Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-wzw2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-30T16:49:30.366Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 5 - Intelligence in Edinburgh, Scotland: Bringing Intelligence to Life

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 January 2018

Robert J. Sternberg
Affiliation:
Cornell University, New York
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bak, T. H., Nissan, J. J., Allerhand, M., & Deary, I. J. (2014). Does bilingualism influence cognitive aging? Annals of Neurology, 75, 959963.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartholomew, D. J., Allerhand, M., & Deary, I. J. (2013). Measuring mental capacity: Thomson’s bonds model and Spearman’s g-model compared. Intelligence, 41, 222233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartholomew, D. J., Deary, I. J., & Lawn, M. (2009). A new lease of life for Thomson’s bonds model of intelligence. Psychological Review, 116, 567579.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benyamin, B., Wilson, V., Whalley, L. J., Visscher, P. M., & Deary, I. J. (2005). Large, consistent estimates of heritability of cognitive ability in two entire populations of 11-year-old twins from Scottish Mental Surveys of 1932 and 1947. Behavior Genetics, 35, 525534.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boliver, V., & Swift, A. (2011). Do comprehensive schools reduce social mobility? The British Journal of Sociology, 62, 89110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Booth, T., Royle, N. A., Corley, J., Gow, A. J., Valdes Hernandez, M. A., Maniega, S. M., Ritchie, S. J., Bastin, M. E., Starr, J. M., Wardlaw, J. M., & Deary, I. J. (2015). Association of allostatic load with brain structure and cognitive ability in later life. Neurobiology of Aging, 36, 13901399.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brand, C. R., & Deary, I. J. (1982). Intelligence and inspection time. In Eysenck, H. J. (Ed.), A model for intelligence (pp. 133148). New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brett, C. E., & Deary, I. J. (2014). Realising health data linkage from a researcher’s perspective: Following up the 6-Day Sample of the Scottish Mental Survey 1947. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, 5, 283298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butchart, C., Kyle, J., McNeill, G., Corley, J., Gow, A., Starr, J., & Deary, I. J. (2011). Flavonoid intake in relation to cognitive function in later life in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. British Journal of Nutrition, 106, 141148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calvin, C. M., Batty, G. D., Brett, C. E., & Deary, I. J. (2015). Childhood club participation and all-cause mortality in adulthood: A 65-year follow-up study of a population-representative sample of Scotland. Psychosomatic Medicine, 77, 712720.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calvin, C., Batty, G. D., Der, G., Brett, C. E., Pattie, A., Cukic, I., & Deary, I. J. (2017). Childhood intelligence in relation to major causes of death in 68 year follow-up: prospective population study. British Medical Journal, 357, j2708.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calvin, C. M., Deary, I. J., Fenton, C., Roberts, B., Der, G., Leckenby, N., & Batty, G. D. (2011). Intelligence in youth and all-cause mortality: Systematic review with meta-analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology, 40, 626644.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calvin, C. M., Deary, I. J., Webbink, D., Smith, P., Fernandes, C., Lee, S. H., Luciano, M., & Visscher, P. M. (2012). Multivariate genetic analyses of cognition and education from two population samples of 174,000 and 166,000 school children. Behavior Genetics, 42, 699710.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corley, J., Gow, A. J., Starr, J. M., & Deary, I. J. (2010a). Is body mass index in old age related to cognitive abilities? The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 study. Psychology and Aging, 25, 867875.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corley, J., Gow, A. J., Starr, J. M., & Deary, I. J. (2012). Smoking, childhood IQ, and cognitive function in old age. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 73, 132138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corley, J., Jia, X., Brett, C. E., Gow, A. J., Starr, J. M., Kyle, J. A. M., McNeill, G., & Deary, I. J. (2011). Alcohol intake and cognitive abilities in old age: The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 study. Neuropsychology, 25, 166175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corley, J., Jia, X., Kyle, J. A. M., Gow, A. J., Brett, C., Starr, J. M., McNeill, G., & Deary, I. J. (2010b). Caffeine consumption and cognitive function at age 70: The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 72, 206214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corley, J., Starr, J. M., & Deary, I. J. (2015). Serum cholesterol and cognitive functions: The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. International Psychogeriatrics, 27, 439453.