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Deep radiostratigraphy of the East Antarctic plateau: connecting the Dome C and Vostok ice core sites
- MARIE G. P. CAVITTE, DONALD D. BLANKENSHIP, DUNCAN A. YOUNG, DUSTIN M. SCHROEDER, FRÉDÉRIC PARRENIN, EMMANUEL LEMEUR, JOSEPH A. MACGREGOR, MARTIN J. SIEGERT
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- Journal:
- Journal of Glaciology / Volume 62 / Issue 232 / April 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 March 2016, pp. 323-334
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Several airborne radar-sounding surveys are used to trace internal reflections around the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica Dome C and Vostok ice core sites. Thirteen reflections, spanning the last two glacial cycles, are traced within 200 km of Dome C, a promising region for million-year-old ice, using the University of Texas Institute for Geophysics High-Capacity Radar Sounder. This provides a dated stratigraphy to 2318 m depth at Dome C. Reflection age uncertainties are calculated from the radar range precision and signal-to-noise ratio of the internal reflections. The radar stratigraphy matches well with the Multichannel Coherent Radar Depth Sounder (MCoRDS) radar stratigraphy obtained independently. We show that radar sounding enables the extension of ice core ages through the ice sheet with an additional radar-related age uncertainty of ~1/3–1/2 that of the ice cores. Reflections are extended along the Byrd-Totten Glacier divide, using University of Texas/Technical University of Denmark and MCoRDS surveys. However, core-to-core connection is impeded by pervasive aeolian terranes, and Lake Vostok's influence on reflection geometry. Poor radar connection of the two ice cores is attributed to these effects and suboptimal survey design in affected areas. We demonstrate that, while ice sheet internal radar reflections are generally isochronal and can be mapped over large distances, careful survey planning is necessary to extend ice core chronologies to distant regions of the East Antarctic ice sheet.
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. 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Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. 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- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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23 - The Affect Heuristic
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- By Paul Slovic, President of Decision Research and a Professor of Psychology, University of Oregon, Melissa L. Finucane, Research Investigator, Kaiser Permanente, Ellen Peters, Research Scientist, Decision Research, Donald G. Macgregor, President and Senior Scientist, MacGregor-Bates, Inc.
- Edited by Sarah Lichtenstein, Paul Slovic
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- Book:
- The Construction of Preference
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- 05 June 2012
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- 28 August 2006, pp 434-453
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
This chapter introduces a theoretical framework that describes the importance of affect in guiding judgments and decisions. As used here, affect means the specific quality of goodness or badness (a) experienced as a feeling state (with or without consciousness) and (b) demarcating a positive or negative quality of a stimulus. Affective responses occur rapidly and automatically – note how quickly you sense the feelings associated with the stimulus word “treasure” or the word “hate.” We shall argue that reliance on such feelings can be characterized as the affect heuristic. In this chapter we trace the development of the affect heuristic across a variety of research paths followed by ourselves and many others. We also discuss some of the important practical implications resulting from ways that this heuristic affects our daily lives.
BACKGROUND
Although affect has long played a key role in many behavioral theories, it has rarely been recognized as an important component of human judgment and decision making. Perhaps befitting its rationalistic origins, the main focus of descriptive decision research has been cognitive, rather than affective. When principles of utility maximization appeared to be descriptively inadequate, Simon (1956) oriented the field toward problem-solving and information-processing models based on bounded rationality. The work of Tversky and Kahneman (1974; Kahneman, Slovic, & Tversky, 1982) demonstrated how boundedly rational individuals employ heuristics such as availability, representativeness, and anchoring and adjustment to make judgments and how they use simplified strategies such as elimination by aspects to make choices (Tversky, 1972).
10 - Public response to Y2K: social amplification and risk adaptation: or, “how I learned to stop worrying and love Y2K”
- Edited by Nick Pidgeon, University of East Anglia, Roger E. Kasperson, Stockholm Environment Institute, Paul Slovic
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- The Social Amplification of Risk
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- 06 July 2010
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- 10 July 2003, pp 243-261
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Summary
As the world approached the change of the millennium, intense public interest became focused on the possible consequences of potential failures in computer technologies. These potential failures arose because the mechanism for storing and calculating dates failed to differentiate adequately between the turn of the previous century (1900) and the turn of the millennium (2000 or “Y2K”). In many industrialized nations, much effort was expended by government and industry to insure that critical computer systems, such as Air Traffic Control and financial systems, had been properly “debugged.” Though no official tabulation of Y2K costs has yet been done, estimates reported in the media suggest that in the United States approximately $100 billion was expended by government and industry to identify and correct computer problems relating to the Y2K bug, and to prepare for possible disruptions at the turn of the millennium. On the world level, media estimates for Y2K remediation and preparedness are in the $450 billion range. However, despite this high level of effort, press reports left the impression that some systems were inadequately prepared and that regional and local computer systems may have been, in many cases, completely unprepared. Thus, the potential consequences of the “millennium bug” (as some have called it) were not entirely predictable. Indeed, newspaper reports yielded predictions of everything from minor inconveniences (e.g. bank difficulties for a day or two) to major failures of critical infrastructure, including financial markets, electric power control and distribution, telephone service, and food distribution.
23 - The Affect Heuristic
- from PART TWO - NEW THEORETICAL DIRECTIONS
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- By Paul Slovic, Decision Research, Melissa Finucane, Decision Research, Ellen Peters, Decision Research, Donald G. MacGregor, Decision Research
- Edited by Thomas Gilovich, Cornell University, New York, Dale Griffin, Stanford University, California, Daniel Kahneman, Princeton University, New Jersey
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- Heuristics and Biases
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- 05 June 2012
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- 08 July 2002, pp 397-420
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Summary
This chapter introduces a theoretical framework that describes the importance of affect in guiding judgments and decisions. As used here, affect means the specific quality of “goodness” or “badness” (1) experienced as a feeling state (with or without consciousness) and (2) demarcating a positive or negative quality of a stimulus. Affective responses occur rapidly and automatically – note how quickly you sense the feelings associated with the stimulus words treasure or hate. We argue that reliance on such feelings can be characterized as the affect heuristic. In this chapter, we trace the development of the affect heuristic across a variety of research paths followed by ourselves and many others. We also discuss some of the important practical implications resulting from ways that this heuristic impacts our daily lives.
BACKGROUND
Although affect has long played a key role in many behavioral theories, it has rarely been recognized as an important component of human judgment and decision making. Perhaps befitting its rationalistic origins, the main focus of descriptive decision research has been cognitive, rather than affective. When principles of utility maximization appeared to be descriptively inadequate, Simon (1956) oriented the field toward problem-solving and information-processing models based on bounded rationality. The work of Tversky and Kahneman (1974) and Kahneman, Slovic, and Tversky (1982) demonstrated how boundedly rational individuals use such heuristics as availability, representativeness, and anchoring and adjustment to make judgments, and how they use simplified strategies such as “elimination by aspects” to make choices (Tversky, 1972).