, S et al. Cerebellar infarction. Clinico-anatomic correlations. Stroke 1993;24:7683.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
281.Amarenco, P, Hauw, J-J, Henin, D et al. Infarctus du territoire de l'artere cerebelleuse postero inferieure. Etude clinicopathologique de 28 cas. Rev Neurol 1989;145:277286.Google Scholar
282.Chave, C, Caplan, LR, Chung, S, Amarenco, P. Cerebellar infarcts. In Appel, S (ed.), Current neurology, Vol. 14. Mosby Yearbook, St. Louis, 1994, pp. 143177.Google Scholar
283.Chaves, CJ, Caplan, LR, Chung, C-S et al. Cerebellar infarcts in the New England Medical Center Posterior Circulation Registry. Neurology 1994;44:13851390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
284.Amarenco, P, Hauw, J-J, Caplan, LR. Cerebellar infarctions. In Lechtenberg, R (ed.), Handbook of cerebellar diseases, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1993, pp. 251290.Google Scholar
285.Caplan, LR. Cerebellar infarcts: key features. Rev Neurol Dis 2005;2:5160.Google ScholarPubMed
286.Amarenco, P, Roullet, E, Hommel, M et al. Infarction in the territory of medial branch of the posterior inferior cerebellal artery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990;53:731735.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
287.Amarenco, P, Hauw, J-J. Cerebellar infarction in the territory of the superior cerebellar artery. A clinicopathological study of 33 cases. Neurology 1990;40:13831390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
288.Peterson, DI, Peterson, GW. Unilateral asterixis due to ipsilateral lesions in the pons and medulla. Ann Neurol 1987;22:661663.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
289.Bril, V, Sharpe, JA, Ashby, P. Midbrain asterixis. Ann Neurol 1979;6: 362364.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
290.Souques, A, Crouzon, O, Bertrand, I. Revision du syndrome de Benedikt a propos de l’autopsie d’un cas de ce syndrome tremoro-choreo-athetoide et hypertonique du syndrome du noyau rouge. Rev Neurol 1930;11:378417.Google Scholar
291.Pearce, JM. Palatal myoclonus (syn. palatal tremor). Eur Neurol 2008; 60(6):312315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
292.Guillain, G. The syndrome of synchronous and rhythmic palato-pharyngo-laryngo-oculo-diaphragmatic myoclonus. Proc R Soc Med 1938;31:10311038.Google ScholarPubMed
293.Nathanson, M. Palatal myoclonus: further clinical and patho- physiological observations. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1956;75: 285296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
294.Lapresle, J, Ben Hamida, M. The dentato-olivary pathway. Arch Neurol 1970;22:135143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
295.Marx, J, Thömke, F, Urban, PP, Bense, S, Dieterich, M. Electrophysiologic diagnosis. In Urban, PP, Caplan, LR (eds.), Brainstem disorders. Springer, Berlin, 2011, pp. 6195.Google Scholar
296.Cruccu, G, Ianetti, GD, Marx, JJ et al. Brainstem reflex circuits revisited. Brain 2005;128:386394.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
297.Hopf, HC. Vertigo and masseter paresis. J Neurol 1987;235:4245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
298.Bergeron, C, Rewcastle, NB, Richardson, JC. Pontine infarction manifesting as isolated cranial nerve palsies. Neurology 1979;29:377379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
299.Dengler, R. The masseter reflex in the topodiagnosis of brain-stem lesions. In Caplan, LR, Hopf, HC (eds.), Brain-stem localization and function. Springer, Berlin, 1993, pp. 191197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
300.Ongerboer de Visser, BW, Cruccu, G. The masseter inhibiter reflex in pontine lesions. In Caplan, LR, Hopf, HC (eds), Brain-stem localization and function. Springer, Berlin, 1993, pp. 199206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
301.Crosby, EC, Humphrey, T, Lauer, EW. Correlative anatomy of the nervous system. Macmillan Co., New York, 1962, pp. 262264.Google Scholar
302.Puvanendran, K, Wong, PK, Ransome, GA. Syndrome of Dejerine’s fourth reich. Acta Neurol Scand 1978;57:349353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
303.Ahdab, R, Saade, HS, Kikano, R, Ferzil, J, Tarcha, W, Riachi, N. Pure ipsilateral central facial palsy and contralateral hemiparesis secondary to ventro-medullary stroke. J Neurol Sci 2013;332:154155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