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crawford, J. R., Deary, I. J., Starr, J., & Whalley, L. J. (2001). The NART as an index of prior intellectual functioning: A retrospective validity study covering a 66 year interval. Psychological Medicine, 31, 451458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cukic, I., Brett, C. E., Calvin, C. M., Batty, G. D., & Deary, I. J. (2017). Childhood IQ and survival to 79: Follow-up of 94% of the Scottish Mental Survey 1947. Intelligence, 63, 45–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davey Smith, G. (2011). Epidemiology, epigenetics, and the ‘gloomy prospect’: Embracing randomness in population health research and practice. International Journal of Epidemiology, 40, 537562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, G., Armstrong, N., Bis, J. C., Bressler, Chouraki, V. et al. (2015). Genetic contributions to variation in general cognitive function: A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in the CHARGE consortium (N = 53,949). Molecular Psychiatry, 20, 183192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, G., Tenesa, A., Payton, A., Yang, J., Harris, S. E., Liewald, D., et al. (2011). Genome-wide association studies establish that human intelligence is highly heritable and polygenic. Molecular Psychiatry, 16, 9961005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deary, I. J. (2000). Looking down on human intelligence: From psychometrics to the brain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deary, I. J. (2001). Intelligence: A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deary, I. J. (2012). Looking for ‘system integrity’ in cognitive epidemiology. Gerontology, 58, 545553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deary, I. J. (2014). The stability of intelligence from childhood to old age. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23, 239245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deary, I. J., Batty, G. D., Pattie, A., & Gale, C. G. (2008). More intelligent, more dependable children live longer: A 55-year longitudinal study of a representative sample of the Scottish Nation. Psychological Science, 19, 874880.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deary, I. J., & Brett, C. E. (2015). Predicting and retrodicting intelligence between childhood and old age in the 6-Day Sample of the Scottish Mental Survey 1947. Intelligence, 50, 19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deary, I. J., Cox, S. R., & Ritchie, S. J. (2016). Getting Spearman off the skyhook: One more in a century (since Thomson, 1916) of attempts to vanquish g. Psychological Inquiry, 27, 192199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deary, I. J., & Der, G. (2005). Reaction time explains IQ’s association with death. Psychological Science, 16, 6469.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deary, I. J., Der, G., & Ford, G. (2001). Reaction times and intelligence differences: A population-based cohort study. Intelligence, 29, 389399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deary, I. J., Gow, A. J., Pattie, A., & Starr, J. M. (2012a). Cohort profile: The Lothian Birth Cohorts of 1921 and 1936. International Journal of Epidemiology, 41, 15761584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deary, I. J., Irwing, P., Der, G., & Bates, T. C. (2007a). Brother-sister differences in the g factor in intelligence: Analysis of full, opposite-sex siblings from the NLSY1979. Intelligence, 35, 451456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deary, I. J., & Johnson, W. (2010). Intelligence and education: causal perceptions drive analytic processes and therefore conclusions. International Journal of Epidemiology, 39(5), 13621369.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deary, I. J., Lawn, M., Brett, C., & Bartholomew, D. J. (2009a). ‘Intelligence and civilisation’: A Ludwig Mond lecture delivered at the University of Manchester on 23rd October 1936 by Godfrey H. Thomson. A reprinting with background and commentary. Intelligence, 37, 4861.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deary, I. J., Pattie, A., & Starr, J. M. (2013). The stability of intelligence from age 11 to age 90 years: The Lothian Birth Cohort 1921. Psychological Science, 24, 23612368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deary, I. J., Penke, L., & Johnson, W. (2010). The neuroscience of human intelligence differences. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11, 201211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deary, I. J., & Ritchie, S. J. (2016). Processing speed differences between 70- and 83-year-olds matched on childhood IQ. Intelligence, 55, 2833.