38 results
44 - Hyperthermia
- from Section 10 - Environmental Emergencies
- Edited by Kaushal Shah, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, Jarone Lee, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Edited in association with Clark G. Owyang, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, Benjamin Christian Renne, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
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- Practical Emergency Resuscitation and Critical Care
- Published online:
- 02 November 2023
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- 23 November 2023, pp 453-464
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Summary
The human body has many physiological compensatory mechanisms such as shivering and sweating for maintaining a state of thermal homeostasis. Occasionally, these mechanisms become overwhelmed, resulting in a continuum of heat-related injuries and illnesses. Heat edema, syncope, cramps and exhaustion comprise the milder manifestations of temperature illness. This chapter focuses on the more critical presentations of hyperthermia, including heatstroke and toxicological hyperthermia.
Chapter 36 - Dams: Implications of Widespread Anthropic Flooding for Primate Populations
- from Part VI - Conservation Case Studies
- Edited by Katarzyna Nowak, Adrian A. Barnett, Ikki Matsuda
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- Primates in Flooded Habitats
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- 24 December 2018
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- 03 January 2019, pp 285-292
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64 - Hyperthermia
- from Section 11 - Environmental emergencies
- Edited by Kaushal Shah, Jarone Lee, Kamal Medlej, American University of Beirut, Scott D. Weingart
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- Practical Emergency Resuscitation and Critical Care
- Published online:
- 05 November 2013
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- 24 October 2013, pp 418-426
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This chapter discusses the management of hematology-oncology emergencies including anticoagulation. Patients on anticoagulation who fall may have no immediate sequelae of an intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Symptoms can develop over days or even weeks. The most common presentation of intracranial hemorrhage is an insidious onset of headache, light-headedness, nausea, and vomiting. Emergency physicians must maintain a high level of suspicion for intracranial bleeding in patients on anticoagulation, even in the absence of trauma, and particularly in those patients with a supratherapeutic INR. In anticoagulated patients with altered mental status or possible head trauma, a non-contrast computed tomography (CT) is key in identifying intracranial hemorrhage. Anticoagulated patients with head trauma, no loss of consciousness, and a negative initial head imaging should be observed for at least 6 hours (the exact number of hours is controversial) from the onset of the trauma.
Contributors
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- By Syed S. Ali, Nathan Allen, John E. Arbo, Elizabeth Arrington, Ani Aydin, Kenneth R. L. Bernard, Amy Caggiula, Nolan Caldwell, Jennifer L. Carey, Jennifer Carnell, Jayaram Chelluri, Michael N. Cocchi, Cristal Cristia, Vishal Demla, Bram Dolcourt, Andrew Eyre, Shawn Fagan, Brandy Ferguson, Sarah Fisher, Jonathan Friedstat, Brian C. Geyer, Brandon Godbout, Jeremy Gonda, Jeremy Goverman, Ashley L. Greiner, Casey Grover, Carla Haack, Abigail Hankin, John W. Hardin, Katrina L. Harper, Gregory Hayward, Stephen Hendriksen, Daniel Herbert-Cohen, Nadine Himelfarb, Calvin E. Hwang, Jacob D. Isserman, Joshua Jauregui, Joshua W. Joseph, Elena Kapilevich, Feras H. Khan, Sarvotham Kini, Karen A. Kinnaman, Ruth Lamm, Calvin Lee, Jarone Lee, Charles Lei, John Lemos, Daniel J. Lepp, Elisabeth Lessenich, Brandon Maughan, Julie Mayglothling, Kevin McConnell, Laura Medford-Davis, Kamal Medlej, Heather Meissen, Payal Modi, Joel Moll, Jolene H. Nakao, Matthew Nicholls, Lindsay Oelze, Carolyn Maher Overman, Viral Patel, Timothy C. Peck, Jeffrey Pepin, Candace Pettigrew, Byron Pitts, Zubaid Rafique, Chanu Rhee, Jonathan C. Roberts, Daniel Rolston, Steven C. Rougas, Benjamin Schnapp, Kathryn A. Seal, Raghu Seethala, Todd A. Seigel, Navdeep Sekhon, Kaushal Shah, Robert L. Sherwin, Kirill Shishlov, Ashley Shreves, Sebastian Siadecki, Jeffrey N. Siegelman, Liza Gonen Smith, Ted Stettner, Marie Carmelle Tabuteau, Joseph E. Tonna, N. Seth Trueger, Chad Van Ginkel, Bina Vasantharam, Graham Walker, Susan Wilcox, Sandra J. Williams, Matthew L. Wong, Nelson Wong, Samantha Wood, John Woodruff, Benjamin Zabar
- Edited by Kaushal Shah, Jarone Lee, Kamal Medlej, American University of Beirut, Scott D. Weingart
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- Practical Emergency Resuscitation and Critical Care
- Published online:
- 05 November 2013
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- 24 October 2013, pp xi-xx
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. 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Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. 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Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Effects of dietary amines on the gut and its vasculature
- Kenneth J. Broadley, M. Akhtar Anwar, Amy A. Herbert, Martina Fehler, Elen M. Jones, Wyn E. Davies, Emma J. Kidd, William R. Ford
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- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 101 / Issue 11 / 14 June 2009
