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Investigation of a Simulated Chinese Jade Dagger by Multiple Imaging Techniques
- Richard Livingston, Ariel O'Connor, Jacob M. LaManna, Heather Chen-Mayer, Lynne King
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- Journal:
- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 24 / Issue S1 / August 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 August 2018, pp. 2146-2147
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- August 2018
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Bibliography
- Kimi Lynn King, University of North Texas, James David Meernik, University of North Texas
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- The Witness Experience
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- 11 November 2017
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- 09 November 2017, pp 197-210
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Index
- Kimi Lynn King, University of North Texas, James David Meernik, University of North Texas
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- The Witness Experience
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- 11 November 2017
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- 09 November 2017, pp 211-220
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Contents
- Kimi Lynn King, University of North Texas, James David Meernik, University of North Texas
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- The Witness Experience
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- 11 November 2017
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- 09 November 2017, pp v-v
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4 - The Witnesses and Human Security: The Social, Economic, and Security Consequences of Testimony
- Kimi Lynn King, University of North Texas, James David Meernik, University of North Texas
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- The Witness Experience
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- 11 November 2017
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- 09 November 2017, pp 85-117
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
In 1994, the United Nations began articulating the contours of “human security” in the context of international relations. Broadly defined as having two components – “freedom from fear” (absence of violent conflict) – and a much broader dimension – “freedom from want” (socioeconomic security), both are vital in post-conflict societies (Kaldor 2007; Lautensach and Lautensach 2013; UNDP 1994). Human security exists when individuals can live without threats of violence to their personal and bodily integrity, and when they can live in conditions where basic human needs are met, including work, health, security, and employment. These issues of human security are especially critical in the context of witnesses testifying before international courts, for not only are nearly all of these individuals victims of war who have needs resulting from these conflicts, they are also courageous individuals who have stepped forward to contribute to national and international justice. The act of testifying brings with it human security consequences that are critical to witness well-being, as well as the ability of international tribunals to conduct trials. One only has to look at the problems the ICC has faced regarding witness safety and its subsequent decision to suspend the Kenyatta trial involving election violence in Kenya to understand that witnesses are a sine qua non of international criminal justice.
In this chapter, we examine the impact of witnesses testifying in the context of human security issues and consequences to better understand the degree to which they face social, economic, and physical consequences and which factors are most associated with the occurrence of threats to human security. In the first section of this chapter we review the findings of the survey to document the problems faced by witnesses, the sources of these problems, and the steps taken by witnesses to address them. In the second section of the chapter we analyze the role of the three theoretical lenses on human security – wartime trauma, ethnicity, and gender – to better understand how these three factors shape the witness experience. We find that while ethnicity can help us gain a better understanding of which witnesses are most likely to experience threats to human security, the level of wartime trauma and whether the individual is an ethnic minority in their community are among the more powerful factors associated with such threats.
6 - Perceptions of Justice
- Kimi Lynn King, University of North Texas, James David Meernik, University of North Texas
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- The Witness Experience
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- 11 November 2017
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- 09 November 2017, pp 149-177
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
The justice cascade (Sikkink 2011) and the increasing resort to international tribunals to confront the atrocities perpetrated during wars and government repression have led to increasing interest in studying the impact of these international institutions and what it means for international justice (Akhavan 2009; Barria and Roper 2005; Clark 2014; Gilligan 2006; Greig and Meernik 2014; Jo and Simmons 2016; Kim and Sikkink 2010; McAllister 2014; Meernik 2005; Simmons and Danner 2010; Stover and Weinstein 2004). In addition to their fundamental mission to provide justice and redress through legalized dispute resolution, these international courts have also been charged with advancing deterrence, promoting peace, and fostering reconciliation. Whether these are appropriate goals for judicial institutions far removed from the scenes of war and atrocity, with no tools beyond the power of their words of condemnation, and in the face of frequent international indifference to their mission, is debatable. Tribunals and their supporters have often embraced these ideals and used them to rally support for international justice. As former ICC President Philippe Kirsch declared, “By putting potential perpetrators on notice that they may be tried before the Court, the ICC is intended to contribute to the deterrence of these crimes.” Former Chief Prosecutor of the ICC Luis Moreno-Ocampo asserted that, “Experience has taught us that… law is the only efficient way to prevent recurrent violence and atrocities.” Indeed, as critics of international justice as a mechanism for conflict resolution have pointed out (Mendeloff 2004; Snyder and Vinjamuri 2003), there is no shortage of such expressive idealism from those inside and outside these courts. Is such optimism warranted? Can international justice be an effective means by which to deliver justice, punish the guilty, and deter future violations of international laws?
