30 results
Trends in Brain Research: A Bibliometric Analysis
- Marc-André Simard, Diego Kozlowski, Julia Segal, Mia Messer, Don Daniel Ocay, Toni Saari, Catherine E. Ferland, Vincent Larivière
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- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences , First View
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 November 2023, pp. 1-11
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Background:
Bibliometrics methods have allowed researchers to assess the popularity of brain research through the ever-growing number of brain-related research papers. While many topics of brain research have been covered by previous studies, there is no comprehensive overview of the evolution of brain research and its various specialties and funding practices over a long period of time.
Objective:This paper aims to (1) determine how brain research has evolved over time in terms of number of papers, (2) countries' relative and absolute positioning in terms of papers and impact, and (3) how those various trends vary by area.
Methods:Using a list of validated keywords, we extracted brain-related articles and journals indexed in the Web of Science over the 1991–2020 period, for a total of 2,467,708 papers. We used three indicators to perform: number of papers, specialization, and research impact.
Results:Our results show that over the past 30 years, the number of brain-related papers has grown at a faster pace than science in general, with China being at the forefront of this growth. Different patterns of specialization among countries and funders were also underlined. Finally, the NIH, the European Commission, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the UK Medical Research Council, and the German Research Foundation were found to be among the top funders.
Conclusion:Despite data-related limitations, our findings provide a large-scope snapshot of the evolution of brain research and its funding, which may be used as a baseline for future studies on these topics.
Belief bias and representation in assessing the Bayesian rationality of others
- Richard B. Anderson, Laura Marie Leventhal, Don C. Zhang, Daniel Fasko, Jr., Zachariah Basehore, Christopher Gamsby, Jared Branch, Timothy Patrick
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- Journal:
- Judgment and Decision Making / Volume 14 / Issue 1 / January 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 January 2023, pp. 1-10
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People often assess the reasonableness of another person’s judgments. When doing so, the evaluator should set aside knowledge that would not have been available to the evaluatee to assess whether the evaluatee made a reasonable decision, given the available information. But under what circumstances does the evaluator set aside information? On the one hand, if the evaluator fails to set aside prior information, not available to the evaluatee, they exhibit belief bias. But on the other hand, when Bayesian inference is called for, the evaluator should generally incorporate prior knowledge about relevant probabilities in decision making. The present research integrated these two perspectives in two experiments. Participants were asked to take the perspective of a fictitious evaluatee and to evaluate the reasonableness of the evaluatee’s decision. The participant was privy to information that the fictitious evaluatee did not have. Specifically, the participant knew whether the evaluatee’s decision judgment was factually correct. Participants’ judgments were biased (Experiments 1 and 2) by the factuality of the conclusion as they assessed the evaluatee’s reasonableness. We also found that the format of information presentation (Experiment 2) influenced the degree to which participants’ reasonableness ratings were responsive to the evaluatee’s Bayesian rationality. Specifically, responsivity was greater when the information was presented in an icon-based, graphical, natural-frequency format than when presented in either a numerical natural-frequency format or a probability format. We interpreted the effects of format to suggest that graphical presentation can help organize information into nested sets, which in turn enhances Bayesian rationality.
Designing and Implementing Deliberative Processes for Health Technology Assessment: A Good Practices Report of a Joint HTAi/ISPOR Task Force
- Wija Oortwijn, Don Husereau, Julia Abelson, Edwine Barasa, Diana (Dana) Bayani, Vania Canuto Santos, Anthony Culyer, Karen Facey, David Grainger, Katharina Kieslich, Daniel Ollendorf, Andrés Pichon-Riviere, Lars Sandman, Valentina Strammiello, Yot Teerawattananon
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- Journal:
- International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care / Volume 38 / Issue 1 / 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 June 2022, e37
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Objectives
Deliberative processes for health technology assessment (HTA) are intended to facilitate participatory decision making, using discussion and open dialogue between stakeholders. Increasing attention is being given to deliberative processes, but guidance is lacking for those who wish to design or use them. Health Technology Assessment International (HTAi) and ISPOR—The Professional Society for Health Economics and Outcomes Research initiated a joint Task Force to address this gap.
MethodsThe joint Task Force consisted of fifteen members with different backgrounds, perspectives, and expertise relevant to the field. It developed guidance and a checklist for deliberative processes for HTA. The guidance builds upon the few, existing initiatives in the field, as well as input from the HTA community following an established consultation plan. In addition, the guidance was subject to two rounds of peer review.
