9 results
Neuroticism and extraversion as predictors of first-lifetime onsets of depression, anxiety, and suicidality in high-risk adolescents
- McKinley Pawlak, Hayley Schmidtler, Daniel C. Kopala-Sibley
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- Journal:
- Development and Psychopathology , First View
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 February 2024, pp. 1-12
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There is substantial evidence that personality traits, in particular neuroticism and extraversions predict depressive and anxiety episodes as well as suicidal ideation. However, little research has examined whether these traits predict the first onset of depressive and anxiety disorders and suicidal ideation. Moreover, the few studies to date have not adjusted for pre-existing subthreshold symptoms, assessed dimensionally. In this study, 144 adolescents were assessed at baseline, 9-, and 18-month follow-ups. Neuroticism and extraversion were assessed via self-report, and depressive and anxiety disorders and suicidal ideation were assessed with diagnostic interviews. Adjusting for age, sex, and baseline symptoms, logistic regression analyses showed that neuroticism predicted the first onset of depressive disorders. However, neither neuroticism nor extraversion predicted first onsets of anxiety disorders, extraversion did not predict depressive disorders, and neither trait predicted suicidal ideation onset or severity after adjusting for baseline symptoms. Neuroticism and extraversion may respectively predispose youth to depressive or anxiety disorders but not to suicidal ideation over and above pre-existing symptoms. Results have implications for the early identification of at-risk youth and prevention of depressive and anxiety disorders and suicidal ideation.
Characterisation of age and polarity at onset in bipolar disorder
- Janos L. Kalman, Loes M. Olde Loohuis, Annabel Vreeker, Andrew McQuillin, Eli A. Stahl, Douglas Ruderfer, Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu, Georgia Panagiotaropoulou, Stephan Ripke, Tim B. Bigdeli, Frederike Stein, Tina Meller, Susanne Meinert, Helena Pelin, Fabian Streit, Sergi Papiol, Mark J. Adams, Rolf Adolfsson, Kristina Adorjan, Ingrid Agartz, Sofie R. Aminoff, Heike Anderson-Schmidt, Ole A. Andreassen, Raffaella Ardau, Jean-Michel Aubry, Ceylan Balaban, Nicholas Bass, Bernhard T. Baune, Frank Bellivier, Antoni Benabarre, Susanne Bengesser, Wade H Berrettini, Marco P. Boks, Evelyn J. Bromet, Katharina Brosch, Monika Budde, William Byerley, Pablo Cervantes, Catina Chillotti, Sven Cichon, Scott R. Clark, Ashley L. Comes, Aiden Corvin, William Coryell, Nick Craddock, David W. Craig, Paul E. Croarkin, Cristiana Cruceanu, Piotr M. Czerski, Nina Dalkner, Udo Dannlowski, Franziska Degenhardt, Maria Del Zompo, J. Raymond DePaulo, Srdjan Djurovic, Howard J. Edenberg, Mariam Al Eissa, Torbjørn Elvsåshagen, Bruno Etain, Ayman H. Fanous, Frederike Fellendorf, Alessia Fiorentino, Andreas J. Forstner, Mark A. Frye, Janice M. Fullerton, Katrin Gade, Julie Garnham, Elliot Gershon, Michael Gill, Fernando S. Goes, Katherine Gordon-Smith, Paul Grof, Jose Guzman-Parra, Tim Hahn, Roland Hasler, Maria Heilbronner, Urs Heilbronner, Stephane Jamain, Esther Jimenez, Ian Jones, Lisa Jones, Lina Jonsson, Rene S. Kahn, John R. Kelsoe, James L. Kennedy, Tilo Kircher, George Kirov, Sarah Kittel-Schneider, Farah Klöhn-Saghatolislam, James A. Knowles, Thorsten M. Kranz, Trine Vik Lagerberg, Mikael Landen, William B. Lawson, Marion Leboyer, Qingqin S. Li, Mario Maj, Dolores Malaspina, Mirko Manchia, Fermin Mayoral, Susan L. McElroy, Melvin G. McInnis, Andrew M. McIntosh, Helena Medeiros, Ingrid Melle, Vihra Milanova, Philip B. Mitchell, Palmiero Monteleone, Alessio Maria Monteleone, Markus M. Nöthen, Tomas Novak, John I. Nurnberger, Niamh O'Brien, Kevin S. O'Connell, Claire O'Donovan, Michael C. O'Donovan, Nils Opel, Abigail Ortiz, Michael J. Owen, Erik Pålsson, Carlos Pato, Michele T. Pato, Joanna Pawlak, Julia-Katharina Pfarr, Claudia Pisanu, James