We examine the subject of the impact of international justice by analyzing the witnesses’ perceptions of the work of the ICTY. The perspectives of individuals about international justice are increasingly important in evaluating their prospects of success.
1 - Introduction to the Survey and Survey Methodology
- Kimi Lynn King, University of North Texas, James David Meernik, University of North Texas
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- The Witness Experience
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- 11 November 2017
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- 09 November 2017, pp 1-36
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
This was never going to be an ordinary survey project. Surveying individuals who have experienced the horrors of war and lived to tell their story to an international tribunal is no easy undertaking. Yet such compelling research is necessary if we are to understand fully the “justice cascade” and how transitional justice mechanisms can be used to hold accountable those who have violated human rights (Sikkink 2011). While great strides have been made in developing the rule of law and international legal institutions to discourage governments and rebels from violating humanitarian laws and human rights, there is an intensely personal component to the judicial proceedings that can often be overlooked. The witnesses – whose experiences are the foundation of a tribunal's search for truth – are vital for exonerating or convicting the accused, and their testimony helps establish the historical record. They are the indispensable stakeholders for whom the core mission of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) is to ensure that equity and fairness are applied throughout the testimonial process. And as critical and as difficult as the testimonial process is, the witness experience does not end with the court's final judgment. The witnesses go back to their lives and face the consequences of returning home to shattered communities after testifying. What paths and pain take the witnesses from war and its aftermath to the rarified courtrooms of an international tribunal? How do the witnesses’ experiences and perceptions in the post-testimonial phase help us better understand and develop justice systems that ensure justice is done? How can we better gauge the short-term and long-term impacts on witnesses who testify? And most especially, how can legal institutions ensure that these individuals are not re-traumatized by the process and protect those who have come forward from backlash within their communities? Our most fundamental purpose of this unique survey was to examine more fully the witness experience by exploring these and other questions through an in-depth survey and short interview with a cross-section of witnesses who have testified before the ICTY.
3 - The Witnesses and Their Encounter with International Justice
- Kimi Lynn King, University of North Texas, James David Meernik, University of North Texas
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- The Witness Experience
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- 11 November 2017
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- 09 November 2017, pp 52-84
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
There is a tendency to think of witnesses who testify before an international criminal tribunal in terms of how the individual is affected by the experience. The witnesses, however, are not passive vessels whom the Tribunal shapes. Witnesses appear before the ICTY with their own unique set of experiences, reasons for testifying, and interpretations of what this testimonial process has meant to them. Their personal encounters with the international justice system are the subject of this chapter as we seek to understand the reasons that motivate individuals to testify, what they know about this foreign court that has called on them to bear witness, and how they perceive their own personal treatment by the ICTY. We examine the micro- or individual-level impact of the ICTY to ultimately understand what this process means to the individual. We take up separately in Chapter 6 the witnesses’ assessments of the ICTY as an international institution that is charged with administering justice, advancing deterrence, and promoting peace.
This chapter proceeds as follows. First, we look at witness knowledge and preparation regarding the testimonial process before describing the reasons why individuals testify, their own assessments of the fairness with which they were treated by various actors involved in the judicial process, and finally, their own sense of personal satisfaction with their performance on the witness stand. The second part of the chapter focuses on an in-depth and multivariate analysis of two of the most critical issues pertaining to the witness experience. We examine how ethnicity, gender, and wartime trauma are related to the reasons why some individuals feel more compelled to testify than others. We find that while individuals who identify as Croatian or Serbian are less likely to report being motivated to testify because of a desire to “tell their story,” almost all witnesses regardless of ethnicity report being motivated to testify because of larger, external concerns such as “speaking for the dead” and “as a moral duty to all victims of wars.” Those individuals who suffered the most trauma, however, are more likely to report testifying for both external reasons and internal reasons.