ResultsA deliberative process for HTA consists of procedures, activities, and events that support the informed and critical examination of an issue and the weighing of arguments and evidence to guide a subsequent decision. Guidance and an accompanying checklist are provided for (i) developing the governance and structure of an HTA program and (ii) informing how the various stages of an HTA process might be managed using deliberation.
ConclusionsThe guidance and the checklist contain a series of questions, grouped by six phases of a model deliberative process. They are offered as practical tools for those wishing to establish or improve deliberative processes for HTA that are fit for local contexts. The tools can also be used for independent scrutiny of deliberative processes.
Consolidated health economic evaluation reporting standards 2022 (CHEERS 2022) statement: updated reporting guidance for health economic evaluations
- Don Husereau, Michael Drummond, Federico Augustovski, Esther de Bekker-Grob, Andrew H. Briggs, Chris Carswell, Lisa Caulley, Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk, Dan Greenberg, Elizabeth Loder, Josephine Mauskopf, C. Daniel Mullins, Stavros Petrou, Raoh-Fang Pwu, Sophie Staniszewska
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- Journal:
- International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care / Volume 38 / Issue 1 / 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 January 2022, e13
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Health economic evaluations are comparative analyses of alternative courses of action in terms of their costs and consequences. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement, published in 2013, was created to ensure health economic evaluations are identifiable, interpretable, and useful for decision making. It was intended as guidance to help authors report accurately which health interventions were being compared and in what context, how the evaluation was undertaken, what the findings were, and other details that may aid readers and reviewers in interpretation and use of the study. The new CHEERS 2022 statement replaces previous CHEERS reporting guidance. It reflects the need for guidance that can be more easily applied to all types of health economic evaluation, new methods and developments in the field, as well as the increased role of stakeholder involvement including patients and the public. It is also broadly applicable to any form of intervention intended to improve the health of individuals or the population, whether simple or complex, and without regard to context (such as health care, public health, education, social care, etc.). This summary article presents the new CHEERS 2022 28-item checklist and recommendations for each item. The CHEERS 2022 statement is primarily intended for researchers reporting economic evaluations for peer-reviewed journals, as well as the peer reviewers and editors assessing them for publication. However, we anticipate familiarity with reporting requirements will be useful for analysts when planning studies. It may also be useful for health technology assessment bodies seeking guidance on reporting, as there is an increasing emphasis on transparency in decision making.
Toward Complete, Candid, and Unbiased International Consensus Statements on Concussion in Sport
- Stephen T. Casper, Kathleen E. Bachynski, Michael E. Buckland, Don Comrie, Sam Gandy, Judith Gates, Daniel S. Goldberg, Kathryn Henne, Karen Hind, Daniel Morrison, Francisco Ortega, Alan J. Pearce, Sean Philpott-Jones, Elizabeth Sandel, Ted Tatos, Sally Tucker, Adam M. Finkel
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- Journal:
- Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics / Volume 49 / Issue 3 / Fall 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 October 2021, pp. 372-377
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- Fall 2021
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Five international consensus statements on concussion in sports have been published. This commentary argues that there is a strong need for a new approach to them that foregrounds public health expertise and patient-centered guidance. Doing so will help players, parents and practitioners keep perspective about these potentially life-altering injuries especially when they recur.
