19 results
The AusBeef model for beef production: II. sensitivity analysis
- H. C. DOUGHERTY, E. KEBREAB, M. EVERED, B. A. LITTLE, A. B. INGHAM, J. V. NOLAN, R. S. HEGARTY, D. PACHECO, M. J. MCPHEE
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 155 / Issue 9 / November 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 August 2017, pp. 1459-1474
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The present study evaluated the behaviour of the AusBeef model for beef production as part of a 2 × 2 study simulating performance on forage-based and concentrate-based diets from Oceania and North America for four methane (CH4)-relevant outputs of interest. Three sensitivity analysis methods, one local and two global, were conducted. Different patterns of sensitivity were observed between forage-based and concentrate-based diets, but patterns were consistent within diet types. For the local analysis, 36, 196, 47 and 8 out of 305 model parameters had normalized sensitivities of 0, >0, >0·01 and >0·1 across all diets and outputs, respectively. No parameters had a normalized local sensitivity >1 across all diets and outputs. However, daily CH4 production had the greatest number of parameters with normalized local sensitivities >1 for each individual diet. Parameters that were highly sensitive for global and local analyses across the range of diets and outputs examined included terms involved in microbial growth, volatile fatty acid (VFA) yields, maximum absorption rates and their inhibition due to pH effects and particle exit rates. Global sensitivity analysis I showed the high sensitivity of forage-based diets to lipid entering the rumen, which may be a result of the use of a feedlot-optimized model to represent high-forage diets and warrants further investigation. Global sensitivity analysis II showed that when all parameter values were simultaneously varied within ±10% of initial value, >96% of output values were within ±20% of the baseline, which decreased to >50% when parameter value boundaries were expanded to ±25% of their original values, giving a range for robustness of model outputs with regards to potential different ‘true’ parameter values. There were output-specific differences in sensitivity, where outputs that had greater maximum local sensitivities displayed greater degrees of non-linear interaction in global sensitivity analysis I and less variance in output values for global sensitivity analysis II. For outputs with less interaction, such as the acetate : propionate ratio and microbial protein production, the single most sensitive term in global sensitivity analysis I contributed more to the overall total-order sensitivity than for outputs with more interaction, with an average of 49, 33, 15 and 14% of total-order sensitivity for microbial protein production, acetate : propionate ratio, CH4 production and energy from absorbed VFAs, respectively. Future studies should include data collection for highly sensitive parameters reported in the present study to improve overall model accuracy.
The AusBeef model for beef production: I. Description and evaluation
- H. C. DOUGHERTY, E. KEBREAB, M. EVERED, B. A. LITTLE, A. B. INGHAM, R. S. HEGARTY, D. PACHECO, M. J. MCPHEE
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 155 / Issue 9 / November 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 August 2017, pp. 1442-1458
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As demand for animal products, such as meat and milk, increases, and concern over environmental impact grows, mechanistic models can be useful tools to better represent and understand ruminant systems and evaluate mitigation options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions without compromising productivity. The objectives of the present study were to describe the representation of processes for growth and enteric methane (CH4) production in AusBeef, a whole-animal, dynamic, mechanistic model for beef production; evaluate AusBeef for its ability to predict daily methane production (DMP, g/day), gross energy intake (GEI, MJ/day) and methane yield (MJ CH4/MJ GEI) using an independent data set; and to compare AusBeef estimates to those from the empirical equations featured in the current National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM, 2016) beef cattle requirements for growth and the Ruminant Nutrition System (RNS), a dynamic, mechanistic model of Tedeschi & Fox, 2016. AusBeef incorporates a unique fermentation stoichiometry that represents four microbial groups: protozoa, amylolytic bacteria, cellulolytic bacteria and lactate-utilizing bacteria. AusBeef also accounts for the effects of ruminal pH on microbial degradation of feed particles. Methane emissions are calculated from net ruminal hydrogen balance, which is defined as the difference between inputs from fermentation and outputs due to microbial use and biohydrogenation. AusBeef performed similarly to the NASEM empirical model in terms of prediction accuracy and error decomposition, and with less root mean square predicted error (RMSPE) than the RNS mechanistic model when expressed as a percentage of the observed mean (RMSPE, %), and the majority of error was non-systematic. For DMP, RMSPE for AusBeef, NASEM and RNS were 24·0, 19·8 and 50·0 g/day for the full data set (n = 35); 25·6, 18·2 and 56·2 g/day for forage diets (n = 19); and 21·8, 21·5 and 41·5 g/day for mixed diets (n = 16), respectively. Concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) were highest for GEI, with all models having CCC > 0·66, and higher CCC for forage diets than mixed, while CCC were lowest for MY, particularly forage diets. Systematic error increased for all models on forage diets, largely due to an increase in error due to mean bias, and while all models performed well for mixed diets, further refinements are required to improve the prediction of CH4 on forage diets.