7 - Conclusions
- Kimi Lynn King, University of North Texas, James David Meernik, University of North Texas
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- The Witness Experience
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- 11 November 2017
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- 09 November 2017, pp 178-196
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Summary
Witnesses are indispensable for establishing truth and justice in post-conflict environments. While scholars and practitioners are now studying in earnest the impact of testifying on witnesses’ lives, there is still much that remains to be explored and better understood. This study explored how a sample of 300 witnesses perceives they have been affected before, during, and after the process of testifying at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. This chapter presents our conclusions based on the most important findings from the 300 interviews conducted, and offers both recommendations for further advances in research and practical advice for international and national courts on working with witnesses. By delving deeper into witnesses’ motivations for testifying, human security concerns, their psychological and physiological health, and their overall perception of international justice, we hope that the results of this study will facilitate the further development of best practices in witness security, health, and the overall witness experience throughout the testimonial process. We also have sought to provide a more comprehensive understanding of what it means to bear witness. We hope that these findings can be used to advance theory development in such areas as international judicial research, studies of witnesses in both international and national courts, and transitional justice more generally.
We organize this chapter by theme. We begin by revisiting the three theoretical themes or lenses – gender, wartime trauma, and ethnicity – we used throughout this study to comment on the importance of the findings for both theory and practice. We also offer recommendations germane to these particular subjects. Subsequently, we discuss findings related to human security, the psychological and physiological impact of testifying, and witnesses’ perceptions of their own contributions to international justice and the work of the ICTY.
GENDER ISSUES
The overall number of women who testified before the ICTY is relatively small (approximately 13%), with disproportionate numbers represented in sexual violence cases. Our study purposely oversampled women to ensure sufficient participation of them in the study, and it will be important in future studies to continue to ensure robust numbers of women in surveys, given that they are not called to testify nearly as frequently as men.
5 - The Impact of Testifying
- Kimi Lynn King, University of North Texas, James David Meernik, University of North Texas
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- The Witness Experience
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- 11 November 2017
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- 09 November 2017, pp 118-148
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
Testifying before a war crimes tribunal can have long-term physical and psychological consequences (Hamber 2009; Stover 2005). The testimonies witnesses give are not just statements about whether there have been violations of international law; typically their evidence pertains to the traumas of war they have experienced, which requires them to recall painful events. One cannot overstate the impact of this trauma in terms of the physiological and psychological health of those persons who are responsible for “bearing witness.” It means that not only did they endure significant levels of trauma during the Balkan wars, with which they still need to cope on a daily basis, but the very process of having to testify in one or more trials forces them to recall these memories, to cope with waiting periods (which can last years) before being called to testify, and to deal with the residual impact of having testified. This chapter describes the witnesses’ psychological and physical health and how witnesses believe testifying has affected their well-being. There are three key lines of inquiry regarding the factors affecting witness physical and psychological health we explore in this chapter.
First, we examine the central concept of witness well-being through multiple measures evaluating the short- and long-term impact of the wars of the former Yugoslavia on those who have testified, including a battery of questions about their post-traumatic symptoms and perceptions about their health after testifying and today. We will begin by unpacking how well the witnesses are today, which types of post-conflict reactions and psychological concerns they tend to experience, and how the testimonial process has influenced their health.
Second, we examine witnesses’ trauma, its impact, and their health to ascertain which characteristics tend to be most associated with psychological and physical health, especially their emotional states before and after testimony. The short- and long-term impact of testifying on ICTY witnesses has been a subject of interest since the beginning of the Tribunal (Wald 2002). VWS personnel can recount years of experience spent working with a diverse witness population, with some witnesses being more fragile during the testimonial process, while others are incredibly self-sufficient and composed despite having to recount horrific events.
The Witness Experience
- Testimony at the ICTY and Its Impact
- Kimi Lynn King, James David Meernik
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- Published online:
- 11 November 2017
- Print publication:
- 09 November 2017
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This book provides the most comprehensive and scientific assessment to date of what it means to appear before war crimes tribunals. This ground-breaking analysis, conducted with the cooperation of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) Victims and Witnesses Section, examines the positive and negative impact that testifying has on those who bear witness to the horrors of war by shedding new light on the process. While most witnesses have positive feelings and believe they contributed to international justice, there is a small but critical segment of witnesses whose security, health, and well-being are adversely affected after testifying. The witness experience is examined holistically, including witness' perceptions of their physical and psychological well-being. Because identity (gender and ethnicity) and war trauma were central to the ICTY's mandate and the conflicts in the former Yugoslavia, the research explores in-depth how they have impacted the most critical stakeholders of any transitional justice mechanism: the witnesses.