Forward flux and enhanced dissipation of geostrophic balanced energy
- Jim Thomas, Don Daniel
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 911 / 25 March 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 February 2021, A60
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A broad spectrum of internal gravity waves coexist with the geostrophic balanced flow in the world's oceans. Satellite altimeter data sets, in situ observations and global scale ocean model outputs collected over the past one decade reveal significant variability in the balance-to-wave energy ratio in the world's oceans. Notably, wave-dominant regions of the world's oceans are characterized by the internal gravity wave spectrum overtaking the geostrophic balanced flow's spectrum at mesoscales. Inspired by these recent data sets, in this paper we explore turbulent interactions between a broad spectrum of internal gravity waves and the geostrophic balanced flow in different balance-to-wave energy regimes. Our results based on numerical integration of the non-hydrostatic Boussinesq equations reveal that the balanced flow remains unaffected by waves as long as wave energy is not significantly higher than balanced energy. Even in parameter regimes where wave and balanced energies are comparable, balanced flow undergoes an inverse energy flux with energy accumulating in large domain-scale coherent vortices. In contrast, we find that wave-dominant regimes are composed of two-way wave–balance energy exchanges and a forward flux of geostrophic energy. The geostrophic balanced flow in such regimes is composed of fine-scale structures that get dissipated at small scales and show no sign of coherent vortex formation. Our findings reveal that sufficiently high energy waves can reverse the direction of the geostrophic energy flux – from inverse to forward – enhancing geostrophic energy dissipation. Given that the balance-to-wave energy ratio is highly variable in the global ocean, the forward flux and associated small-scale dissipation of balanced energy could play an important role in high wave energy regions of the world's oceans. The prominent mechanisms suggested for dissipating balanced energy in the world's oceans require balanced flow to encounter different forms of boundaries. In contrast, the wave-induced dissipation of balanced energy described in this paper is an attractive mechanism that could dissipate balanced energy in the interior parts of the oceans and away from all forms of boundaries.
Turbulent exchanges between near-inertial waves and balanced flows
- Jim Thomas, Don Daniel
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 902 / 10 November 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 September 2020, A7
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Wind generated near-inertial waves are ubiquitous in the upper ocean. An improved understanding of near-inertial wave dynamics following their excitation in the ocean and their subsequent interaction with mesoscale geostrophic balanced flows is key to decoding oceanic energy flow pathways. In this regard, multiple oceanic data sets accumulated over the past few decades reveal that the relative strength of near-inertial waves and geostrophic balanced eddy fields is highly variable, both geographically and seasonally. Inspired by these observations, we investigate turbulent interactions and energy exchanges between near-inertial waves and balanced flows using freely evolving numerical simulations of the non-hydrostatic Boussinesq equations. We find accelerated vertical propagation and dissipation of the waves in regimes where balanced and wave fields have comparable strengths. In such regimes we also find that near-inertial waves directly extract energy from balanced flows, with $O(10\, \%)$ being the amount of balanced energy loss. In contrast, we find that near-inertial waves transfer energy to balanced flows in regimes where balance-to-wave energy ratio is small, with the gain in balanced energy being dependent on the relative strength of waves. Furthermore, these regimes are characterized by relatively weaker vertical propagation and dissipation of the near-inertial wave field. One of the key outcomes of this study is the demonstration of the lack of a unique direction for near-inertial wave-balanced flow energy transfers. Depending on the balance-to-wave energy ratio, near-inertial waves can act as an energy sink or energy source for the geostrophic balanced flow.
2301 Mucoidal pseudomonas aeruginosa infection is associated with regional inflammation in the cystic fibrosis lung
- Sankalp Malhotra, Daniel J. Wozniak, Don Hayes, Jr.
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 2 / Issue S1 / June 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 November 2018, pp. 20-21
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a life-shortening genetic disease that affects approximately 30,000 patients in the United States. CF patients suffer from chronic pulmonary infections that are associated with hyperinflammation and irreversible damage to the lower airways. As CF patients age, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.a.) is the predominant pathogen that infects the respiratory tract. The P.a. strains initially infecting the CF lung have a nonmucoid colony morphology, whereas, once chronic infection is established, these bacteria mutate leading to the emergence of mucoid P.a. variants with heightened resistance to both antibiotics and host immunity. Both nonmucoid and mucoid P.a. variants are often co-isolated on microbiological cultures of sputum collected from CF patients. However, the CF lung is known to exhibit heterogeneity in inflammation and infecting microbes across different lung regions that cannot be studied using routine sputum collection alone. Here, using a standardized bronchoscopic protocol, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was prospectively collected from each lobe of a CF cohort undergoing clinically indicated surgical procedures. We sought to investigate if there is an association between infecting P.a. variants (nonmucoid, mucoid, or mixed populations), the lung lobes in which these variants are found, and regional proinflammatory cytokine production. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We performed BAL on 16 CF patients with clinically stable disease. For each patient, we obtained BAL fluid from the right upper lobe, right middle lobe, right lower lobe, left upper lobe, lingula, and left lower lobe. We plated BAL fluid on nonselective and P.a.-selective medium to quantitate bacteria and to identify P.a. colony subtypes (nonmucoid, mucoid, or mixed). We further used a V-PLEX human cytokine array to quantitate inflammatory cytokine concentrations (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10) within BAL fluid specimens. Our specimen collection was approved by the local IRB with informed consent and assent obtained from patient volunteers. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Based on microbiological analysis, each lobar BAL specimen was classified as uninfected with P. a. or infected with nonmucoid, mucoid, or mixed (both nonmucoid and mucoid) P.a. variants. There was no observed propensity of mucoid or nonmucoid variants to be confined to certain lung lobes in our cohort. However, infection with mucoid P.a. variants was associated with higher concentrations of IL-1β (p<0.001), TNF-α (p<0.001), IL-8 (p<0.001), and IL-10 (p<0.001) within lobar BAL fluid compared with P.a.-free specimens. Specimens with mucoid variants also had greater concentrations of TNF-α (p<0.01), IL-8 (p<0.001), and IL-10 (p<0.05) compared with specimens with only nonmucoid P.a. variants. Patients infected with mixed mucoid and nonmucoid variants showed higher concentrations of TNF-α and IL-10 (p<0.05) as well as nonsignificant trends for higher concentrations of IL-1β and IL-6 compared to P.a.-free samples. Interestingly, the presence of nonmucoid P.a. variants was inversely correlated with IL-6 (p<0.05). Total bacterial burden (both P.a. and non-P.a. species) within BAL fluids was positively correlated with higher proinflammatory cytokine concentrations. Additionally, independent of bacterial colonization, the upper lobes (right upper lobe and left upper lobe) of the lungs showed trends towards higher proinflammatory cytokine concentrations compared with the lower lobes (right lower lobe and left lower lobe). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Our results demonstrate that P.a. variants (mucoid or nonmucoid) appear not to be geographically restricted in ability to colonize any lobe of the CF lung. Moreover, infection with mucoid P.a. (either alone or in mixed populations with nonmucoid variants) is associated with higher inflammatory cytokine concentrations in the CF lung. Given that infection with mucoid P.a. predicts deterioration in pulmonary function, this study provides a rationale for further investigation of cytokines as diagnostic/prognostic correlates of infection and lung disease in CF.
Rhizome Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) Control in Corn (Zea mays) with Primisulfuron and Nicosulfuron
- Rolando F. Camacho, Loren J. Moshier, Don W. Morishita, Daniel L. Devlin
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 5 / Issue 4 / December 1991
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 789-794
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In the greenhouse, soil applications of primisulfuron (40 g ai ha–1) reduced growth of emerged rhizome johnsongrass plants more than nicosulfuron (40 g ai ha–1). Both herbicides reduced growth more when applied to foliage only; a further decrease in growth did not occur for applications to both soil and foliage. Primisulfuron did not completely prevent regrowth of johnsongrass with any application method. Nicosulfuron prevented regrowth when applied to the foliage and to both soil and foliage. In single-year field studies in corn at four dryland sites and two irrigated sites, 50:50 split applications of primisulfuron (40 g ai ha–1) and nicosulfuron (35 g ai ha–1) approximately 2 wk apart provided the most consistent rhizome johnsongrass control compared with early or late single applications when visually rated 8 wk after the first application. Nicosulfuron treatments were more effective than primisulfuron treatments at both dryland sites the first year and at one of two dryland sites the second year. Primisulfuron and nicosulfuron at the irrigated site the first year were equivalent in efficacy. Nicosulfuron was more effective than primisulfuron at the irrigated site the second year. Primisulfuron or nicosulfuron treatments more than doubled corn yields at the dryland sites both years regardless of application timing. Split applications of primisulfuron or nicosulfuron provided the highest yields (approximately 80% increase over untreated plots) at the irrigated site the first year. All treatments provided equivalent yield increases (approximately 50%) the second year.
Moisture Stress Effects on Absorption and Translocation of Four Foliar-Applied Herbicides
- Daniel B. Reynolds, Trina G. Wheless, E. Basler, Don S. Murray
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 2 / Issue 4 / October 1988
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 437-441
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Laboratory experiments with 14C-herbicides were conducted with grain sorghum as an indicator species to determine the effects of imposed moisture stress on absorption, precent recovery, and acropetal and basipetal translocation of the butyl ester of fluazifop, the methyl ester of haloxyfop, the ethyl ester of quizalofop, and sethoxydim. Haloxyfop was the only herbicide where recovery decreased between the 3-and 48-h interval. All plants absorbed more of the herbicide at the 48-h interval than at the 3- or 6-h interval under both stressed and non-stressed conditions. Increased drought stress caused more acropetal movement with fluazifop and sethoxydim and less acropetal movement with quizalofop at the 3-h interval. Basipetal transloation, although different among herbicides, responded similarly to imposed moisture stress, which decreased basipetal translocation approximately 19%.