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deary, I. J., & Stough, C. (1996). Intelligence and inspection time: Achievements, prospects and problems. American Psychologist, 51, 599608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deary, I. J., Strand, S., Smith, P., & Fernandes, C. (2007b). Intelligence and educational achievement. Intelligence, 35, 1321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deary, I. J., Taylor, M. D., Hart, C. L., Wilson, V., Davey Smith, G., Blane, D., & Starr, J. M. (2005). Intergenerational social mobility and mid-life status attainment: Influences of childhood intelligence, childhood social factors, and education. Intelligence, 33, 455472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deary, I. J., Thorpe, G., Wilson, V., Starr, J. M., & Whalley, L. J. (2003). Population sex differences in IQ at age 11: The Scottish Mental Survey 1932. Intelligence, 31, 533542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deary, I. J., Weiss, A., & Batty, G. D. (2010). Intelligence and personality as predictors of illness and death: How researchers in differential psychology and chronic disease epidemiology are collaborating to understand and address health inequalities. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 11, 5379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deary, I. J., Whalley, L. J., Batty, G. D., & Starr, J. M. (2006). Physical fitness and lifetime cognitive change. Neurology, 67, 11951200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deary, I. J., Whalley, L. J., Lemmon, H., Crawford, J. R., & Starr, J. M. (2000). The stability of individual differences in mental ability from childhood to old age: Follow-up of the 1932 Scottish Mental Survey. Intelligence, 28, 4955.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deary, I. J., Whalley, L. J., & Starr, J. M. (2009b). A lifetime of intelligence: Follow-up studies of the Scottish Mental Surveys of 1932 and 1947. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deary, I. J., Whiteman, M. C., Pattie, A., Starr, J. M., Hayward, C., Wright, A. F., Carothers, A., & Whalley, L. J. (2002). Cognitive change and the APOE e4 allele. Nature, 418, 932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deary, I. J., Whiteman, M. C., Starr, J. M., Whalley, L. J., & Fox, H. C. (2004). The impact of childhood intelligence on later life: Following up the Scottish Mental Surveys of 1932 and 1947. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 130147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deary, I. J., Yang, J., Davies, G., Harris, S. E., Tenesa, A., Liewald, D., Luciano, M., Lopez, L. M., Gow, A. J., Corley, J., Redmond, P., Fox, H. C., Rowe, S. J., Haggarty, P., McNeill, G., Goddard, M. E., Porteous, D. J., Whalley, L. J., Starr, J. M., & Visscher, P. M. (2012b). Genetic contributions to stability and change in intelligence from childhood to old age. Nature, 482, 212215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Der, G., & Deary, I. J. (2003). IQ, reaction time and the differentiation hypothesis. Intelligence, 31, 491503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorling, D., & Tomlinson, S. (2016). The creation of inequality: Myths of potential and ability. Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, 14, retrieved from: www.jceps.com/archives/3204.Google Scholar
Dykiert, D., & Deary, I. J. (2013). Retrospective validation of WTAR and NART scores as estimators of prior cognitive ability using the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. Psychological Assessment, 25, 13611366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dykiert, D., Der, G., Starr, J. M., & Deary, I. J. (2016). Why is Mini-Mental State Examination performance correlated with estimated premorbid ability? Psychological Medicine, 46, 26472654.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillborn, D. (2016). Softly, softly: Genetics, intelligence and the hidden racism of the new geneism. Journal of Education Policy, 124.Google Scholar
Gow, A. J., Corley, J., Starr, J. M., & Deary, I. J. (2012). Reverse causation in activity-cognitive ability associations: The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. Psychology and Aging, 27, 250255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gow, A. J., Firth, C., Harrison, R., Starr, J.M., Moss, P., & Deary, I. J. (2013). Cytomegalovirus infection and cognitive abilities in old age. Neurobiology of Ageing, 34, 18461852.