304.Hopf, HC, Tettenborn, B, Kramer, G. Pontine supranuclear facial palsy. Stroke 1990;21:17541757.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
305.Huang, C, Woo, E, Yu, Y, Chan, F. Lacunar syndromes due to brainstem infarct and hemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988;51:509515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
306.Monrad-Krohn, GH. On the dissociation of voluntary and emotional innervation in facial paresis of central origin. Brain 1924;47:2235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
307.Hopf, HC, Muller-Forell, W, Hopf, NJ. Localization of emotional and volitional facial paresis. Neurology 1992;42:19181923.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
308.Bogousslavsky, J, Regli, F, Uske, A. Thalamic infarcts: clinical syndromes, etiology, and prognosis. Neurology 1988;38:837848.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
309.Lieberman, A, Benson, DF. Control of emotional expression in pseudo-bulbar palsy. Arch Neurol 1977;34:717719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
310.Patterson, JR, Grabois, M. Locked-in syndrome: a review of 139 cases. Stroke 1986;17:758764.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
311.Bruno, MA, Schnakers, C, Damas, F et al. Locked-in syndrome in children: report of five cases and review of the literature. Pediatr Neurol 2009; 41(4):237246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
312.Kemper, TL, Romanul, FC. State resembling akinetic mutism in basilar artery occlusion. Neurology 1967;17:7480.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
313.Karp, JS, Hurtig, HI. “Locked-in” state with bilateral midbrain infarcts. Arch Neurol 1974;30:176178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
314.Bruno, MA, Pellas, F, Schnakers, C et al. Blink and you live: the locked-in syndrome. Rev Neurol 2008;164(4):322335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
315.Feldmann, E. Dysarthria. In Caplan, LR, van Gijn, J (eds.), Stroke syndromes, 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp. 306312.Google Scholar
316.Kumar, S. Dysphagia. In Caplan, LR, van Gijn, J (eds.), Stroke syndromes, 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp. 313318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
317.Darley, FL, Aronson, AE, Brown, JR. Differential diagnostic patterns of dysarthria. J Speech Hearing Res 1969;12:246269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
318.Darley, FL, Aronson, AE, Brown, JR. Clusters of deviant speech dimensions in the dysarthrias. J Speech Hear Res 1969;12:462496.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
319.Lechtenberg, R, Gilman, S. Speech disorders in cerebellar diseases. Ann Neurol 1978;3:285290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
320.Amarenco, P, Chevire Muller, C, Roullet, E et al. Paravermal infarct and isolated cerebellar dysarthria. Ann Neurol 1991;30:211213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
321.Urban, P. Dysphagia. In Urban, PP, Caplan, LR (eds.), Brainstem disorders. Springer, Berlin, 2011, pp. 149151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
322.Gordon, C, Hewer, R, Wade, D. Dysphagia in acute stroke. BMJ 1987;295:411414.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
323.Horner, J, Buoyer, FG, Alberts, M, Helms, MJ. Dysphagia following brain-stem stroke: clinical correlates and outcome. Arch Neurol 1991;48:11701173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
324.Kim, JS, Lee, JH, Suh, DC, Lee, MC. Spectrum of lateral medullary syndrome: correlation between clinical findings and magnetic resonance imaging in 33 subjects. Stroke 1994;24:14051407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
325.Aydogdu, I, Ertekin, C, Tarlaci, S et al. Dysphagia in lateral medullary syndrome infarction (Wallenberg's syndrome). Stroke 2001;32:20812087.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
326.Kwon, M, Lee, JH, Kim, JS. Dysphagia in unilateral medullary infarction: lateral vs medial lesions. Neurology 2005;65(5):714718.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
327.Kim, H, Chung, CS, Lee, KH, Robbins, J. Aspiration subsequent to a pure medullary infarction: lesion sites, clinical variables, and outcome. Arch Neurol 2000;57:478483.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
328.Schmahmann, JD, Ko, R, MacMore, J. The human basis points: motor syndromes and topographic organization. Brain 2004; 127:12691291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
