5 results
Dietary intake of adolescent rowers - analysis of energy intake
- J. Speedy, K. Beck, S. Watts, C. Badenhorst
-
- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 83 / Issue OCE1 / April 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 May 2024, E43
-
- Article
-
- You have access Access
- Export citation
-
Adequate energy intake (EI) is essential for adolescent athletes to support health, performance, and growth(1). Rowing is a physically demanding sport where intense training begins in adolescence. Research is needed to assess whether current EI is sufficient to support healthy physiological functions and training in adolescent rowers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the energy status (energy availability (EA) or energy balance (EB)) including EI and exercise energy expenditure (EEE) of adolescent rowers in New Zealand. A total of 35 rowers (23 females, 16.8yrs ± 1.9yrs; 12 males, 17.3yrs ± 1.6yrs) who had been rowing for at least one season participated. A bioimpedance analyser measured body composition in 11 participants (8 females, weight 63.0±7.0kg, fat free mass (FFM) 50.8 ± 6.5kg; 3 males, weight 78.5 ± 15.9kg, FFM 70.7 ± 12.2kg) enabling calculation of EA. Due to COVID-19 restrictions, the remaining 24 participants (15 females, 9 males) provided estimated body weight (74.7 ± 9.2kg) and EB was then used to evaluate energy status. All participants completed four days of food and training diaries, two ‘recovery’ and two ‘hard’ training days. EI was determined in FoodWorks10 software using the New Zealand Food Composition Database. For training, metabolic equivalent of tasks (MET)(2) were assigned using bodyweight, heart rate, and rating of perceived effort to estimate EEE. Paired sample t-tests or Wilcoxon Signed Rank test (non-parametric data) was used to determine differences between EI, EEE, EA, and EB on the high and low training days for each gender. Significance was set at p< 0.05. The average EI for females on hard and recovery days was 10837 ± 3304kJ and 10461 ± 2882kJ respectively, and for males was 15293 ± 3971kJ and 13319 ± 4943kJ, respectively. No significant differences were found between EI on hard vs. recovery days in both genders. Significant differences between average EEE on hard vs. recovery days were found in both genders (females, hard day 4609 ± 2446kJ, recovery day 3146 ± 1905kJ, p<0.001; males, hard day 6589 ± 1575kJ, recovery day 3326 ± 2890kJ, p = 0.001). EA on hard and recovery training days was classified as suboptimal at 142 ± 80kJ/FFMkg/day and 167 ± 79kJ/FFMkg/day respectively with no significant difference in EA between hard and recovery days (p = 0.092). Average EB on hard training days was −484 ± 4267kJ and on recovery training days was 572 ± 3265kJ, with no significant difference between training days (p = 0.177). Both genders showed no significant difference in EB between hard and recovery training days (females p = 0.221, males p = 0.978). The results suggest that adolescent rowers do not adjust their nutritional intake to match EEE. This may increase the risk of adolescent rowers presenting with suboptimal EB or EA, with females being at a greater risk than males.