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gow, A. J., Johnson, W., Pattie, A., Brett, C. E., Roberts, B., Starr, J. M., & Deary, I. J. (2011). Stability and change in intelligence from age 11 to ages 70, 79 and 87: The Lothian Birth Cohorts of 1921 and 1936. Psychology and Aging, 26, 232240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gregory, M. D., Kippenhan, J. S., Dickinson, D., Carrasco, J., Mattay, V. S., Weinberger, D. R., & Berman, K. F. (2016). Regional variations in brain gyrification are associated with general cognitive ability in humans. Current Biology, 26, 13011305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hagenaars, S. P., Harris, S. E., Davies, G. et al. (2016). Shared genetic aetiology between cognitive functions and physical and mental health in UK Biobank (N = 112 151) and 24 GWAS consortia. Molecular Psychiatry, 21, 16241632.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, W. D., Hagenaars, S. P., Marioni, R. E., Harris, S. E., Liewald, D. C. M., Davies, G., Okbay, A., McIntosh, A. M., Gale, C. R., & Deary, I. J. (2016). Molecular genetic contributions to social deprivation and household income in UK Biobank. Current Biology, 26, 30833089.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hope, D., Bates, T., Gow, A. J., Starr, J. M., & Deary, I. J. (2012). Minor physical anomalies, intelligence, and cognitive decline. Experimental Aging Research, 38, 265278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, M. R., Shkura, K., Langley, S. R., Delahaye-Duriez, A., Srivastava, P., Hill, W. D., ... & Rotival, M. (2016). Systems genetics identifies a convergent gene network for cognition and neurodevelopmental disease. Nature Neuroscience, 19, 223232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, W., Bouchard, T. J., & Krueger, R. F. (2004). Just one g: consistent results from three test batteries. Intelligence, 32, 95107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, W., Brett, C. E., & Deary, I. J. (2010a). Intergenerational class mobility in Britain: A comparative look across three generations in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. Intelligence, 38, 268281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, W., Brett, C. E., & Deary, I. J. (2010b). The pivotal role of education in the association between ability and social class attainment: A look across three generations. Intelligence, 38, 5565.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, W., Carothers, A., & Deary, I. J. (2008). Sex differences in variability in general intelligence: A new look at the old question. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 518531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, W., Carothers, A., & Deary, I. J. (2009). A role for the X chromosome in sex differences in variability in general intelligence?. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4, 598611.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karama, S., Bastin, M. E., Murray, C., Royle, N. A., Penke, L., Maniega, , et al. (2014). Childhood cognitive ability accounts for associations between cognitive ability and brain cortical thickness in old age. Molecular Psychiatry, 19, 555559.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehre, A. C., Lehre, K. P., Laake, P., & Danbolt, N. C. (2009). Greater intrasex phenotype variability in males than in females is a fundamental aspect of the gender differences in humans. Developmental Psychobiology, 51, 198206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luciano, M., Marioni, R. E., Gow, A. J., Starr, J. M., & Deary, I. J. (2009). Reverse causation in the association between C reactive protein and fibrinogen levels and cognitive abilities in an aging sample. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71, 404409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manolio, T. A., Collins, F. S., Cox, N. J., Goldstein, D. B., Hindorff, L. A., Hunter, D. J., ... & Cho, J. H. (2009). Finding the missing heritability of complex diseases. Nature, 461, 747753.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGurn, B., Starr, J. M., Topfer, J. A., Pattie, A., Whiteman, M. C., Lemmon, H. A., Whalley, L. J., & Deary, I. J. (2004). Pronunciation of irregular words is preserved in dementia, validating premorbid IQ estimation. Neurology, 62, 11841186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNeill, G., Jia, X., Whalley, L. J., Fox, H. C., Corley, J., Gow, A. J., Brett, C., Starr, J. M., & Deary, I. J. (2011). Antioxidant and B vitamin intake in relation to cognitive function in later life in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 65, 619626.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murdoch, S. (2007). IQ: A smart history of a failed idea. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Penke, L., Bates, T. C., Gow, A. J., Pattie, A., Starr, J. M., Jones, B. C., Perrett, D. I., & Deary, I. J. (2009). Symmetric faces are a sign of successful cognitive aging. Evolution and Human Behavior, 30, 429437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Penke, L., Maniega, S. M., Bastin, M. E., Hernandez, M. C. V., Murray, C., Royle, N. A., Starr, J. M., Wardlaw, J. M., & Deary, I. J. (2012). Brain white matter integrity as a neural foundation for general intelligence. Molecular Psychiatry, 17, 10261030.