329.Horner, J, Massey, E, Riski, J et al. Aspiration following stroke: clinical correlates and outcome. Neurology 1988;38:13591362.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
330.Brandt, T. Man in motion. Historical and clinical aspects of vestibular function. a review. Brain 1991;114:21592174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
331.Leigh, RJ, Brandt, T. A reevaluation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex: new ideas of its purpose, properties, neural substrate, and disorders. Neurology 1993;43:12881295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
332.Thomke, F. Disorders of ocular motility. In Urban, PP, Caplan, LR (eds.), Brainstem disorders. Springer, Berlin, 2011, pp. 105138.Google Scholar
333.Brandt, TH, Dieterich, M. Pathological eye-head coordination in roll: tonic ocular tilt reaction in mesencephalic and medullary lesions. Brain 1987;110:649666.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
334.Dieterich, M, Brandt, T. Vestibular syndromes and vertigo. In Caplan, LR, van Gijn, J (eds), Stroke syndromes, 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp. 117130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
335.Halmagyi, GM, Brandt, T, Dieterich, M et al. Tonic contraversive ocular tilt reaction due to unilateral meso-diencephalic lesions. Neurology 1990;40:15031509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
336.Brandt, T, Dieterich, M. Skew deviation with ocular torsion: a vestibular brainstem sign of topographic diagnostic value. Ann Neurol 1993;38:528534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
337.Pierrot-DeSeilligny, C, Caplan, LR. Eye movement abnormalities. In Caplan, LR, van Gijn, J (eds.), Stroke syndromes, 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp. 6774.Google Scholar
338.Sacco, RL, Freddo, L, Bello, JA et al. Wallenberg's lateral medullary syndrome. Clinical-magnetic resonance imaging correlations. Arch Neurol 1993; 50:609614.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
339.Kommerell, G, Hoyt, W. Lateropulsion of saccadic eye movements. Arch Neurol 1973;28:313318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
340.Meyer, K, Baloh, R, Krohel, G et al. Ocular lateropulsion: a sign of lateral medullary disease. Arch Ophthalmol 1980;98:16141616.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
341.Morrow, MJ, Sharpe, JA. Torsional nystagmus in the lateral medullary syndrome. Ann Neurol 1988;24:396398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
342.Donaldson, D, Rosenberg, NL. Infarction of abducens nerve fascicle as cause of isolated sixth nerve palsy related to hypertension. Neurology 1988;38:1654.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
343.Johnson, LN, Hepler, RS. Isolated abducens nerve paresis from intra-pontine, fascicular abducens nerve injury. Am J Ophthalmol 1989;108:459461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
344.Fukutake, T, Hirayama, K. Isolated abducens nerve palsy from pontine infarction in a diabetic patient. Neurology 1992;42:2226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
345.Thomke, F, Hopf, HC, Kramer, G. Internuclear ophthalmoplegia of abduction: clinical and electrophysiological data on the existence of an abduction paresis of prenuclear origin. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992;55:105III.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
346.Caplan, LR. Ptosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1974;37:17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
347.Zwergal, A, Cnyrim, C, Arbusow, V et al. Unilateral INO is associated with ocular tilt reaction in pontomesencephalic lesions. INO plus. Neurology 2008;71:590593.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
348.Shaikh, AG, Ghasia, F, Rasouli, G, Degeorgia, M, Sundarajan, S. Acute onset of upbeat nystagmus, exotropia, and internuclear ophthalmoplegia; a tell-tale of ponto-mesencephalic infarct. J Neurol Sci 2013;332:5658.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
349.Nelson, J, Johnston, C. Ocular bobbing. Arch Neurol 1970;22:348356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
350.Bogousslavsky, J, Regli, F. Convergence and divergence synkinesis, a recovery pattern in benign pontine hematoma. Neuroophthalmology 1984;4:219225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