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- 19 November 2008, pp. 1645-1652
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- 14 June 2009
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Trace amines, including tyramine and β-phenylethylamine (β-PEA), are constituents of many foods including chocolate, cheeses and wines and are generated by so-called ‘friendly’ bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Lactococcus and Enterococcus species, which are found in probiotics. We therefore examined whether these dietary amines could exert pharmacological effects on the gut and its vasculature. In the present study we examined the effects of tyramine and β-PEA on the contractile activity of guinea-pig and rat ileum and upon the isolated mesenteric vasculature and other blood vessels. Traditionally, these amines are regarded as sympathomimetic amines, exerting effects through the release of noradrenaline from sympathetic nerve endings, which should relax the gut. A secondary aim was therefore to confirm this mechanism of action. However, contractile effects were observed in the gut and these were independent of noradrenaline, acetylcholine, histamine and serotonin receptors. They were therefore probably due to the recently described trace amine-associated receptors. These amines relaxed the mesenteric vasculature. In contrast, the aorta and coronary arteries were constricted, a response that was also independent of a sympathomimetic action. From these results, we propose that after ingestion, trace amines could stimulate the gut and improve intestinal blood flow. Restriction of blood flow elsewhere diverts blood to the gut to aid digestion. Thus, trace amines in the diet may promote the digestive process through stimulation of the gut and improved gastrointestinal circulation.
Part III - Infant care and development in a Gusii community
- Robert A. Levine, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Sarah Levine, University of California, San Diego, Suzanne Dixon, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Amy Richman, Work-Family Directions, Inc., P. Herbert Leiderman, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Constance H. Keefer, Harvard Medical School, T. Berry Brazelton, Harvard School of Public Health, Massachusetts
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- Child Care and Culture
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- 11 May 2010
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- 26 August 1994, pp 141-142
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Index
- Robert A. Levine, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Sarah Levine, University of California, San Diego, Suzanne Dixon, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Amy Richman, Work-Family Directions, Inc., P. Herbert Leiderman, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Constance H. Keefer, Harvard Medical School, T. Berry Brazelton, Harvard School of Public Health, Massachusetts
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- Child Care and Culture
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- 11 May 2010
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- 26 August 1994, pp 333-346
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2 - Infant care in sub-Saharan Africa
- from Part I - African infancy: Frameworks for understanding
- Robert A. Levine, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Sarah Levine, University of California, San Diego, Suzanne Dixon, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Amy Richman, Work-Family Directions, Inc., P. Herbert Leiderman, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Constance H. Keefer, Harvard Medical School, T. Berry Brazelton, Harvard School of Public Health, Massachusetts
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- Child Care and Culture
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- 26 August 1994, pp 22-54
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Summary
The conditions under which infants are raised in sub-Saharan Africa have been explored by anthropologists, demographers, and developmental psychologists. Despite the large size of the continent and the diversity of its inhabitants, the sub-Saharan agricultural peoples are connected by history as well as geography and constitute a distinct cultural region in comparison with other regions of the world. Many Gusii customs are shared with other peoples in the region. This chapter sets the stage for our consideration of the Gusii case by describing similarities and variations in African practices of infant care, beginning with the goal of survival and proceeding to the organizational and relational contexts of caregiving, its characteristic activities and interactions, and patterns of early development.
SURVIVAL AS A GOAL OF INFANT CARE
African customs of infant care have been described in the anthropological literature since at least the beginning of the 20th century. The earliest observers were Protestant missionaries who worked among Bantu peoples in southern Africa before 1920. Their published accounts are not focused on childhood but include descriptions of customs in which babies are breast-fed for 2 or 3 years, carried on their mothers' backs, and often taken care of by young girls – whose photographs with babies bound to their backs appear in some of the books. The great frequency of infant death is mentioned, often as an aside. Birth rituals, naming ceremonies, and vernacular terms for the early stages of childhood are described, usually with no interpretation.
