This chapter explores how apprehensions of Anglo-Saxon verbal and visual arts resource the poetry of the twentieth-century British modernist poet, Basil Bunting (1900–1985). It is a commonplace of Bunting scholarship that this Northumbrian poet consciously engaged with earlier Northern poetic and visual traditions, including those of the Anglo-Saxons, in the forging of his long modernist poem, Briggflatts (1966). With the important exception of Peter Makin, however, few have explored in any detail how Anglo-Saxon and modernist aesthetics meet in this poem and, of those few, none (as far as I know) have been Anglo-Saxonists. Yet, at the same time that Bunting was working on his poetry, the Old English critic John Leyerle was working on his classic essay on ‘The Interlace Structure of Beowulf ’ (1967). Critic and poet alike are drawn to interlace because of its potential for illuminating early English culture, whether material or verbal. Their shared interest in this subject illustrates the degree to which modern poetic imaginings of the past have points of contact with contemporary scholarship about that past. But this chapter also argues that a better understanding of modern aesthetic appropriations of early English culture can offer us new ways to read the literature of the period itself. If this chapter begins, therefore, in the twentieth century, it ends in the tenth, with a reading of the Old English riddle, Exeter Book Riddle 51, usually solved as ‘a pen with three fingers’.

The first three lines of Exeter Book Riddle 51 constitute the last of the three quotations with which this chapter begins. They image, as is well known to Anglo-Saxonists, the art of writing: the wondrous creatures travel together over the page, leaving a trail or path of black ink. My first quotation offers a different scene of writing.