351.Chen, CM, Lin, SH. Wall-eyed bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia from lesions at different levels in the brainstem. J Neuroophthalmol 2007;27:915.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
352.Warwick, R. Representation of the extraocular muscles in the oculomotor nuclei of the monkey. J Comp Neurol 1953;98:449503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
353.Tatemichi, TK, Steinke, W, Duncan, C et al. Paramedian thalamo-peduncular infarction: clinical syndromes and magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol 1992;32:167171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
354.Growden, J, Winkler, G, Wray, S. Midbrain ptosis. Arch Neurol 1974;30:179181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
355.Nadeau, SE, Trobe, JD. Pupil sparing in oculomotor palsy: a brief review. Ann Neurol 1983;13:143148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
356.Ksiazek, SM, Repka, MX, Maguire, A et al. Divisional oculomotor paresis caused by intrinsic brainstem disease. Ann Neurol 1989;26:714718.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
357.Hriso, E, Masdeu, JC, Miller, A. Monocular elevation weakness and ptosis: an oculomotor fascicular syndrome? J Clin Neuroophthalmol 1991;11:III113.Google ScholarPubMed
358.Castro, O, Johnson, LN, Mamourian, AC. Isolated inferior oblique paresis from brain-stem infarction: perspective on oculomotor fascicular organization in ventral midbrain tegmentum. Arch Neurol 1990;47:235237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
359.Hopf, HC, Gutmann, L. Diabetic 3rd nerve palsy: evidence for a mesencephalic lesion. Neurology 1990;40:10411045.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
360.Bogousslavsky, J, Regli, F. Atteinte intra-axiale du nerf moteur oculaire commun dans les infarctus mesencephaliques. Rev Neurol 1984;140:263270.Google Scholar
361.Guy, JR, Day, AL, Mickle, JP, Schatz, NJ. Contralateral trochlear nerve paresis and ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 1989;107;7376.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
362.Vanooteghem, P, Dehaene, I, Van Zandycke, M, Casselman, J. Combined trochlear nerve palsy and internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Arch Neurol 1992;49:108109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
363.Keane, J. Fourth nerve palsy: historical review and study of 215 patients. Neurology 1993;43:24392443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
364.Smith, M, Laguna, J. Upward gaze paralysis following unilateral pretectal infarction. Arch Neurol 1981;38:127129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
365.Pierrot-Deseilligny, C, Chain, F, Gray, F et al. Parinaud’s syndrome. Electro-oculographic and anatomical analysis of six vascular cases with deductions about vertical gaze organization in the premotor structures. Brain 1982;105:667696.Google Scholar
366.Thames, PB, Trobe, J, Ballinger, WE. Upgaze paralysis caused by lesions of the periaqueductal grey matter. Arch Neurol 1984;41:437440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
367.Nashold, B, Seaber, J. Defects of ocular mobility after stereotactic midbrain lesions in man. Arch Ophthalmol 1972;88:245248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
368.Christoff, N. A clinicopathological study of vertical eye movements. Arch Neurol 1974;31:18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
369.Pasik, P, Pasik, T, Bender, M. The pretectal syndrome in monkeys. I. Disturbances of gaze and body posture. Brain 1969;92:521534.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
370.Büttner-Ennever, JA, Büttner, U, Cohen, B et al. Vertical gaze paralysis and the rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus. Brain 1982;105:125149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
371.Halmalgyi, GM, Evans, W, Hallinan, J. Failure of downward gaze. Arch Neurol 1978;35:2226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
372.Jacobs, L, Anderson, P, Bender, M. The lesions producing paralysis of downward but not upward gaze. Arch Neurol 1973;28:319323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
373.Trojanowski, J, Wray, S. Vertical gaze ophthalmoplegia: selective paralysis of downgaze. Neurology 1980;30:605610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
374.Jacobs, L, Heffner, RR, Newman, RP. Selective paralysis of downward gaze caused by bilateral lesions of the mesencephalic periaqueductal grey matter. Neurology 1985;35:516521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