List of Figures page
- Kimi Lynn King, University of North Texas, James David Meernik, University of North Texas
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- The Witness Experience
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- 11 November 2017
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- 09 November 2017, pp vi-viii
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Frontmatter
- Kimi Lynn King, University of North Texas, James David Meernik, University of North Texas
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- The Witness Experience
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- 11 November 2017
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- 09 November 2017, pp i-iv
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2 - Exploring the Gender, Ethnicity, and Trauma Characteristics of the Witness Sample
- Kimi Lynn King, University of North Texas, James David Meernik, University of North Texas
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- The Witness Experience
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- 11 November 2017
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- 09 November 2017, pp 37-51
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
As discussed in Chapter 1, the principal axes through which we seek to understand the opinions and experiences of the witnesses are gender, ethnicity, and the type as well as range of trauma experienced during the Balkan wars. These three characteristics are key issues in the ICTY jurisprudence; they have helped define the nature of the conflicts and the crimes committed in the former Yugoslavia; and they are an integral part of the witnesses’ identities and the basis for their appearances on the witness stand. In this chapter, we take the reader through an exploration of how these characteristics help describe who the witnesses are, and we also analyze the extent to which there is overlap and other relationships among the three dimensions. For example, we find that wartime trauma is not evenly distributed across our witness sample, but varies in part based on witness ethnic identity and gender.
To better acquaint the reader with the witness sample we begin by providing a brief overview of witness characteristics along these three dimensions. Second, we explore in-depth how the nature and scope of trauma experienced by witnesses vary by gender and ethnicity. We conclude by assessing the utility of the three witness dimensions and how they can help us understand witness recollections, perceptions, and opinions.
GENDER, ETHNICITY, AND WARTIME EXPERIENCE: AN OVERVIEW
We begin by reviewing the key sample parameters of our witness database. Of the 300 ICTY fact witnesses in the sample, 253 are male witnesses (84.33%), while 47 are female witnesses (15.67%). Women were distinctly less likely to be called to testify by the ICTY, and our sample reflects this. Women comprise approximately 13% of all ICTY witnesses – a strikingly small sample of the witnesses who testify – and we note our sample size of 15.6% closely approximates their actual proportion. We sought to oversample women, given their low numbers and also because ICTY personnel indicated that women might be more reluctant and thus less likely to agree to be surveyed.
List of Tables
- Kimi Lynn King, University of North Texas, James David Meernik, University of North Texas
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- The Witness Experience
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- 11 November 2017
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- 09 November 2017, pp ix-x
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Acknowledgments
- Kimi Lynn King, University of North Texas, James David Meernik, University of North Texas
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- The Witness Experience
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- 11 November 2017
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- 09 November 2017, pp xi-xii
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Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
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- 05 August 2015
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- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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PerCEN: a cluster randomized controlled trial of person-centered residential care and environment for people with dementia
- Lynn Chenoweth, Ian Forbes, Richard Fleming, Madeleine T. King, Jane Stein-Parbury, Georgina Luscombe, Patricia Kenny, Yun-Hee Jeon, Marion Haas, Henry Brodaty
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- International Psychogeriatrics / Volume 26 / Issue 7 / July 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 March 2014, pp. 1147-1160
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Background:
There is good evidence of the positive effects of person-centered care (PCC) on agitation in dementia. We hypothesized that a person-centered environment (PCE) would achieve similar outcomes by focusing on positive environmental stimuli, and that there would be enhanced outcomes by combining PCC and PCE.
Methods:38 Australian residential aged care homes with scope for improvement in both PCC and PCE were stratified, then randomized to one of four intervention groups: (1) PCC; (2) PCE; (3) PCC +PCE; (4) no intervention. People with dementia, over 60 years of age and consented were eligible. Co-outcomes assessed pre and four months post-intervention and at 8 months follow-up were resident agitation, emotional responses in care, quality of life and depression, and care interaction quality.
