Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- 1 The evolution of alternative reproductive tactics: concepts and questions
- PART I ULTIMATE CAUSES AND ORIGINS OF ALTERNATIVE REPRODUCTIVE TACTICS
- PART II PROXIMATE MECHANISMS OF ALTERNATIVE REPRODUCTIVE TACTICS
- PART III TAXONOMIC REVIEWS OF ALTERNATIVE REPRODUCTIVE TACTICS
- 8 Alternative reproductive tactics in insects
- 9 The expression of crustacean mating strategies
- 10 Alternative reproductive tactics in fish
- 11 Alternative reproductive tactics in amphibians
- 12 Alternative reproductive tactics in reptiles
- 13 Alternative reproductive tactics in birds
- 14 Alternative reproductive tactics in nonprimate male mammals
- 15 Alternative reproductive tactics in primates
- PART IV EMERGING PERSPECTIVES ON ALTERNATIVE REPRODUCTIVE TACTICS
- Index of species
- Subject index
- References
12 - Alternative reproductive tactics in reptiles
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 August 2009
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- 1 The evolution of alternative reproductive tactics: concepts and questions
- PART I ULTIMATE CAUSES AND ORIGINS OF ALTERNATIVE REPRODUCTIVE TACTICS
- PART II PROXIMATE MECHANISMS OF ALTERNATIVE REPRODUCTIVE TACTICS
- PART III TAXONOMIC REVIEWS OF ALTERNATIVE REPRODUCTIVE TACTICS
- 8 Alternative reproductive tactics in insects
- 9 The expression of crustacean mating strategies
- 10 Alternative reproductive tactics in fish
- 11 Alternative reproductive tactics in amphibians
- 12 Alternative reproductive tactics in reptiles
- 13 Alternative reproductive tactics in birds
- 14 Alternative reproductive tactics in nonprimate male mammals
- 15 Alternative reproductive tactics in primates
- PART IV EMERGING PERSPECTIVES ON ALTERNATIVE REPRODUCTIVE TACTICS
- Index of species
- Subject index
- References
Summary
CHAPTER SUMMARY
In this chapter we explore the diversity of alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) exhibited by reptiles. There is a rich literature on ARTs in a broad diversity of reptile lineages, and our contribution is therefore not an exhaustive one. Rather, we attempt to cover topics of general significance to many fields of study, including differences in male and female reproductive behavior, sex ratio adjustment and progeny gender manipulation, and the role of parthenogenesis in mating systems. Our goal is to provide a representative portrait of the diversity of tactics displayed among reptilian lineages, but we often illustrate more elaborate points using data from side-blotched lizards, Uta stansburiana, a system that we have been working on together for a decade. Throughout the chapter we emphasize the distinction between the proximate and the ultimate mechanisms that underlie the evolution of alternative tactics. We conclude with a brief discussion of potentially exciting future research directions in reptilian systems.
INTRODUCTION
Exploring alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) in reptiles presents a great challenge given the diverse nature of these taxa. Modern reptilian lineages are paraphyletic with ancient histories. Some extinct reptilian groups such as the dinosaurs undoubtedly exhibited alternative reproductive tactics, given the documented dichotomy between precocial (Geist and Jones 1996, Varricchio et al. 1997) and altricial young (Horner 2000) in various dinosaur lineages. This dichotomy in the developmental tactics of young is strongly associated with the mating systems in the surviving descendants of dinosaurs, the birds.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Alternative Reproductive TacticsAn Integrative Approach, pp. 332 - 342Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2008
References
and 2001. Mate choice games, context-dependent good genes, and genetic cycles in the side-blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 49, 176–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and 2002. Uncoupling direct and indirect components of female choice in the wild. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99, 14897–14902.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and 2004. Progeny sex is determined by relative male body size within polyandrous females' clutches: cryptic mate choice in the wild. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 17, 464–470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and 2002. Sexual selection and alternative strategies generate demographic stochasticity in small populations. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 269, 157–164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and 2001. Negative genetic correlation for adult fitness between sexes reveals ontogenetic conflict in Drosophila. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98, 1671–1675.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2000. New colony formation in the “highly inbred” eusocial naked mole-rat: outbreeding is preferred. Behavioral Ecology 11, 1–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and 1991. Pseudocopulation in nature in a unisexual whiptail lizard. Animal Behaviour 42, 512–514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1985. Cooperation and conflict among dunnocks, Prunella modularis, in a variable mating system. Animal Behaviour 33, 628–648.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and 1984. Food distribution and a variable mating system in the dunnock, Prunella modularis. Journal of Animal Ecology 53, 895–912.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and 1996. The evolution of oviparity with egg guarding and viviparity in lizards and snakes: a phylogenetic analysis. Evolution 50, 391–400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and 2002. Stable social aggregations in an Australian lizard, Egernia stokesfi. Naturwissenschaften 89, 424–427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1996. Female Control: Sexual Selection by Cryptic Female Choice. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