375.Bogousslavsky, J, Meienberg, O. Eye-movement disorders in brain-stem and cerebellar stroke. Arch Neurol 1987;44:141148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
376.Bogousslavsky, J, Regli, F. Upgaze palsy and monocular paresis of downgaze from ipsilateral thalamo-mesencephalic infarction: a vertical one-and-a-half syndrome. J Neurol 1984;231:4345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
377.Deleu, D, Buisseret, T, Ebinger, G. Vertical one-and-a-half syndrome with supranuclear downgaze paralysis with monocular elevation palsy. Arch Neurol 1989;46:13611363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
378.Keane, JR, Itabashi, HH. Upbeat nystagmus: clinicopathologic study of two patients. Neurology 1987;37:491494.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
379.Hirose, G, Kawada, J, Tsukaka, K et al. Upbeat nystagmus: clinico-pathological and pathophysiological considerations. J Neurol Sci 1991;105:159167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
380.Halmagyi, GM, Rudge, P, Gresty, MA, Sanders, MD. Downbeating nystagmus. A review of 62 cases. Arch Neurol 1983;40:777784.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
381.Troost, BT. Nystagmus:a clinical review. Rev Neurol 1989;145:417428.Google Scholar
382.Sharpe, JA, Hoyt, WF, Rosenberg, MA. Convergence evoked nystagmus: congenital and acquired forms. Arch Neurol 1975;32:191194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
383.Oliva, A, Rosenberg, ML. Convergence-evoked nystagmus. Neurology 1990;40:161162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
384.Collier, J. Nuclear ophthalmoplegia with special reference to retraction of the lids and ptosis and to lesions of the posterior commissure. Brain 1927;50:488498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
385.Schmidtke, K, Buttner-Ennever, JA. Nervous control of eyelid function: a review of clinical, experimental and pathological data. Brain 1992;115:227247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
386.Galetta, SL, Gray, LG, Raps, EC, Schatz, NJ. Pretectal eyelid retraction and lag. Ann Neurol 1993;33:554557.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
387.Dieterich, M, Brandt, T. Thalamic infarctions: differential effects on vestibular function in the roll plane (35 patients). Neurology 1993;43:17321740.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
388.Pierrot-Deseilligny, C, Amarenco, P, Roullet, E, Marteau, R. Vermal infarct with pursuit eye movement disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990;53:519521.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
389.Jeong, H-S, Oh, JY, Kim, JS et al. Periodic alternating nystagmus in isolated nodular infarction. Neurology 2007;68:956957.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
390.Amarenco, P, Hauw, J-J. Cerebellar infarction in the territory of the anterior and inferior cerebellar artery. Brain 1990;113:139155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
391.Oas, JG, Baloh, RW. Vertigo and the anterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome. Neurology 1992;42:22742279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
392.Mazighi, M, Amarenco, P. Cerebellar infarcts. In Caplan, LR, van Gijn, J (eds), Stroke syndromes, 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp. 469479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
393.Ranalli, PJ, Sharpe, JA. Syndrome of the superior cerebellar artery: contralateral saccadic lateropulsion and ipsilateral limb ataxia. Can J Neurol Sci 1985;12:209.Google Scholar
394.Amarenco, P, Roullet, E, Gorijon, C et al. Infarction in the anterior rostral cerebellum in the territory of the lateral branch of the superior cerebellar artery. Neurology 1991;41:253258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
395.Gaynard, B, Rivaud, S, Amarenco, P, Pierrot-Deseilligny, C. Influence of visual information on cerebellar saccadic dysmetria. Ann Neurol 1994;35:108112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
396.Selhorst, JB, Stark, L, Ochs, AL, Hoyt, WF. Disorders in cerebellar ocular motor control. 1. Saccadic overshoot dysmetria. An oculographic, control system and clinicoanatomical analysis. Brain 1976;99:497508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