Results:From 38 homes randomized, 601 people with dementia were recruited. At follow-up the mean change for quality of life and agitation was significantly different for PCE (p = 0.02, p = 0.05, respectively) and PCC (p = 0.0003, p = 0.002 respectively), compared with the non-intervention group (p = 0.48, p = 0.93 respectively). Quality of life improved non-significantly for PCC+PCE (p = 0.08), but not for agitation (p = 0.37). Improvements in care interaction quality (p = 0.006) and in emotional responses to care (p = 0.01) in PCC+PCE were not observed in the other groups. Depression scores did not change in any of the groups. Intervention compliance for PCC was 59%, for PCE 54% and for PCC+PCE 66%.
Conclusion:The hypothesis that PCC+PCE would improve quality of life and agitation even further was not supported, even though there were improvements in the quality of care interactions and resident emotional responses to care for some of this group. The Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry Number is ACTRN 12608000095369.
Use of vitamin D supplements during infancy in an international feeding trial
- Eveliina Lehtonen, Anne Ormisson, Anita Nucci, David Cuthbertson, Susa Sorkio, Mila Hyytinen, Kirsi Alahuhta, Carol Berseth, Marja Salonen, Shayne Taback, Margaret Franciscus, Teba González-Frutos, Tuuli E Korhonen, Margaret L Lawson, Dorothy J Becker, Jeffrey P Krischer, Mikael Knip, Suvi M Virtanen, , Thomas Mandrup-Poulsen, Elias Arjas, Åke Lernmark, Barbara Schmidt, Jeffrey P. Krischer, Hans K. Åkerblom, Mila Hyytinen, Mikael Knip, Katriina Koski, Matti Koski, Eeva Pajakkala, Marja Salonen, David Cuthbertson, Jeffrey P. Krischer, Linda Shanker, Brenda Bradley, Hans-Michael Dosch, John Dupré, William Fraser, Margaret Lawson, Jeffrey L. Mahon, Mathew Sermer, Shayne P. Taback, Dorothy Becker, Margaret Franciscus, Anita Nucci, Jerry Palmer, Minna Pekkala, Suvi M. Virtanen, Jacki Catteau, Neville Howard, Patricia Crock, Maria Craig, Cheril L. Clarson, Lynda Bere, David Thompson, Daniel Metzger, Colleen Marshall, Jennifer Kwan, David K. Stephure, Daniele Pacaud, Wendy Schwarz, Rose Girgis, Marilyn Thompson, Shayne P. Taback, Daniel Catte, Margaret L. Lawson, Brenda Bradley, Denis Daneman, Mathew Sermer, Mary-Jean Martin, Valérie Morin, Lyne Frenette, Suzanne Ferland, Susan Sanderson, Kathy Heath, Céline Huot, Monique Gonthier, Maryse Thibeault, Laurent Legault, Diane Laforte, Elizabeth A. Cummings, Karen Scott, Tracey Bridger, Cheryl Crummell, Robyn Houlden, Adriana Breen, George Carson, Sheila Kelly, Koravangattu Sankaran, Marie Penner, Richard A. White, Nancy King, James Popkin, Laurie Robson, Eva Al Taji, Irena Aldhoon, Pavla Mendlova, Jan Vavrinec, Jan Vosahlo, Ludmila Brazdova, Jitrenka Venhacova, Petra Venhacova, Adam Cipra, Zdenka Tomsikova, Petra Krckova, Pavla Gogelova, Ülle Einberg, Mall-Anne Riikjärv, Anne Ormisson, Vallo Tillmann, Päivi Kleemola, Anna Parkkola, Heli Suomalainen, Anna-Liisa Järvenpää, Anu-Maaria Hämälainen, Hannu Haavisto, Sirpa Tenhola, Pentti Lautala, Pia Salonen, Susanna Aspholm, Heli Siljander, Carita Holm, Samuli Ylitalo, Raisa Lounamaa, Anja Nuuja, Timo Talvitie, Kaija Lindström, Hanna Huopio, Jouni Pesola, Riitta Veijola, Päivi Tapanainen, Abram Alar, Paavo Korpela, Marja-Liisa Käär, Taina Mustila, Ritva Virransalo, Päivi Nykänen, Bärbel Aschemeier, Thomas Danne, Olga Kordonouri, Dóra Krikovszky, László Madácsy, Yeganeh Manon Khazrai, Ernesto Maddaloni, Paolo Pozzilli, Carla Mannu, Marco Songini, Carine de Beaufort, Ulrike Schierloh, Jan Bruining, Margriet Bisschoff, Aleksander Basiak, Renata Wasikowa, Marta Ciechanowska, Grazyna