Book contents
2 - Electromagnetic methods
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 August 2009
Summary
Introduction
Electromagnetic (EM) methods have been widely used in studies of lowland arctic permafrost (e.g. Hoekstra and McNeill 1973, Sartorelli and French 1982, Rozenberg et al. 1985, Harada et al. 2000) and studies of sea ice thickness determination (Haas 2004), including airborne applications (Fraser 1978, Pfaffling et al. 2004). Applications of EM methods in mountainous regions are less frequent (Schmöller and Frühwirth 1996, Hauck et al. 2001, Beylich et al. 2003, Bucki et al. 2004, Maurer and Hauck 2007), but have been increasing in recent years. Electromagnetic techniques include frequency-domain EM systems (FEM), time-domain electromagnetic systems (TDEM), systems using very low frequencies (VLF) and the so-called radiomagnetotelluric method (RMT).
Similar to the electrical methods (see Chapter 1) the physical parameter allowing a differentiation between ice and water or frozen and unfrozen substratum is the electrical resistivity (in ohm metres, Ω m) or more commonly its reciprocal, the electrical conductivity (in siemens/metre or usually millisiemens/metre, mS/m). A marked increase in resistivity (or decrease in conductivity) with decreasing temperature near the freezing point has been shown in many previous field studies (e.g. Hoekstra et al. 1975, Seguin 1978, Rozenberg et al. 1985) and laboratory studies (e.g. Olhoeft 1978, Pandit and King 1978, King et al. 1988, see also Chapter 7). For the major part of the commonly used frequency range, this characteristic physical property is independent of the measurement electromagnetic frequency; however, the absolute conductivity values are frequency dependent and differ strongly for different materials and unfrozen pore water contents (Hoekstra and McNeill 1973, Olhoeft 1978).
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Applied Geophysics in Periglacial Environments , pp. 28 - 56Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2008
References
and (2003). Transformation of VLF anomaly maps into apparent resistivity and phases. Geophysics, 68, 497–505.CrossRef
, , and (1998). On two-dimensional interpretation of magnetotelluric soundings. Geophysical Journal International, 133, 585–606.CrossRef
, , , , , and (2003). Assessment of chemical denudation rates using hydrological measurements, water chemistry analysis and electromagnetic geophysical data. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 14, 387–397.CrossRef
, and (2004). The thickness and internal structure of Fireweed rock glacier, Alaska, U.S.A., as determined by geophysical methods. Journal of Glaciology, 50(168), 67–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2003). The impact of recent glacier fluctuation and human activities on the permafrost distribution: a case study from Stelvio Pass (Italian Central-Eastern Alps). Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Permafrost, Zürich, Switzerland, 125–130.
, , and (2006). Prospecting frost-wedge pseudomorphs and their polygonal network using the electromagnetic induction sensor EM38DD. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 17, 163–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1978). Resistivity mapping with an airborne multicoil electromagnetic system. Geophysics, 43(1), 144–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1991). Profiling methods using small sources. In Electromagnetic Methods in Applied Geophysics, ed. , Vol. 2, Society of Exploration Geophysics, Tulsa, pp. 5–45.CrossRef
Geonics (undated). Application of Dipole–Dipole Electromagnetic Systems for Geological Depth Sounding. Technical Note TN-31, Geonics Ltd.
, , and (1997). Transientelektromagnetik. In Handbuch zur Erkundung des Untergrundes von Deponien und Altlasten, Band 3 – Geophysik, eds. Knödel, K., Krummel, H. and Lange, G., Springer.
(2002). Low-frequency electromagnetic exploration for groundwater on Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107, 2001JE001504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2004). Late-summer sea ice thickness variability in the arctic transpolar drift 1991–2001 derived from ground-based electromagnetic sounding. Geophysical Research Letters, 31, L09402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2000). Permafrost mapping by transient electromagnetic method. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 11, 71–84.3.0.CO;2-#>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , (2006). Resistivity structures in alas areas in Central Yakutia, Siberia, and the interpretation of permafrost history. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 17(2), 105–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2006). Application of capacitively-coupled and DC electrical resistivity imaging for mountain permafrost studies. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 17(2), 169–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1999). Detecting alpine permafrost using electromagnetic methods. In Advances in Cold Regions Thermal Engineering and Sciences, eds. , and , Springer, pp. 475–482.Google Scholar
and (2003). Evaluation of geophysical techniques for application in mountain permafrost studies. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplement, 132, 161–190.Google Scholar
, , and (2001). Applicability of frequency- and time-domain electromagnetic methods for mountain permafrost studies. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 12(1), 39–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2003). Using DC resistivity tomography to detect and characterise mountain permafrost. Geophysical Prospecting, 51, 273–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2004). Geophysical surveys designed to delineate the altitudinal limit of mountain permafrost: an example from Jotunheimen, Norway. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 15(3), 191–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1973). Electromagnetic probing of permafrost. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Permafrost, Yakutsk, Siberia, 517–526.Google Scholar