B. Potash, Mark H Rapaport, Daniela Reich-Erkelenz, Andreas Reif, Eva Reininghaus, Jonathan Repple, Hélène Richard-Lepouriel, Marcella Rietschel, Kai Ringwald, Gloria Roberts, Guy Rouleau, Sabrina Schaupp, William A Scheftner, Simon Schmitt, Peter R. Schofield, K. Oliver Schubert, Eva C. Schulte, Barbara Schweizer, Fanny Senner, Giovanni Severino, Sally Sharp, Claire Slaney, Olav B. Smeland, Janet L. Sobell, Alessio Squassina, Pavla Stopkova, John Strauss, Alfonso Tortorella, Gustavo Turecki, Joanna Twarowska-Hauser, Marin Veldic, Eduard Vieta, John B. Vincent, Wei Xu, Clement C. Zai, Peter P. Zandi, Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) Bipolar Disorder Working Group, International Consortium on Lithium Genetics (ConLiGen), Colombia-US Cross Disorder Collaboration in Psychiatric Genetics, Arianna Di Florio, Jordan W. Smoller, Joanna M. Biernacka, Francis J. McMahon, Martin Alda, Bertram Müller-Myhsok, Nikolaos Koutsouleris, Peter Falkai, Nelson B. Freimer, Till F.M. Andlauer, Thomas G. Schulze, Roel A. Ophoff
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 219 / Issue 6 / December 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 August 2021, pp. 659-669
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- December 2021
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Background
Studying phenotypic and genetic characteristics of age at onset (AAO) and polarity at onset (PAO) in bipolar disorder can provide new insights into disease pathology and facilitate the development of screening tools.
AimsTo examine the genetic architecture of AAO and PAO and their association with bipolar disorder disease characteristics.
MethodGenome-wide association studies (GWASs) and polygenic score (PGS) analyses of AAO (n = 12 977) and PAO (n = 6773) were conducted in patients with bipolar disorder from 34 cohorts and a replication sample (n = 2237). The association of onset with disease characteristics was investigated in two of these cohorts.
ResultsEarlier AAO was associated with a higher probability of psychotic symptoms, suicidality, lower educational attainment, not living together and fewer episodes. Depressive onset correlated with suicidality and manic onset correlated with delusions and manic episodes. Systematic differences in AAO between cohorts and continents of origin were observed. This was also reflected in single-nucleotide variant-based heritability estimates, with higher heritabilities for stricter onset definitions. Increased PGS for autism spectrum disorder (β = −0.34 years, s.e. = 0.08), major depression (β = −0.34 years, s.e. = 0.08), schizophrenia (β = −0.39 years, s.e. = 0.08), and educational attainment (β = −0.31 years, s.e. = 0.08) were associated with an earlier AAO. The AAO GWAS identified one significant locus, but this finding did not replicate. Neither GWAS nor PGS analyses yielded significant associations with PAO.
ConclusionsAAO and PAO are associated with indicators of bipolar disorder severity. Individuals with an earlier onset show an increased polygenic liability for a broad spectrum of psychiatric traits. Systematic differences in AAO across cohorts, continents and phenotype definitions introduce significant heterogeneity, affecting analyses.
Anxiety disorders, comorbidity, and suicide attempts in adolescence: a preliminary investigation
- C Pawlak, T Pascual-Sanchez, P Raë, W Fischer, F Ladame
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 14 / Issue 3 / June 1999
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 April 2020, pp. 132-136
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The prevalence of anxiety disorders and associated DSM-III-R diagnoses were measured in a sample of 80 female adolescents aged between 15 to 20 years consulting an outpatient psychiatric service for adolescents. The suicide attempt group (SA) included 40 patients evaluated within 24 h after attempted suicide. This is compared to 40 consecutive patients consulting the same center but without any history of suicide attempt (the no attempt group, NA).