Macronutrient intakes of adolescent rowers for growth, development and sports performance
- S. Watts, K. Beck, J. Speedy, C. Badenhorst
-
- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 83 / Issue OCE1 / April 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 May 2024, E44
-
- Article
-
- You have access Access
- Export citation
-
Dietary intake plays a key role in athletic performance in rowing(1). Suboptimal nutrition within the adolescent rowing population may negatively affect performance, normal growth and development, professional athlete development, and career longevity. Previous research has indicated that suboptimal carbohydrate intakes are a common issue in rowing(2). The quality of nutritional intake in adolescent rowers has seldom been explored. During moderate training, adolescent athletes should aim for 5-7g.kg-1 of carbohydrates, 1.3-1.8g.kg-1 of protein, and 20-35% energy from fat(3). This study aimed to examine the dietary intake of adolescent rowers in New Zealand and compare it with nutritional guidelines for normal growth, development, and sports performance. A cross-sectional study design involved data collection on two ‘hard’ training days, and two ‘recovery’ days from rowers (14-21 years) recruited from clubs and secondary schools around New Zealand. Participants completed four 24-hour collection periods, recording food intake, training duration and intensity. The food records were verified for accuracy, and dietary data was entered into Foodworks software for nutritional analysis. IBM SPSS software was used to calculate mean intakes for carbohydrate, protein, fat, and standard deviations. Independent t-tests were used to compare carbohydrate and protein intakes between males and females. Of the initial 40 participants, 35 fully (n = 23 females, 16.8 ± 1.9 years and n = 12 males, 17.3 ± 1.6 years) completed the study. Participants consumed 319 ± 116g (4.5 ± 1.7g.kg-1/day) of carbohydrates, 121 ± 56 g (1.7 ± 0.7 g.kg-1/day) of protein and 113 ± 46 g (1.6 ± 0.6g.kg-1/day) of fat per day. Females consumed 290 ± 80g (4.4 ± 1.3g.kg-1/day) of carbohydrates and males consumed 400 ± 78 g (5.0 ± 1.4g.kg-1/day) per day, with no significant difference between males and females intake per kilogram of bodyweight per day (p = 0.165). Minimum carbohydrate levels of 5g.kg-1 per day were only achieved by 7 females (30.4%) and 4 (33.3%) males. Females consumed significantly less protein per day, 106 ± 38g (1.6 ± 0.6 g.kg-1/day), in comparison to males who consumed 164 ± 46 grams (2.0 ± 0.5 g.kg-1/day) per day (p = 0.04). Fourteen females (60.9%) and 10 males (83.3%) consumed more than the minimum requirement of 1.3g.kg-1 of protein per day. The findings suggest that 2 out of 3 adolescent rowers in New Zealand fail to reach the minimum recommendations for carbohydrate intake(3), and males more readily meet the recommended intakes of protein when compared to females. Nutrition education for adolescent rowers in New Zealand should emphasise adequate carbohydrate and protein intakes that meet sports nutrition guidelines in order to support normal growth, development and optimised performance for these athletes.
Risk of low energy availability and level of nutrition knowledge in recreational trail runners in Aotearoa/New Zealand
- T. Buch, K.L. Beck, R. Tam, J. Gifford, C. Badenhorst
-
- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 83 / Issue OCE1 / April 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 May 2024, E42
-
- Article
-
- You have access Access
- Export citation
-
Trail running is an endurance sport growing in popularity. It is characterised by long event durations and extreme environments that are likely to result in high exercise energy expenditure. Energy availability is defined as the amount of energy available to support normal physiological functions after subtracting the energy cost of exercise from energy intake. Insufficient energy intake, increased exercise, or a combination of both can result in a state of low energy availability (LEA). While research shows a weak positive association between nutrition knowledge and diet quality, results are conflicting regarding associations between nutrition knowledge and LEA. Research has demonstrated a high prevalence of risk of LEA (~33%-85%) among both elite and recreational athletes, across both sexes and in endurance sports such as running. However, little is known about risk of LEA and nutrition knowledge in trail runners. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of LEA prevalence in recreational trail runners and investigate associations with nutrition knowledge. Risk of LEA was assessed using the ‘Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire’ (LEAF-Q)(1), and the ‘Low Energy Availability in Males Questionnaire’ (LEAM-Q)(2). Nutrition knowledge was measured via the ‘Platform for Evaluating Athlete Knowledge in Sports – Nutrition Questionnaire’ (PEAKS-NQ)(3). Demographics and trail-running experience questions were integrated into the survey. Data was analysed in SPSS version 29 (IBM Corporation). Comparisons between groups (e.g. ‘low risk’ vs ‘not low risk’) were performed using a chi-square test for categorical variables, and an independent samples t-test for continuous variables. The final survey sample was 217 (140 females, 42.01 ± 10.72 years; 77 males, 47.86 ± 12.05 years) for the LEAF-Q, LEAM-Q, and trail running questions; and 152 for the PEAKS-NQ. Thirty-one percent of females (n = 43) were classified as ‘not low risk’ of LEA based on the LEAF-Q cut-off of ≥8. Twenty-three percent of males (n = 18) were identified as having low sex drive, a marker of LEA risk. The LEAF-Q/sex drive score was higher in those ‘not at low risk’ (10.72 ± 2.28/4.50 ± 1.95) compared to those at low risk (3.94 ± 2.34/1.53 ± 1.12, p<0.001). Three quarters of general nutrition knowledge responses were correct (females, 78.60 ± 10.09%; males, 75.78 ± 10.67%). However, sports nutrition scores were lower (females, 66.31 ± 13.44%; males, 63.18 ± 15.53%) with the lowest mean scores observed for ‘fuel for during events’. There was no significant association between nutrition knowledge and risk of LEA in both sexes. The findings suggest that recreational trail runners are a group of active individuals who are at risk of LEA and that they might benefit from more sports-specific nutrition education.