FIB milling of polymer ceramic nanocomposites: far-reaching thermal artefacts and application to analysis of corrosion barrier coatings
- Konrad Rykaczewski, Daniel G. Mieritz, Minglu Liu, Yuanyu Ma, Erick B. Iezzi, Xiaoda Sun, Liping P. Wang, Kiran N. Solanki, Don K. Seo, Robert Y. Wang
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- Journal:
- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 22 / Issue S3 / July 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 July 2016, pp. 142-143
- Print publication:
- July 2016
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Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Onset of natural convection in layered aquifers
- Don Daniel, Amir Riaz, Hamdi A. Tchelepi
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 767 / 25 March 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 February 2015, pp. 763-781
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The stability of gravitationally unstable, transient boundary layers in heterogeneous saline aquifers is examined with respect to the onset of natural convection. Permeability is assumed to vary periodically across the thickness of the aquifer. We study the interaction between permeability variation and concentration perturbations within the boundary layer. We observe that the instability decreases with an increase in the permeability variance if the boundary layer thickness is large compared with the permeability wavelength. On the other hand, when the boundary layer thickness is smaller than the permeability wavelength, the behaviour of instability as a function of variance depends on the phase of permeability variation. Such behaviours are shown to result from the interaction of two modes of vorticity production related to the coupling of concentration and velocity perturbations with the magnitude and gradient of permeability variation, respectively. We show that these two modes of vorticity production, when coupled with the transient nature of the boundary layer, determine the evolutionary paths followed by the most amplified perturbations that trigger the onset of convection. When the permeability variance is large, we find that small changes in the permeability field can lead to large changes in the onset times for convection.
Reducing Side Reactions Using PF6-based Electrolytes in Multivalent Hybrid Cells
- Danielle L. Proffit, Albert L. Lipson, Baofei Pan, Sang-Don Han, Timothy T. Fister, Zhenxing Feng, Brian J. Ingram, Anthony K. Burrell, John T. Vaughey
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 1773 / 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 June 2015, pp. 27-32
- Print publication:
- 2015
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The need for higher energy density batteries has spawned recent renewed interest in alternatives to lithium ion batteries, including multivalent chemistries that theoretically can provide twice the volumetric capacity if two electrons can be transferred per intercalating ion. Initial investigations of these chemistries have been limited to date by the lack of understanding of the compatibility between intercalation electrode materials, electrolytes, and current collectors. This work describes the utilization of hybrid cells to evaluate multivalent cathodes, consisting of high surface area carbon anodes and multivalent nonaqueous electrolytes that are compatible with oxide intercalation electrodes. In particular, electrolyte and current collector compatibility was investigated, and it was found that the carbon and active material play an important role in determining the compatibility of PF6-based multivalent electrolytes with carbon-based current collectors. Through the exploration of electrolytes that are compatible with the cathode, new cell chemistries and configurations can be developed, including a magnesium-ion battery with two intercalation host electrodes, which may expand the known Mg-based systems beyond the present state of the art sulfide-based cathodes with organohalide-magnesium based electrolytes.