The global prevalence of anxiety disorders was similar in both groups (SA: 65% vs. NA: 60%, NS) as was the relative importance of the different disorders in each group, generalized anxiety being the most frequent specific anxiety disorder. The most striking difference between the two groups was in the prevalence of affective disorders in 90% (SA) vs. 32.5% (NA) (P < 0.001), leading to high rates of comorbidity on axis I in the SA group. Of the 24 patients with anxiety disorders who attempted suicide, 21 (95%) fulfilled criteria for associated major depression, compared to five out of 21 (24%) patients with anxiety disorders who had not attempted suicide.
Adolescents with anxiety disorders developing major depression are at a high risk for suicide. The depression may be of short duration (less than two weeks) when compared to that of the anxiety disorder (greater than six months). To improve suicide prevention, our findings if confirmed should encourage clinicians to perform a close follow-up of adolescents with anxiety disorders for an early detection of sudden depressive breakdowns.
On the dispersion of a drug delivered intrathecally in the spinal canal
- J. J. Lawrence, W. Coenen, A. L. Sánchez, G. Pawlak, C. Martínez-Bazán, V. Haughton, J. C. Lasheras
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 861 / 25 February 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 December 2018, pp. 679-720
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This paper investigates the transport of a solute carried by the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the spinal canal. The analysis is motivated by the need for a better understanding of drug dispersion in connection with intrathecal drug delivery (ITDD), a medical procedure used for treatment of some cancers, infections and pain, involving the delivery of the drug to the central nervous system by direct injection into the CSF via the lumbar route. The description accounts for the CSF motion in the spinal canal, described in our recent publication (Sánchez et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 841, 2018, pp. 203–227). The Eulerian velocity field includes an oscillatory component with angular frequency $\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}$, equal to that of the cardiac cycle, and associated tidal volumes that are a factor $\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}\ll 1$ smaller than the total CSF volume in the spinal canal, with the small velocity corrections resulting from convective acceleration providing a steady-streaming component with characteristic residence times of order $\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}^{-2}\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}^{-1}\gg \unicode[STIX]{x1D714}^{-1}$. An asymptotic analysis for $\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}\ll 1$ accounting for the two time scales $\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}^{-1}$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}^{-2}\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}^{-1}$ is used to investigate the prevailing drug-dispersion mechanisms and their dependence on the solute diffusivity, measured by the Schmidt number $S$. Convective transport driven by the time-averaged Lagrangian velocity, obtained as the sum of the Eulerian steady-streaming velocity and the Stokes-drift velocity associated with the non-uniform pulsating flow, is found to be important for all values of $S$. By way of contrast, shear-enhanced Taylor dispersion, which is important for values of $S$ of order unity, is shown to be negligibly small for the large values $S\sim \unicode[STIX]{x1D700}^{-2}\gg 1$ corresponding to the molecular diffusivities of all ITDD drugs. Results for a model geometry indicate that a simplified equation derived in the intermediate limit $1\ll S\ll \unicode[STIX]{x1D700}^{-2}$ provides sufficient accuracy under most conditions, and therefore could constitute an attractive reduced model for future quantitative analyses of drug dispersion in the spinal canal. The results can be used to quantify dependences of the drug-dispersion rate on the frequency and amplitude of the pulsation of the intracranial pressure, the compliance and specific geometry of the spinal canal and the molecular diffusivity of the drug.