Do children undergoing bilateral myringotomy with placement of ventilating tubes benefit from pre-operative analgesia? A double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled trial
- B McHale, C D Badenhorst, C Low, D Blundell
-
- Journal:
- The Journal of Laryngology & Otology / Volume 132 / Issue 8 / August 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 July 2018, pp. 685-692
- Print publication:
- August 2018
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
Objective
A double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled trial was conducted to determine whether routine pre-operative analgesia is beneficial in reducing post-operative ear pain following bilateral myringotomy and tube placement.
MethodsForty-five children (aged 3–15 years) were randomised to receive either pre-operative analgesics (paracetamol and ibuprofen) (n = 21) or placebo (n = 24). All children underwent sevoflurane gas induction with intranasal fentanyl (2 mcg/kg) to reduce the incidence of emergence agitation. Post-operative pain scores were measured using the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale. Median pain scores taken 90 minutes post-surgery, and the highest pain score recorded prior to 90 minutes, were analysed.
ResultsThere were no statistical differences between the median pain scores at 90 minutes or subsequent need for rescue analgesia. Emergence agitation did not occur in any child. Inadvertent ear trauma, use of an intravenous cannula or airway adjunct did not affect pain scores.
ConclusionRoutine pre-operative analgesia does not reduce pain scores in the early post-operative period. Simple analgesics are effective for rescue analgesia in the minority of cases.
Plasma fibrinogen of black South Africans: the BRISK study
- HH Vorster, JC Jerling, K Steyn, CJ Badenhorst, W Slazus, CS Venter, PL Jooste, LT Bourne
-
- Journal:
- Public Health Nutrition / Volume 1 / Issue 3 / September 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 September 1998, pp. 169-176
-
- Article
-
- You have access Access
- Export citation
-
Objective:
To describe the distribution of plasma fibrinogen and relationships with other risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke in the black population of the Cape Peninsula.
Design:A cross-sectional survey of a stratified proportional sample of randomly selected black men and women.
Setting:Households in Gugulethu, Langa, Nyanga, New Crossroads, KTC, Old Crossroads and Khayelitsha in the Cape Peninsula, South Africa.
Subjects:One subject per household (352 men and 447 women), aged 15–64 years, voluntarily participated. Visitors, pregnant, lactating, ill, mentally retarded and intoxicated subjects were excluded.
Results:Mean fibrinogen (thrombin time coagulation method) of men and women were higher than published data for Europeans but slightly lower than values of black Americans. Women aged 45–54 years had the highest level (3.13 ± 0.89g1−1) and men aged 15–24 years had the lowest (2.13 ± 0.88g1−1). Fifteen per cent of the men and 12% of the women had a level greater than 1 standard deviation of the mean for their age group. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed significant (P< 0.05) positive correlations of fibrinogen with smoking habit, age, body mass index (BMI), total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure and white blood cell count, and significant negative correlations with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), serum iron and ferritin. The correlations with BMI, serum lipoproteins, iron, ferritin, and GGT suggest that nutritional status and therefore diet influences plasma fibrinogen.
Conclusions:Relatively high fibrinogen levels, tending to cluster with other, including diet-related, risk factors for CHD and stroke, were observed in black South Africans. It is suggested that fibrinogen may contribute to the high stroke incidence of this population group.