List of tables and figures
- Robert A. Levine, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Sarah Levine, University of California, San Diego, Suzanne Dixon, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Amy Richman, Work-Family Directions, Inc., P. Herbert Leiderman, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Constance H. Keefer, Harvard Medical School, T. Berry Brazelton, Harvard School of Public Health, Massachusetts
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- Child Care and Culture
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- 26 August 1994, pp vii-x
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4 - Gusii fertility, marriage, and family
- from Part II - Parenthood among the Gusii of Kenya
- Robert A. Levine, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Sarah Levine, University of California, San Diego, Suzanne Dixon, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Amy Richman, Work-Family Directions, Inc., P. Herbert Leiderman, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Constance H. Keefer, Harvard Medical School, T. Berry Brazelton, Harvard School of Public Health, Massachusetts
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- Child Care and Culture
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- 26 August 1994, pp 92-120
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For Gusii infants and their parents, high fertility is a pervasive condition of family life and child development. Like parents elsewhere in Africa, the Gusii fervently desire the maximum number of surviving offspring, but they have been exceptionally successful in achieving this goal: Their fertility ranks near the top among human populations. The population of Kisii District, that is, Gusiiland, grew from under 300,000 in 1948 to well over a million in 1979, with the highest population growth rate in Kenya (which has the highest national growth rate in the world) and it also became, as of the 1979 census, the most densely populated district in the country. Thus fertility, though highly valued by the Gusii, had resulted in a serious ecological problem by the last quarter of the 20th century.
This situation was evident in Morongo, where the 1956 population density of 450 per square mile had risen to about 1,000 by 1976. Robert LeVine, who lived at Morongo in the 1950s, was unable to recognize the Nyansongo locality in 1974 because of the number of houses filling up the cow pastures, which had been its most visible internal boundaries. Homesteads, and houses within homesteads, were closer together than they had been – too close for comfort, by Gusii standards.
Ombese, a 60-year-old father in our sample, exemplifies the consequences of population growth for family life. His father, one of the original settlers of Morongo, had owned a large hillside of 75 acres, and Ombese, as one of three sons, had inherited about 20 acres.
3 - Gusii culture: A person-centered perspective
- from Part II - Parenthood among the Gusii of Kenya
- Robert A. Levine, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Sarah Levine, University of California, San Diego, Suzanne Dixon, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Amy Richman, Work-Family Directions, Inc., P. Herbert Leiderman, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Constance H. Keefer, Harvard Medical School, T. Berry Brazelton, Harvard School of Public Health, Massachusetts
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Summary
The Gusii people, now numbering over a million, inhabit the southwestern corner of the Kenya highlands, elevated above the hot coast of Lake Victoria farther to the west (Figure 3.1). They have occupied this territory – with its cool climate, rich soil, and abundant rainfall – for perhaps two centuries, maintaining a distinctive Bantu language and ethnic identity amidst the Nilotic speaking peoples who surround them. Geographically isolated in 20th-century Kenya, the Gusii nevertheless have become known throughout the country since World War II, first for their productive agriculture, and more recently for their exceptionally high fertility and population growth.
The Gusii were precipitously introduced to Western culture in the first decade of the 20th century when they came under British rule and the first Christian missionaries arrived. Their lives have never been the same, and the pace of social change has increased with each successive decade up to the present. Yet their contemporary survival strategies, family life, and patterns of child care can only be understood in terms of traditions inherited from their ancestors. Here we present an overview of Gusii culture and institutions in precolonial times and how they changed between 1907 and 1974, of the Gusii life course as experienced by adults and learned by children, and of the community in which we studied Gusii young children and their parents from 1974 to 1976.
Appendix C - Blankhart Nutrition Questionnaire
- Robert A. Levine, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Sarah Levine, University of California, San Diego, Suzanne Dixon, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Amy Richman, Work-Family Directions, Inc., P. Herbert Leiderman, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Constance H. Keefer, Harvard Medical School, T. Berry Brazelton, Harvard School of Public Health, Massachusetts
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Part IV - Interpretations
- Robert A. Levine, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Sarah Levine, University of California, San Diego, Suzanne Dixon, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Amy Richman, Work-Family Directions, Inc., P. Herbert Leiderman, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Constance H. Keefer, Harvard Medical School, T. Berry Brazelton, Harvard School of Public Health, Massachusetts
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6 - Infant care: Cultural norms and interpersonal environment
- from Part III - Infant care and development in a Gusii community
- Robert A. Levine, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Sarah Levine, University of California, San Diego, Suzanne Dixon, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Amy Richman, Work-Family Directions, Inc., P. Herbert Leiderman, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Constance H. Keefer, Harvard Medical School, T. Berry Brazelton, Harvard School of Public Health, Massachusetts
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Summary
This chapter concerns how Gusii mothers define infant care – their shared assumptions about the tasks and standards involved – and examines the infant's interpersonal environment over the first 30 months of life. Age trends in the infant's social ecology are analyzed in relation to family characteristics and to developmental patterns measured by the Bayley Infant Scales.