397.Matsumoto, S, Okuda, B, Imai, T, Kameyama, M. A sensory level on the trunk in lower lateral brainstem lesions. Neurology 1988;38:15151519.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
398.Soffin, G, Feldman, M, Bender, M. Alterations of sensory levels in vascular lesions of lateral medulla. Arch Neurol 1968;18:178190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
399.Louis-Bar, D. Sur le syndrome vasculaire de l’hemibulbe (Wallenberg). Monatschr Psychiatr Neurol 1946;112:53107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
400.Kim, JS. Pure lateral medullary infarction: clinical-radiological correlation of 130 acute, consecutive patients. Brain 2003;126(8):18641872.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
401.Hommel, M, Besson, G, Pollak, P et al. Pure sensory stroke due to a pontine lacune. Stroke 1989;20:406408.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
402.Araga, S, Fukada, M, Kagimoto, H, Takahashi, K. Pure sensory stroke due to pontine hemorrhage. J Neurol 1987;235:116119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
403.Kim, JS, Jo, KD. Pure lemniscal sensory deficit caused by pontine hemorrhage. Stroke 1992;23:300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
404.Graveleau, PH, Decroix, JP, Samson, Y et al. Deficit isole d’un hemicorps par hematome du pont. Rev Neurol 1986;142: 788790.Google Scholar
405.Helgason, C, Wilbur, AC. Basilar branch pontine infarction with prominent sensory signs. Stroke 1991;22;11291136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
406.Fisher, CM. Pure sensory stroke involving face, arm, and leg. Neurology 1965;15:7680.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
407.Fisher, CM. Thalamic pure sensory stroke: a pathological study. Neurology 1978;28:11411144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
408.Fisher, CM. Pure sensory stroke and allied conditions. Stroke 1982; 434447.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
409.Sacco, RL, Bello, JA, Traub, R, Brust, JC. Selective proprioceptive loss from a thalamic lacunar stroke. Stroke 1987;18:11601163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
410.Chaves, CJ, Caplan, LR. Posterior cerebral artery. In Caplan, LR, van Gijn, J (eds.), Stroke syndromes, 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp. 405418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
411.Foix, C, Masson, A. Le syndrome de l’artere cerebrale posterieure. Presse Med 1923;31:361365.Google Scholar
412.Brandt, T, Sternke, W, Thie, A. et al. Posterior cerebral artery territory infarcts: clinical features, infarct topography, causes, and outcome. Cerebrovasc Dis 2000;10:170182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
413.Yamamoto, Y, Georgiadis, A, Chang, H-M et al. Posterior cerebral artery territory infarcts in the New England Medical Center (NEMC) posterior circulation registry. Arch Neurol 1999;56:824832.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
414.Georgiadis, AL, Yamamoto, Y, Kwan, ES et al. Anatomy of sensory findings in patients with posterior cerebral artery infarction. Arch Neurol 1999;56:835838.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
415.Isono, O, Kawamura, M, Shiota, J et al. Cheiro-oral topography of sensory disturbances due to lesions of thalamocortical projections. Neurology 1993;43:5155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
416.Shigenaga, Y, Okamoto, T, Nishimori, T et al. Oral and facial representation in the trigeminal principal and rostral spinal nuclei of the cat. J Comp Neurol 1986;244:18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
417.Graham, S, Sharp, FR, Dillon, W. Intraoral sensation in patients with brainstem lesions: role of the rostral spinal trigeminal nuclei in pons. Neurology 1988;38:15291533.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
418.Fisher, CM. Is pressure on nerves and roots a common cause of pain? Trans Am Neurol Assoc 1972;97:282283.Google Scholar
419.Caplan, LR, Gorelick, PB. “Salt and pepper in the face” pain in acute brainstem ischemia. Ann Neurol 1983;13:344345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
420.Conforto, AB, Martin, dGM, Ciríaco, JGM et al. “Salt and pepper” in the eye and face: a prelude to brainstem ischemia. Am J Ophthalmol 2007;144:322325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
421.Kim, JS. Trigeminal sensory symptoms due to midbrain lesions. Eur Neurol 1993;33:218220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