On the bulk motion of the cerebrospinal fluid in the spinal canal
- A. L. Sánchez, C. Martínez-Bazán, C. Gutiérrez-Montes, E. Criado-Hidalgo, G. Pawlak, W. Bradley, V. Haughton, J. C. Lasheras
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 841 / 25 April 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 February 2018, pp. 203-227
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Radionuclide scanning images published in Nature by Di Chiro in 1964 showed a downward migration along the spinal canal of particle tracers injected in the brain ventricles while also showing an upward flow of tracers injected in the lumbar region of the canal. These observations, since then corroborated by many radiological measurements, have been the basis for the hypothesis that there must be an active circulation mechanism associated with the transport of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) deep down into the spinal canal and subsequently returning a portion back to the cranial vault. However, to date, there has been no physical explanation for the mechanism responsible for the establishment of such a bulk recirculating motion. To investigate the origin and characteristics of this recirculating flow, we have analyzed the motion of the CSF in the subarachnoid space of the spinal canal. Our analysis accounts for the slender geometry of the spinal canal, the small compliance of the dura membrane enclosing the CSF in the canal, and the fact that the CSF is confined to a thin annular subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord. We apply this general formulation to study the characteristics of the flow generated in a simplified model of the spinal canal consisting of a slender compliant cylindrical pipe with a coaxial cylindrical inclusion, closed at its distal end, and subjected to small periodic pressure pulsations at its open entrance. We show that the balance between the local acceleration and viscous forces produces a leading-order flow consisting of pure oscillatory motion with axial velocities on the order of a few centimetres per second and amplitudes monotonically decreasing along the length of the canal. We then demonstrate that the nonlinear term associated with the convective acceleration contributes to a second-order correction consisting of a steady streaming that generates a bulk recirculating motion of the CSF along the length of the canal with characteristic velocities two orders of magnitude smaller than the leading-order oscillatory flow. The results of the analysis of this idealized geometry of the spinal canal are shown to be in good agreement not only with experimental measurements in an in-vitro model but also with radiological measurements conducted in human adults.
Current Understanding and Modeling of B Diffusion and Activation Anomalies in Preamorphized Ultra-Shallow Junctions
- B. Colombeau, A.J. Smith, N.E.B. Cowern, B.J. Pawlak, F. Cristiano, R. Duffy, A. Claverie, C.J. Ortiz, P. Pichler, E. Lampin, C. Zechner
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 810 / 2004
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 March 2011, C3.6
- Print publication:
- 2004
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The formation of ultra-shallow junctions (USJs) for future integrated circuit technologies requires preamorphization and high dose boron doping to achieve high activation levels and abrupt profiles. To achieve the challenging targets set out in the semiconductor roadmap, it is crucial to reach a much better understanding of the basic physical processes taking place during USJ processing. In this paper we review current understanding of dopant-defect interactions during thermal processing of device structures – interactions which are at the heart of the dopant diffusion and activation anomalies seen in USJs. First, we recall the formation and thermal evolution of End of Range (EOR) defects upon annealing of preamorphized implants (PAI). It is shown that various types of extended defect can be formed: clusters, {113} defects and dislocation loops. During annealing, these defects exchange Si interstitial atoms and evolve following an Ostwald ripening mechanism. We review progress in developing models based on these concepts, which can accurately predict EOR defect evolution and interstitial transport between the defect layer and the surface. Based on this physically based defect modelling approach, combined with fully coupled multi-stream modelling of dopant diffusion, one can perform highly predictive simulations of boron diffusion and de/re-activation in Ge-PAI boron USJs. Agreement between simulations and experimental data is found over a wide range of experimental conditions, clearly indicating that the driving mechanism that degrades boron junction depth and activation is the dissolution of the interstitial defect band. Finally, we briefly outline some promising methods, such as co-implants and/or vacancy engineering, for further down-scaling of source-drain resistance and junction depth.
Intracerebral varicella-zoster virus reactivation in congenital varicella syndrome
- A Sauerbrei, J Pawlak, C Luger, P Wutzler
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- Journal:
- Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology / Volume 45 / Issue 12 / December 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 November 2003, pp. 837-840
- Print publication:
- December 2003
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Patients with congenital varicella syndrome (CVS) typically present with clinical symptoms consisting of skin lesions, neurological defects, eye diseases, and/or limb hypoplasia. In rare cases, isolated manifestations in the brain or eye have been reported. The varicella-zoster virus (VZV), as the causative agent of CVS, could only be detected in a few infants with CVS. In addition, there is little in the literature on antiviral treatment of infants born with signs of CVS. We report a case of CVS in a male infant who presented with generalized clonic cerebral seizures at age 4 months. An endogenous intracerebral viral reactivation following intrauterine VZV infection was assumed. After the diagnosis was confirmed virologically, acyclovir was administered intravenously for 10 days and afterwards orally for 3 weeks. This antiviral treatment was aimed at preventing progression of the disease. We concluded from this case that infants with intrauterine VZV infection can suffer intracerebral VZV reactivations that require antiviral treatment.