Deja, Przemyslawa Jarosz-Chobot, Agnieszka Szadkowska, Katarzyna Cypryk, Malgorzata Zawodniak-Szalapska, Luis Castano, Teba Gonzalez Frutos, Mirentxu Oyarzabal, Manuel Serrano-Ríos, María Teresa Martínez-Larrad, Federico Gustavo Hawkins, Dolores Rodriguez Arnau, Johnny Ludvigsson, Malgorzata Smolinska Konefal, Ragnar Hanas, Bengt Lindblad, Nils-Osten Nilsson, Hans Fors, Maria Nordwall, Agne Lindh, Hans Edenwall, Jan Aman, Calle Johansson, Margrit Gadient, Eugen Schoenle, Dorothy Becker, Ashi Daftary, Margaret Franciscus, Carol Gilmour, Jerry Palmer, Rachel Taculad, Marilyn Tanner-Blasiar, Neil White, Uday Devaskar, Heather Horowitz, Lisa Rogers, Roxana Colon, Teresa Frazer, Jose Torres, Robin Goland, Ellen Greenberg, Maudene Nelson, Holly Schachner, Barney Softness, Jorma Ilonen, Massimo Trucco, Lynn Nichol, Erkki Savilahti, Taina Härkönen, Mikael Knip, Outi Vaarala, Kristiina Luopajärvi, Hans-Michael Dosch
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- Journal:
- Public Health Nutrition / Volume 17 / Issue 4 / April 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 June 2013, pp. 810-822
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Objective
To examine the use of vitamin D supplements during infancy among the participants in an international infant feeding trial.
DesignLongitudinal study.
SettingInformation about vitamin D supplementation was collected through a validated FFQ at the age of 2 weeks and monthly between the ages of 1 month and 6 months.
SubjectsInfants (n 2159) with a biological family member affected by type 1 diabetes and with increased human leucocyte antigen-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes from twelve European countries, the USA, Canada and Australia.
ResultsDaily use of vitamin D supplements was common during the first 6 months of life in Northern and Central Europe (>80 % of the infants), with somewhat lower rates observed in Southern Europe (>60 %). In Canada, vitamin D supplementation was more common among exclusively breast-fed than other infants (e.g. 71 % v. 44 % at 6 months of age). Less than 2 % of infants in the USA and Australia received any vitamin D supplementation. Higher gestational age, older maternal age and longer maternal education were study-wide associated with greater use of vitamin D supplements.
ConclusionsMost of the infants received vitamin D supplements during the first 6 months of life in the European countries, whereas in Canada only half and in the USA and Australia very few were given supplementation.
Contributors
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- By Giovanni Abbruzzese, Brooke Adair, Ana Aragon, Alfredo Berardelli, Belinda Bilney, David J. Brooks, Emma Campagna, Louise A. Corben, Mary Danoudis, Martin B. Delatycki, Georg Dirnberger, H. Kerr Graham, Ralph Hampson, Robert Iansek, Marjan Janahshahi, Lynette Joubert, Jill Kings, Sue Lord, Andres M. Lozano, Victor McConvey, Rachael McDonald, Jennifer L. McGinley, Kulthida Methawasin, Sarah Milne, Meg E. Morris, John Olver, Nicola Pavese, Alan Pearce, E. Diane Playford, Barry Rawicki, Nicole Rinehart, Lynn Rochester, Chloe Stanley-Cary, Antonio Suppa, Louis C. S. Tan, Siok Bee Tan, Deborah Theodoros, Pam Thomason, Travis S. Tierney, Daniele Volpe, Allison F. Williams, David R. Williams, Gavin Williams
- Edited by Robert Iansek, Monash University, Victoria, Meg E. Morris, La Trobe University, Victoria
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- Book:
- Rehabilitation in Movement Disorders
- Published online:
- 05 June 2013
- Print publication:
- 23 May 2013, pp viii-x
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