422.Lee, H, Baloh, RW. Auditory disorders in stroke. In Caplan, LR, van Gijn, J (eds.), Stroke syndromes, 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp. 131143CrossRefGoogle Scholar
423.Häusler, R, Levine, RA. Auditory dysfunction in stroke. Acta Otolaryngol 2000;120:689703.Google ScholarPubMed
424.Furst, M, Levine, RA, Korczyn, AD et al. Brainstem lesions and click lateralization in patients with multiple sclerosis. Hearing Res 1995;82:109124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
425.Baloh, RW. Dizziness, hearing loss and tinnitus. Oxford University Press, New York, 1998.Google Scholar
426.Huang, M-H, Huang, C-C, Ryu, S-J, Chu, N-S. Sudden bilateral hearing impairment in vertebrobasilar occlusive disease. Stroke 1993;24:132137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
427.Cascino, G, Adams, RD. Brainstem auditory hallucinosis. Neurology 1986;36:10421047.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
428.Lanska, DJ, Lanska, MJ, Mendez, MF. Brainstem auditory hallucinosis. Neurology 1987;37:1685.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
429.Murata, S, Naritomi, H, Sawada, T. Musical auditory hallucinations caused by a brainstem lesion. Neurology 1994;44:156158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
430.Howe, JR, Miller, CA. Midbrain deafness following head injury. Neurology 1975;25:286289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
431.Kaji, R, McCormick, F, Kameyama, M, Ninomiya, H. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials in early diagnosis of basilar artery occlusion. Neurology 1985;35:240243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
432.Urban, PP. Early acoustic evoked potentials. In Urban, PP, Caplan, LR (eds.), Brainstem disorders. Springer, Berlin, 2011, pp. 7074.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
433.Norgren, R, Leonard, CM. Ascending central gustatory pathways. J Comp Neurol 1973;50:217238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
434.Uesaka, Y, Nose, H, Ida, M, Takagi, A. The pathway of gustatory fibres of the human ascends ipsilaterally in the pons. Neurology 1998;50:828828.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
435.Nakajima, Y, Utsumi, H, Takahashi, H. Ipsilateral disturbance of taste due to pontine hemorrhage. J Neurol 1983;229:133136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
436.Weidemann, J, Sparing, R. Hemiageusia resulting from a cavernous haemangioma in the brainstem. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 200273:319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
437.Sunada, I, Akano, Y, Yamamoto, S, Tashiro, T. Pontine hemorrhage causing disturbance of taste. Neuroradiology 1995;37:659.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
438.Cerrato, P, Lentini, A, Baima, C et al. Hypogeusia and hearing loss in a patient with an inferior collicular infarction. Neurology 2005;65:18401841.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
439.Kim, JE, Song, HS, Jeong, JH, Choi, K-G, Na, DL. Bilateral ageusia in a patient with a left ventroposteriomedial thalamic infarct: cortical localization of taste sensation by statistical parametric mapping analysis of PET images. J Clin Neurol 2007:3(3):161164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
440.Newman, N. Neuro-ophthalmology. A practical text. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, 1992.Google Scholar
441.Selhorst, J, Hoyt, W, Feinsod, M et al. Midbrain corectopia. Arch Neurol 1976;33:193195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
442.Wilson, AK. Ectopia pupillae in certain mesencephalic lesions. Brain 1906;29:524536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
443.Fisher, CM. Oval pupils. Arch Neurol 1980;37:502503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
444.Ropper, AH. The opposite pupil in herniation. Neurology 1990;40:17071709.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
445.Benarroch, EE. The central autonomic network:functional organization, dysfunction, and perspective. Mayo Clin Proc 1993;68:9881001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
446.Loewy, AD. Central autonomic pathways. In Loewy, AD, Spyer, KM (eds.), Central regulation of autonomic functions. Oxford University Press, New York, 1990, pp. 88103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
447.Carrera, E, Vingerhoets, F. Respiratory dysfunction. In Caplan, LR, van Gijn, J (eds.), Stroke syndromes, 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp. 319327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