Contributors
- Edited by Gro Nystuen, Stuart Casey-Maslen, Annie Golden Bersagel
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- Book:
- Nuclear Weapons under International Law
- Published online:
- 05 September 2014
- Print publication:
- 28 August 2014, pp viii-xiii
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Contributors
- Edited by Michel Janssen, University of Minnesota, Christoph Lehner, Max-Planck-Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Berlin
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Companion to Einstein
- Published online:
- 05 May 2014
- Print publication:
- 19 May 2014, pp xi-xiv
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Contributors
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- By Lenard A. Adler, Pinky Agarwal, Rehan Ahmed, Jagga Rao Alluri, Fawaz Al-Mufti, Samuel Alperin, Michael Amoashiy, Michael Andary, David J. Anschel, Padmaja Aradhya, Vandana Aspen, Esther Baldinger, Jee Bang, George D. Baquis, John J. Barry, Jason J. S. Barton, Julius Bazan, Amanda R. Bedford, Marlene Behrmann, Lourdes Bello-Espinosa, Ajay Berdia, Alan R. Berger, Mark Beyer, Don C. Bienfang, Kevin M. Biglan, Thomas M. Boes, Paul W. Brazis, Jonathan L. Brisman, Jeffrey A. Brown, Scott E. Brown, Ryan R. Byrne, Rina Caprarella, Casey A. Chamberlain, Wan-Tsu W. Chang, Grace M. Charles, Jasvinder Chawla, David Clark, Todd J. Cohen, Joe Colombo, Howard Crystal, Vladimir Dadashev, Sarita B. Dave, Jean Robert Desrouleaux, Richard L. Doty, Robert Duarte, Jeffrey S. Durmer, Christyn M. Edmundson, Eric R. Eggenberger, Steven Ender, Noam Epstein, Alberto J. Espay, Alan B. Ettinger, Niloofar (Nelly) Faghani, Amtul Farheen, Edward Firouztale, Rod Foroozan, Anne L. Foundas, David Elliot Friedman, Deborah I. Friedman, Steven J. Frucht, Oded Gerber, Tal Gilboa, Martin Gizzi, Teneille G. Gofton, Louis J. Goodrich, Malcolm H. Gottesman, Varda Gross-Tsur, Deepak Grover, David A. Gudis, John J. Halperin, Maxim D. Hammer, Andrew R. Harrison, L. Anne Hayman, Galen V. Henderson, Steven Herskovitz, Caitlin Hoffman, Laryssa A. Huryn, Andres M. Kanner, Gary P. Kaplan, Bashar Katirji, Kenneth R. Kaufman, Annie Killoran, Nina Kirz, Gad E. Klein, Danielle G. Koby, Christopher P. Kogut, W. Curt LaFrance, Patrick J.M. Lavin, Susan W. Law, James L. Levenson, Richard B. Lipton, Glenn Lopate, Daniel J. Luciano, Reema Maindiratta, Robert M. Mallery, Georgios Manousakis, Alan Mazurek, Luis J. Mejico, Dragana Micic, Ali Mokhtarzadeh, Walter J. Molofsky, Heather E. Moss, Mark L. Moster, Manpreet Multani, Siddhartha Nadkarni, George C. Newman, Rolla Nuoman, Paul A. Nyquist, Gaia Donata Oggioni, Odi Oguh, Denis Ostrovskiy, Kristina Y. Pao, Juwen Park, Anastas F. Pass, Victoria S. Pelak, Jeffrey Peterson, John Pile-Spellman, Misha L. Pless, Gregory M. Pontone, Aparna M. Prabhu, Michael T. Pulley, Philip Ragone, Prajwal Rajappa, Venkat Ramani, Sindhu Ramchandren, Ritesh A. Ramdhani, Ramses Ribot, Heidi D. Riney, Diana Rojas-Soto, Michael Ronthal, Daniel M. Rosenbaum, David B. Rosenfield, Durga Roy, Michael J. Ruckenstein, Max C. Rudansky, Eva Sahay, Friedhelm Sandbrink, Jade S. Schiffman, Angela Scicutella, Maroun T. Semaan, Robert C. Sergott, Aashit K. Shah, David M. Shaw, Amit M. Shelat, Claire A. Sheldon, Anant M. Shenoy, Yelizaveta Sher, Jessica A. Shields, Tanya Simuni, Rajpaul Singh, Eric E. Smouha, David Solomon, Mehri Songhorian, Steven A. Sparr, Egilius L. H. Spierings, Eve G. Spratt, Beth Stein, S.H. Subramony, Rosa Ana Tang, Cara Tannenbaum, Hakan Tekeli, Amanda J. Thompson, Michael J. Thorpy, Matthew J. Thurtell, Pedro J. Torrico, Ira M. Turner, Scott Uretsky, Ruth H. Walker, Deborah M. Weisbrot, Michael A. Williams, Jacques Winter, Randall J. Wright, Jay Elliot Yasen, Shicong Ye, G. Bryan Young, Huiying Yu, Ryan J. Zehnder
- Edited by Alan B. Ettinger, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, Deborah M. Weisbrot, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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- Book:
- Neurologic Differential Diagnosis
- Published online:
- 05 June 2014
- Print publication:
- 17 April 2014, pp xi-xx
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Developing a New, National Approach to Surveillance for Ventilator-Associated Events: Executive Summary
- Shelley S. Magill, Michael Klompas, Robert Balk, Suzanne M. Burns, Clifford S. Deutschman, Daniel Diekema, Scott Fridkin, Linda Greene, Alice Guh, David Gutterman, Beth Hammer, David Henderson, Dean R. Hess, Nicholas S. Hill, Teresa Horan, Marin Kollef, Mitchell Levy, Edward Septimus, Carole VanAntwerpen, Don Wright, Pamela Lipsett
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 34 / Issue 12 / December 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2015, pp. 1239-1243
- Print publication:
- December 2013
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This article is an executive summary of a report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Surveillance Definition Working Group, entitled “Developing a new, national approach to surveillance for ventilator-associated events” and published in Critical Care Medicine. The full report provides a comprehensive description of the Working Group process and outcome.