2000. Criteria for demonstrating postcopulatory female choice. Evolution 54, 1047–1050.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and 2002. Dynamics of yolk steroid hormones during development in a reptile with temperature-dependent sex determination. General and Comparative Endocrinology 127, 34–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and 2002. High levels of genetic monogamy in the group-living Australian lizard Egernia stokesii. Molecular Ecology 11, 1787–1794.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and 1996. Juvenile skeletal structure and the reproductive habits of dinosaurs. Science 272, 712–714.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and 1996. Progesterone inhibits female-typical receptive behavior and decreases hypothalamic estrogen and progesterone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid levels in whiptail lizards (Genus Cnemidophorus). Hormones and Behavior 30, 138–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greene, H. W. 1988. Antipredator mechanisms in reptiles. In and (eds.) Biology of the Reptilia, vol. 16, pp. 1–152. New York: Wiley-Liss.Google Scholar
, , and 2003. Molecular genetic evidence for parthenogenesis in the Burmese python, Python molurus bivittatus. Heredity 90, 130–135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
1981. On the occurence of oviparous and viviparous forms of the Mexican lizard Sceloporu aeneus. Herpetologica 37, 11–15.Google Scholar
, , , and 1980. Evolution of viviparity in the lizard genus Sceloporus. Herpetologica 36, 201–215.Google Scholar
2000. Incubation temperature determines hatchling sex in Australian rock dragons (Agamidae: Genus Ctenophorus). Copeia, 958–964.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and 2000. Reproductive ecology of the jacky dragon (Amphibolurus muricatus): an agamid lizard with temperature-dependent sex determination. Austral Ecology 25, 640–652.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and 2002. Variation in eggshell characteristics and in intrauterine egg retention between two oviparous clades of the lizard Lacerta vivipara: insight into the oviparity–viviparity continuum in squamates. Journal of Morphology 252, 255–262.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
1988. Resource defense and sexual selection on male head size in the lizard Uta palmeri. American Zoologist 28, A52.Google Scholar
, , and 1994. Early exposure to androgens affects adult expression of alternative male types in tree lizards. Hormones and Behavior 28, 96–115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2000. Dinosaur reproduction and parenting. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 28, 19–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and 1979. Nest of juveniles provides evidence of family structure among dinosaurs. Nature 282, 296–298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and 2002. Reunion vigour: an experimental test of the mate guarding hypothesis in the monogamous sleepy lizard (Tiliqua rugosa). Journal of Zoology (London) 257, 333–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and 1998. The maintenance of sex by parasitism and mutation accumulation under epistatic fitness functions. Evolution 52, 604–610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , and 2003. Environmental and endocrine correlates of tactic switching by nonterritorial male tree lizards (Urosaurus ornatus). Hormones and Behavior 43, 83–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and 1986. Male parental care in mugger crocodiles. National Geographic Research 2, 519–525.Google Scholar
, , , , and 2002. Titanosaurid trackways from the Upper Cretaceous of Bolivia: evidence for large manus, wide-gauge locomotion and gregarious behaviour. Cretaceous Research 23, 383–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and 1990. Mutation load and the survival of small populations. Evolution 44, 1725–1737.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and 1992. Why do female adders copulate so frequently?Nature 355, 440–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and 2002. Effects of incubation temperature and estrogen exposure on aromatase activity in the brain and gonads of embryonic alligators. Environmental Health Perspectives 110, 393–396.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and 1986. Sex steroid hormones in natural populations of a sexual whiptail lizard, Cnemidophorus inornatus, a direct evolutionary ancestor of a unisexual, parthenogenic lizard. General and Comparative Endorcinology 63, 424–430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and 1998. Hormonal control and evolution of alternative male phenotypes: generalizations of models for sexual differentiation. American Zoologist 38, 133–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1983. Parthenogenesis in the endemic Australian lizard Heteronotia binoei (Gekkonidae). Science 220, 735–737.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and 2003. Nest temperature is not related to egg size in a turtle with temperature-dependent sex determination. Copeia, 366–372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , and 2000. A fine line between sex and unisexuality: the phylogenetic constraints on parthenogenesis in lacertid lizards. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 130, 527–549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1980. The Brahminy blind snake (Ramphotyphlops braminus) in the Seychelles Archipelago: distribution, variation, and further evidence for parthenogenesis. Herpetologica 36, 215–221.Google Scholar
and 2003. Transposable elements in clonal lineages: lethal hangover from sex. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79, 33–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and 1996. Female lizards control paternity of their offspring by selective use of sperm. Nature 383, 585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and 1997. Is sperm really so cheap? Costs of reproduction in male adders, Vipera berus. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 264, 455–459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and 1987. Influence of moisture, temperature, and substrate on snapping turtle eggs and embryos. Ecology (Tempe) 68, 983–993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and 2000. Nesting ecology of the American crocodile in the coastal zone of Belize. Copeia, 869–873.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and 2001. Intersexual ontogenetic conflict. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 14, 685–693.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and 1997. The enemies within: intergenomic conflict, interlocus contest evolution (ICE), and the intraspecific Red Queen. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 41, 1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and 1997. Evidence of a unisexual population of the Brazilian whiptail lizard genus Cnemidophorus (Teiidae), with description of a new species. Herpetologica 53, 374–382.Google Scholar