, , (1975). Ground and airborne resistivity surveys of permafrost near Fairbanks, Alaska. Geophysics, 40, 641–656.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2003). The radiomagnetotellurics method and its potential application in geomorphology. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplement, 132, 123–143.Google Scholar
, , , and (2000). Joint 3D interpretation of radiomagnetotelluric (RMT) and transient electromagnetic (TEM) data from an industrial waste deposit in Mellendorf, Germany. European Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, 4, 151–170.Google Scholar
(2005). Geophysical Techniques Applied to Permafrost Investigations in Greenland. Arctic Technology Centre, BYG·DTU, Technical University of Denmark, 177pp.Google Scholar
, , , and (2002). Mountain permafrost distribution in Dovrefjell and Jotunheimen, southern Norway, based on BTS and DC resistivity tomography data. Norwegian Journal of Geography, 56, 122–136.Google Scholar
and (2001). A comparison of performances of linearized and global nonlinear 2-D inversions of VLF and VLF-R electromagnetic data. Geophysics, 66, 462–475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1983). Linear filtering of very-low-frequency (VLF) dip angle measurements. Geophysical Prospecting, 31, 782–794.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1988). Seismic and electrical properties of unconsolidated permafrost. Geophysical Prospecting, 36, 349–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2003). Multi-method geophysical investigation of a sporadic permafrost occurrence. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplement, 132, 145–159.Google Scholar
(1980). Electromagnetic Terrain Conductivity Measurements at Low Induction Numbers. Technical Note TN-6, Geonics Ltd.Google Scholar
(1990). Use of electromagnetic methods for groundwater studies. In Geotechnical and Environmental Geophysics, ed. Ward, S. H., Society of Exploration Geophysics, Tulsa, Vol. I, pp. 191–218.
and (1991). Geological mapping using VLF radio fields. In Electromagnetic Methods in Applied Geophysics, Vol. 2: Application, Part B, ed. Nabighian, M., Society of Exploration Geophysics, Tulsa, pp. 521–640.CrossRef
and (2007). Geophysical imaging of alpine rock glaciers. Journal of Glaciology, 53(180), 110–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(ed.) (1991). Electromagnetic Methods in Applied Geophysics, Vol. 2, Society of Exploration Geophysics, Tulsa.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1978). Electrical properties of permafrost. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Permafrost, Edmonton, Canada, 127–131.Google Scholar
and (1969). Diffusion and relaxation phenomena in ice. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 50(3), 1089–1103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1978). Influence of pore fluid salinity on seismic and electrical properties of rocks at permafrost temperatures. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Permafrost, Edmonton, Canada, 553–566.Google Scholar
and (1971). Five years of surveying with the Very Low Frequency Electromagnetics method. Geoexploration, 9, 7–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2005). Equivalent images derived from very-low-frequency (VLF) profile data. Geophysics, 70(3), 43–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2005). Groundwater exploration using combined controlled-source and radiomagnetotelluric techniques. Geophysics, 70, 8–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1997). Tools for electromagnetic investigation of the shallow subsurface. The Leading Edge, 16, 1631–1638.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2002). The importance of displacement currents in RMT measurements in high resistivity environments. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 51(1), 11–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2004). Empirical inversion of HEM data for sea ice thickness mapping. In 10th European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics (EAGE's Near Surface 2004), Extended Abstracts, Utrecht, A037.
, and (1985). Some aspects of transient electromagnetic soundings for permafrost delineation. In CRREL Special Report, 85–5, 74–90.
and (1982). Electromagnetic induction methods for mapping permafrost along northern pipeline corridors. Proceedings of the 4th Canadian Permafrost Conference, Canada, 283–298.Google Scholar
and (1996). Komplexgeophysikalische Untersuchungen auf dem Dösener Blockgletscher (Hohe Tauern, Österreich). Beiträge zur Permafrostforschung in Österreich. Arbeiten aus dem Institut für Geographie der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, 33, 165–190.Google Scholar
, and (1990). Geophysics in the study of permafrost. In Geotechnical and Environmental Geophysics, ed. , Society of Exploration Geophysics, Tulsa, pp. 355–384.Google Scholar
(1978). Temperature-electrical resistivity relationship in continuous permafrost at Purtuniq, Ungava Peninsula. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Permafrost, Edmonton, Canada, 137–144.Google Scholar
and (1991). Electromagnetic sounding. In Electromagnetic Methods in Applied Geophysics, ed. , Vol. 2, Society of Exploration Geophysics, Tulsa, pp. 5–45.Google Scholar
(1999). A review of environmental applications of quasi-stationary electromagnetic techniques. Surveys in Geophysics, 20, 279–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1998). Electromagnetic and geological transect across permafrost terrain, Mackenzie River delta, Canada. Geophysics 63(6), 1914–1924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , , , , and (2006). Comparison of geophysical investigations for detection of massive ground ice (pingo ice). Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, E6, CiteID E06S19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (1996). Radiomagnetotellurics: a powerful tool for waste-site exploration. European Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, 1, 139–159.Google Scholar
- 1
- Cited by