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Penke, L., Munoz Maniega, S., Murray, C., Gow, A. J., Valdes Hernandez, M. C., Clayden, J. D., Starr, J. M., Wardlaw, J. M., Bastin, M. E., & Deary, I. J. (2010). A general factor of brain white matter integrity predicts information processing speed in healthy older people. Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 7559, 7674.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pietschnig, J., Penke, L., Wicherts, J. M., Zeiler, M., & Voracek, M. (2015). Meta-analysis of associations between human brain volume and intelligence differences: how strong are they and what do they mean? Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 57, 411–432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plomin, R., & Deary, I. J. (2015). Genetics and intelligence differences: Five special findings. Molecular Psychiatry, 20, 98108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ritchie, S. J. (2015). Intelligence: All that matters. London: John Murray Learning.Google Scholar
Ritchie, S. J., Booth, T., Valdes Hernandez, M. C., Corley, J., Munoz Maniega, S., Gow, A. J., Royle, N. A., Pattie, A., Karama, S., Starr, J. M., Bastin, M. E., Wardlaw, J. M., & Deary, I. J. (2015). Beyond a bigger brain: Multivariable brain imaging and intelligence. Intelligence, 51, 4756.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ritchie, S. J., Tucker-Drob, E. M., Cox, S. R., Corley, J., Dykiert, D., Redmond, P., Pattie, A., Taylor, A. M., Sibbett, R., Starr, J. M., & Deary, I. J. (2016). Predictors of age-related decline across multiple cognitive functions. Intelligence, 59, 115126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ritchie, S. J., Tucker Drob, E. M., & Deary, I. J., (2014). A strong link between speed of visual discrimination and cognitive ageing. Current Biology, 24, R681R683.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santarnecchi, E., Rossi, S., & Rossi, A. (2015). The smarter, the stronger: Intelligence level correlates with brain resilience to systematic insults. Cortex, 64, 293309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scottish Council for Research in Education (1933). The intelligence of Scottish children. London: University of London Press.Google Scholar
Scottish Council for Research in Education (1949). The trend of Scottish intelligence. London: University of London Press.Google Scholar
Selzam, S., Krapohl, E., von Stumm, S., O’Reilly, P. F., Rimfeld, K., Kovas, Y., ... & Plomin, R. (2016). Predicting educational achievement from DNA. Molecular Psychiatry. Advance online publication, doi: 10.1038/mp.2016.107.Google ScholarPubMed
Smart, E. L., Gow, A. J., & Deary, I. J. (2014). Occupational complexity and lifetime cognitive abilities. Neurology, 83, 22852291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spearman, C. (1927). The abilities of man. New York: MacMillan.Google Scholar
Starr, J. M., Pattie, A., Whiteman, M. C., Whalley, L. J., & Deary, I. J. (2005). Vitamin B12, serum folate, and cognitive change from age 11 to age 79. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 76, 291292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strand, S., Deary, I. J., & Smith, P. (2006). Sex differences in cognitive ability test score: A UK national picture. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 463480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomson, G. H. (1936). Intelligence and civilisation: A Ludwig Mond lecture delivered at the University of Manchester on 23rd October 1936. Edinburgh, UK: T. & A. Constable.Google Scholar
Wardlaw, J. M., Bastin, M. E., Valdes Hernandez, M. C., Munoz Maniega, S., Royle, N. A., Morris, Z., Clayden, J. D., Sandeman, E. M., Eadie, E., Murray, C., Starr, J. M., & Deary, I. J. (2011). Brain ageing, cognition in youth and old age, and vascular disease in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936: Rationale, design and methodology of the imaging protocol. International Journal of Stroke, 6, 547559.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whalley, L. J., & Deary, I. J. (2001). Longitudinal cohort study of childhood IQ and survival up to age 76. British Medical Journal, 322, 819822.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whalley, L. J., Murray, A. D., Staff, R. T., Starr, J. M., Deary, I. J., Fox, H. C., Lemmon, H., Duthie, S. J., Collins, A. R., & Crawford, J. R. (2011). How the 1932 and 1947 mental surveys of Aberdeen schoolchildren provide a framework to explore the childhood origins of late onset disease and disability. Maturitas, 69, 365372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, T. (2015). The fall of the meritocracy. Quadrant Online. Retrieved from: https://quadrant.org.au/magazine/2015/09/fall-meritocracy/.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×