A Comparison of Spike, Flash, SPER and Laser Annealing for 45nm CMOS
- R. Lindsay, B. Pawlak, J. Kittl, K. Henson, C. Torregiani, S. Giangrandi, R. Surdeanu, W. Vandervorst, A. Mayur, J. Ross, S. McCoy, J. Gelpey, K. Elliott, X. Pages, A. Satta, A. Lauwers, P. Stolk, K. Maex
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 765 / 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 February 2011, D7.4
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- 2003
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Due to integration concerns, the use of meta-stable junction formation approaches like laser thermal annealing (LTA), solid phase epitaxial regrowth (SPER), and flash annealing has largely been avoided for the 90nm CMOS node. Instead fast-ramp spike annealing has been optimised along with co-implantation to satisfy the device requirements, often with the help from thin offset spacers. However for the 65nm and 45nm CMOS node it is widely accepted that this conventional approach will not provide the required pMOS junctions, even with changes in the transistor architecture.
In this work, we will compare junction performance and integratablity of fast-ramp spike, flash, SPER and laser annealing down to 45nm CMOS. The junction depth, abruptness and resistance offered by each approach are balanced against device uniformity, deactivation and leakage. Results show that the main contenders for the 45nm CMOS are SPER and flash annealing – but both have to be rigorously optimised for regrowth rates, amorphous positioning and dopant and co-implant profiles. From the two, SPER offers the best junction abruptness (<1nm/dec) with leakage suitable for low power applications, while the flash anneal has the benefit of higher solid solubility (>4E20at/cm3) and less transistor modifications. As expected, Ge and F co-implanted spike annealed junctions do not reach the 45nm node requirements. For full-melt LTA, poly deformation on isolation can be reduced but geometry effects result in unacceptable junction non-uniformity.
Trastornos de ansiedad, comorbilidad e intentos de suicidio en la adolescencia: una investigación preliminar
- C. Pawlak, T. Pascual-Sánchez, P. Raë, W. Fischer, F. Ladame
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry (Ed.Española) / Volume 7 / Issue 1 / February 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 May 2020, pp. 34-38
- Print publication:
- February 2000
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Se midió la prevalencia de los trastornos de ansiedad y los diagnósticos del DSM-III-R asociados en una muestra de 80 mujeres adolescentes entre 15 y 20 años de edad que consultaban a un servicio psiquiátrico ambulatorio para adolescentes. El grupo con intento de suicidio (Sui) incluía a 40 pacientes evaluadas en un plazo de 24 h después del intento de suicidio. Se compara este grupo con 40 pacientes consecutivas sin historia de intento de suicidio (grupo sin intento, NSui) que consultaban al mismo centro. La prevalencia global de los trastornos de ansiedad era similar en ambos grupos (Sui: 65% frente a NSui: 60%, no significativo), como lo era la importancia relativa de los diferentes trastornos en cada grupo, siendo la ansiedad generalizada el trastorno de ansiedad específico más frecuente. La diferencia más sorprendente entre los dos grupos estaba en la prevalencia de los trastornos afectivos, 90% (Sui) frente a 32,5% (NSui) (P < 0,001), que llevaba a tasas altas de comorbilidad en el eje I en el grupo Sui. De las 24 pacientes con trastornos de ansiedad que intentaron suicidarse, 21 (95%) cumplían los criterios para depresión mayor asociada, en comparación con cinco de 21 (24%) pacientes con trastornos de ansiedad que no intentaron suicidarse. Los adolescentes con trastorno de ansiedad que desarrollan depresión mayor corren un riesgo alto de suicidio. La depresión puede ser de duración breve (menos de dos semanas) cuando se compara con la del trastorno de ansiedad (superior a seis semanas). Para mejorar la prevención del suicidio, nuestros resultados, si se confirman, deberían animar a los clínicos a realizar un estrecho seguimiento de los adolescentes con trastornos de ansiedad para una detección temprana de las crisis depresivas repentinas.