448.Benarroach, EE. Brainstem respiratory chemosensitivity: new insights and clinical implications. Neurology 2007;68(24):21402143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
449.Ferguson, AV. Neurophysiological analysis of mechanisms for subfornical organ and area postrema involvement in autonomic control. Prog Brain Res 1992;91:413421.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
450.Reis, DJ, Iadecola, C, Nakai, M. Control of cerebral blood flow and metabolism by intrinsic neural systems in brain. In Cerebrovascular diseases, Proceedings of the 14th Princeton Conference. Raven Press, New York, 1985, pp. 122.Google Scholar
451.Reis, DJ, Golanov, EV. Central neurogenic regulation of regional blood flow (rCBF) and relationship to neuroprotection. In Caplan, LR (ed.), Brain ischemia: basic concepts and clinical relevance. Springer, London, 1994, pp. 273288.Google Scholar
452.Ali, AS, Levine, SR. Heart and brain relationships. In Caplan, LR (ed.), Brain ischemia: basic concepts and clinical relevance. Springer, London, 1994, pp. 317328.Google Scholar
453.Ciriello, J, Calaresu, FR. Role of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei in central cardiovascular regulation in the cat. Am J Physiol 1980;239:137142.Google ScholarPubMed
454.Natelson, BH. Neurocardiology: an interdisciplinary area for the 80s. Arch Neurol 1985;42:178184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
455.Levine, SR, Patel, VM, Welch, KMA, Skinner, JE. Are heart attacks really brain attacks? In Furlan, AJ (ed.), The heart and stroke. Springer, London, 1987, pp. 185216.Google Scholar
456.Schwartz, PJ, Stone, HL, Brown, AM. Effects of unilateral stellate ganglion blockage on the arrhythmias associated with coronary occlusion. Am Heart J 1976;92:589599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
457.Benarroch, EE. Neural control of the bladder. Neurology 2010;75:18391846.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
458.Khurana, RK. Autonomic dysfunction in pontomedullary stroke. Ann Neurol 1982;12:86.Google Scholar
459.Idiaquez, J, Araya, P, Benarroch, E. Orthostatic hypotension associated with dorsal medulalry cavernous angioma. Acta Neurol Scand 2009;119:4548.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
460.Berger, AJ, Mitchell, RA, Severinghaus, JW. Regulation of respiration. N Engl J Med 1977;297:138143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
461.Plum, F, Swanson, AG. Abnormalities in central regulation of respiration. in acute and convalescent poliomyelitis. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1958;80:267285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
462.Devereaux, MW, Keane, JR, Davis, RL. Automatic respiratory failure associated with infarction of the medulla. Arch Neurol 1973;29:4652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
463.Levin, BE, Margolis, G. Acute failure of automatic respirations secondary to a unilateral brainstem infarct. Ann Neurol 1977;1:583586.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
464.Bogousslavsky, J, Khurana, R. Deruaz, JP et al. Respiratory failure and unilateral caudal brainstem infarction. Ann Neurol 1990;28:668673.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
465.Norris, JW, Hachinski, VC. Cardiac dysfunction following stroke. In Furlan, AJ (ed.), The heart and stroke. Springer, London, 1987, pp. 171183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
466.Theodore, J, Robin, ED. Pathogenesis of neurogenic pulmonary edema. Lancet 1975;2:749751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
467.Camargo, E, Samuels, M. Cardiac and autonomic manifestations of stroke. In Caplan, LR, van Gijn, J (eds.), Stroke syndromes, 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
468.Caplan, LR. Cardiac and cardiovascular findings in patients with nervous system diseases. In Caplan, LR, Hurst, JW, Chimowitz, M (eds.), Clinical neurocardiology. New York, Marcel Dekker, 1999, pp. 298312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
469.Caplan, LR, Pessin, MS, Yarnell, P. Poor outcome after lateral medullary infarcts. Neurology 1986;36: 15101513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
470.Talman, WT. Cardiovascular regulation and lesions of the central nervous system. Ann Neurol 1985;18:112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×