In September 2011, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) convened a Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) Surveillance Definition Working Group to organize a formal process for leaders and experts of key stakeholder organizations to discuss the challenges of VAP surveillance definitions and to propose new approaches to VAP surveillance in adult patients (Table 1).
Examining the Potential Use of the Collaborative-Geomatics Informatics Tool to Foster Intergenerational Transfer of Knowledge in a Remote First Nation Community
- Andrea Isogai, Daniel D. McCarthy, Holly L. Gardner, Jim D. Karagatzides, Skye Vandenberg, Christine Barbeau, Nadia Charania, Vicky Edwards, Don Cowan, Leonard J.S. Tsuji
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- Journal:
- The Australian Journal of Indigenous Education / Volume 42 / Issue 1 / August 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 October 2013, pp. 44-57
- Print publication:
- August 2013
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Northern First Nations in Canada have experienced environmental change throughout history, adapting to these changes based on personal experience interacting with their environment. Community members of Fort Albany First Nation of northern Ontario, Canada, have voiced their concern that their youths’ connection to the land is diminishing, making this generation more vulnerable to environmental change. Community members previously identified the collaborative-geomatics informatics tool as potentially useful for fostering intergenerational knowledge transfer. In this article, we assess the potential of the informatics tool to reconnect youth with the surrounding land in order to strengthen the adaptive capacity of Fort Albany First Nation. The tool was introduced to students in an environmental-outreach camp that included traditional activities. Students used global positioning systems and geo-tagged photographs that were loaded onto the informatics tool. Semi-directed interviews revealed that the students enjoyed the visual and spatial capabilities of the system, and recognised its potential to be used in conjunction with traditional activities. This pilot study suggests that the tool has the potential to be used by youth to provide an opportunity for the intergenerational transfer of Indigenous knowledge, but further evaluation is required.
Optimal perturbations of gravitationally unstable, transient boundary layers in porous media
- Don Daniel, Nils Tilton, Amir Riaz
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 727 / 25 July 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 June 2013, pp. 456-487
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We study the linear stability of gravitationally unstable, transient, diffusive boundary layers in porous media using non-modal stability theory. We first perform a classical optimization procedure, using an adjoint-based method, to obtain the perturbations at the initial time $t= {t}_{p} $ that have a maximum amplification at a final time $t= {t}_{f} $. We then investigate the sensitivity of the optimal perturbations to the initial time, ${t}_{p} $, and the final time, ${t}_{f} $, as well as different measures of perturbation amplification. Due to the transient nature of the base state, we demonstrate that there is an optimal initial perturbation time, ${ t}_{p}^{o} $. By rescaling the problem, we develop analytical relationships for the optimal initial time and wavenumber in terms of aquifer properties. We also demonstrate that the classical optimization procedure essentially recovers the dominant perturbation structures predicted by a quasi-steady modal analysis. Although the classical optimal perturbations are mathematically valid, we observe that due to physical constraints, they are unlikely to reflect analogous laboratory experiments. Therefore, we propose a modified optimization procedure (MOP) that constrains the optimization to physically admissible initial perturbation fields. We compare the results of the classical and modified optimization procedures with quasi-steady modal analyses and initial value problems commonly used in the literature. Finally, we validate the predictions of the modified optimization scheme by performing direct numerical simulations (DNS) that emulate the onset of convection in physical systems.