Seigel, R. A. and Ford, N. B. 1987. Reproductive ecology. In , , and (eds.) Snakes: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, pp. 210–252. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Shine, R. 1985. The evolution of viviparity in reptiles: an ecological analysis. In and (eds.) Biology of the Reptilia, vol. 0, pp. 00–00. New York: Wiley-Liss.Google Scholar
1999. Why is sex determined by nest temperature in many reptiles?Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14, 186–189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and 1991. Why are clutch sizes more variable in some species than in others?Evolution 45, 1696–1706.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and 1988. The evolution of viviparity in reptiles: a physiological model and its ecological consequences. Journal of Theoretical Biology 132, 43–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and 2001. Courting male garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) use multiple cues to identify potential mates. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 49, 465–473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and 2000. Chastity belts in gartersnakes: the functional significance of mating plugs. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 70, 377–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and 2002. Co-occurrence of multiple, supposedly incompatible modes of sex determination in a lizard population. Ecology Letters 5, 486–489.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and 2003. Chemosensory cues allow courting male garter snakes to assess body length and body condition of potential mates. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 54, 162–166.Google Scholar
1993. The effect of offspring size on physiology and life history: manipulation of size using allometric engineering. BioScience 43, 210–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinervo, B. 1994. Experimental tests of reproductive allocation paradigms. In and (eds.) Lizard Ecology: Historical and Experimental Perspectives, pp. 73–93. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2001. Selection in local neighborhoods, graininess of social environments, and the ecology of alternative strategies. In Editor (ed.) Model Systems in Behavioral Ecology, pp. 191–226. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
and 2003. Physiological epistasis, ontogenetic conflict and natural selection on physiology and life history. Integrative and Comparative Biology 43, 419–430.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and 2003. Morphs, dispersal behavior, genetic similarity, and the evolution of cooperation. Science 300, 1949–1951.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and 1996. The rock–paper–scissors game and the evolution of alternative male reproductive strategies. Nature 380, 240–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and 2000. Density cycles and an offspring quantity and quality game driven by natural selection. Nature 406, 985–988.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and 2001. Social causes of correlational selection and the resolution of a heritable throat color polymorphism in a lizard. Evolution 55, 2040–2052.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and 1994a. Territory acquisition in lizards. 1. First encounters. Animal Behaviour 47, 1375–1385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and 1994b. Territory acquisition in lizards. 2. Establishing social and spatial relationships. Animal Behaviour 47, 1387–1400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and 1995. Territory acquisition in lizards. 3. Competing for space. Animal Behaviour 49, 679–693.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , et al. 2001. Intraspecific phylogeography of Lacerta vivipara and the evolution of viviparity. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 18, 449–459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and 1991a. Syntopic occurence of multiple dewlap color morphs in male tree lizards. Copeia 1991, 493–503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and 1991b. Throat colour reliably signals status in male tree lizards, Urosaurus ornatus. Animal Behaviour 42, 745–754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and 1993. Social, environment and genetic factors in the ontogeny of phenotypic differentiation in a lizard with alternative male reproductive strategies. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 33, 137–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and 1997. Nest and egg clutches of the dinosaur Troodon formosus and the evolution of avian reproductive traits. Nature 385, 247–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1983. Sexual selection, social competition, and speciation. Quarterly Review of Biology 58, 155–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and 1996. Lekking in marine iguanas: female grouping and male reproductive strategies. Animal Behaviour 52, 581–596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2001. Female multiple mating as a genetic bet-hedging strategy when mate choice criteria are unreliable. Ecological Research 16, 605–616.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and 2000. Polygyny, mate-guarding, and posthumous fertilizations as alternative male strategies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97, 14427–14432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 12
- Cited by