THE CULTURAL MODEL OF INFANT CARE
Despite their socioeconomic and religious differences, our sample families in Morongo varied little in how they defined the maternal role and its primary responsibilities. Their model of infant care largely replicated that of the preceding generation, whose norms and practices were recorded in the 1950s. The practices of mothers had been affected by new scarcities as well as new resources. The new resources included blankets, which made it unnecessary to keep the cooking fire going all night, thus reducing the risks of burns; more clothing, keeping children warmer during the rainy season; bottles with nipples, making it unnecessary for child caregivers to force-feed babies from a calabash when the mother was absent; and the use of water from wells instead of streams. In other words, greater access to cash, imported consumer goods, and household improvements had brought a higher level of material welfare that reduced some of the risks to infants observable in the earlier study. Novel scarcities included firewood, still used for cooking but more difficult to obtain in densely inhabited settlements, and children to look after babies, now attending school during the years they formerly spent at home.
Part I - African infancy: Frameworks for understanding
- Robert A. Levine, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Sarah Levine, University of California, San Diego, Suzanne Dixon, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Amy Richman, Work-Family Directions, Inc., P. Herbert Leiderman, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Constance H. Keefer, Harvard Medical School, T. Berry Brazelton, Harvard School of Public Health, Massachusetts
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10 - Early child development in an African context: Comparative lessons
- from Part IV - Interpretations
- Robert A. Levine, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Sarah Levine, University of California, San Diego, Suzanne Dixon, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Amy Richman, Work-Family Directions, Inc., P. Herbert Leiderman, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Constance H. Keefer, Harvard Medical School, T. Berry Brazelton, Harvard School of Public Health, Massachusetts
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Summary
In this book we have focused on the ordinary devoted mother of Kisii District, Kenya, and her provision of a facilitating environment for the maturational processes of her infants during the years 1974–1976. Using these terms coined by the British pediatrician-psychoanalyst D. W. Winnicott implies a general similarity between Gusii mothers and the English mothers Winnicott observed: Both are committed to help their infants grow and thrive. It does not mean, however, that the care they provide is the same. On the contrary, the evidence presented in the foregoing chapters indicates that Gusii mothers' understanding of what is best for their babies, the goals of care to which they are devoted, the specific processes they seek to facilitate, their methods of facilitation, and the kind of caregiving environment in which the methods are embedded, differ from those of London or the suburban United States. In this chapter we analyze these similarities and differences comparatively as cultural models with developmental consequences, taking first the perspective of the parent and then that of the developing child. Moving beyond the cultural relativity of these divergent models, we assess the costs and benefits of their associated practices during infancy and in subsequent development. Finally, we explore the implications of this analysis for theories of child development and the acquisition of culture.
INFANT CARE AMONG THE GUSII AND THE AMERICAN WHITE MIDDLE CLASS
In comparing these two populations, we cross the major socioeconomic and demographic divisions between a rural African people and the affluent, urbanized people of a Western industrial country.
Notes
- Robert A. Levine, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Sarah Levine, University of California, San Diego, Suzanne Dixon, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Amy Richman, Work-Family Directions, Inc., P. Herbert Leiderman, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Constance H. Keefer, Harvard Medical School, T. Berry Brazelton, Harvard School of Public Health, Massachusetts
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References
- Robert A. Levine, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Sarah Levine, University of California, San Diego, Suzanne Dixon, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Amy Richman, Work-Family Directions, Inc., P. Herbert Leiderman, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Constance H. Keefer, Harvard Medical School, T. Berry Brazelton, Harvard School of Public Health, Massachusetts
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Part II - Parenthood among the Gusii of Kenya
- Robert A. Levine, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Sarah Levine, University of California, San Diego, Suzanne Dixon, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Amy Richman, Work-Family Directions, Inc., P. Herbert Leiderman, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Constance H. Keefer, Harvard Medical School, T. Berry Brazelton, Harvard School of Public Health, Massachusetts
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