English Ivy (Hedera spp., Araliaceae) Response to Goat Browsing
- Claudia S. Ingham, Michael M. Borman
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- Journal:
- Invasive Plant Science and Management / Volume 3 / Issue 2 / August 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 178-181
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English ivy is an exotic liana that invades forests by forming dense monocultures on forest floors and by climbing trees. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of high-intensity–short-duration goat browsing to control English ivy in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Species composition and percent cover were determined in August 2006 before the first browsing treatment and before and after treatments in 2006 and 2007. A final assessment was made in July 2008. Browsing effects were evaluated by comparison of multiple means statistical methods. English ivy cover declined significantly in samples browsed once or twice compared with untreated samples. The difference between levels of browsing was also significant, indicating that repetition of browsing for a second year is effective. Species composition change was minimal, with the appearance of sword fern and removal of Himalayan blackberry from 2006 to 2008.
F48 Matrix Correction for Trace Element Analysis Using Mass Attenuation Coefficients
- B. Vrebos, S. Milner, M. Ingham
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- Journal:
- Powder Diffraction / Volume 20 / Issue 2 / June 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 May 2016, p. 183
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F35 Application of low-power energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometers to analysis of soils and other materials of geological origin
- M. N. Ingham, L. Grimsley, B. Vrebos
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- Journal:
- Powder Diffraction / Volume 21 / Issue 2 / June 2006
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 May 2016, p. 183
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Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. 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Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Vitamin D status of newborns in New Zealand
- Carlos A. Camargo, Jr, Tristram Ingham, Kristin Wickens, Ravi I. Thadhani, Karen M. Silvers, Michael J. Epton, G. Ian Town, Janice A. Espinola, Julian Crane, the New Zealand Asthma and Allergy Cohort Study Group
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 104 / Issue 7 / 14 October 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 29 April 2010, pp. 1051-1057
- Print publication:
- 14 October 2010
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Recognition of the important non-skeletal health effects of vitamin D has focused attention on the vitamin D status of individuals across the lifespan. To examine the vitamin D status of newborns, we measured serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in the cord blood of 929 apparently healthy newborns in a population-based study in New Zealand, a country at 41°S latitude, with strong anti-skin cancer (sun avoidance) campaigns and without vitamin D food fortification. Randomly selected midwives in two regions recruited children. The median cord blood level of 25(OH)D was 44 nmol/l (interquartile range, 29–78 nmol/l). Overall, 19 % of newborns had 25(OH)D levels < 25 nmol/l and 57 % had levels < 50 nmol/l; only 27 % had levels of 75 nmol/l or higher, which are levels associated with optimal health in older children and adults. A multivariable ordinal logistic regression model showed that the strongest determinants of low vitamin D status were winter month of birth and non-European ethnicity. Other determinants of low cord blood 25(OH)D included longer gestational age, younger maternal age and a parental history of asthma. In summary, low levels of vitamin D are common among apparently healthy New Zealand newborns, and are independently associated with several easily identified factors. Although the optimal timing and dosage of vitamin D supplementation require further study, our findings may assist future efforts to correct low levels of 25(OH)D among New Zealand mothers and their newborn children.
Human Sacrifice at Tenochtitlan
- John M. Ingham
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- Comparative Studies in Society and History / Volume 26 / Issue 3 / July 1984
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- 03 June 2009, pp. 379-400
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Many fixed and movable festivals in ancient Mexico were occasions for human sacrifice. The sun in particular was offered hearts and blood, ostensibly because its vitality and, therefore, life itself depended on such oblations. Numerous festivals also included ritual cannibalism, apparently because it was thought to facilitate communion with the gods.
Fission-track dating of British Ordovician and Silurian stratotypes
- R. J. Ross, Jr, C. W. Naeser, G. A. Izett, J. D. Obradovich, M. G. Bassett, C. P. Hughes, L. R. M. Cocks, W. T. Dean, J. K. Ingham, C. J. Jenkins, R. B. Rickards, P. R. Sheldon, P. Toghill, H. B. Whittington, J. Zalasiewicz
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- Journal:
- Geological Magazine / Volume 119 / Issue 2 / March 1982
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 May 2009, pp. 135-153
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Fission-track dating of zircons and apatites from tuffs and bentonites has produced the first isotopic ages for the type sections of the Ordovician and Silurian Systems. In the Ordovician the following ages have been determined: lower Arenig 493 Ma, lower Llanvirn 487 Ma, lower Llandeilo 477 Ma, upper Caradoc 463 Ma and upper Ashgill 434 Ma. In the Silurian, the following: lower Llandovery 437 Ma, lower Wenlock 422 Ma, upper Wenlock 414 Ma and Ludlow 407 Ma. The Ordovician-Silurian boundary is interpreted as occurring at about 436 Ma. Three North American Rocklandian bentonites yielded zircons whose ages average 453 Ma. This is about 10 Ma younger than supposedly correlative units in the British type sections.
Discussion on a revision of Ordovician Series and Stage divisions from the historical type area
- M. G. Bassett, R. M. Owens, R. A. Fortey, D. A. T. Harper, J. K. Ingham, A. W. A. Rushton
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- Geological Magazine / Volume 133 / Issue 6 / November 1996
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- 01 May 2009, pp. 767-772
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The flow in industrial cyclones
- M. I. G. Bloor, D. B. Ingham
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- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 178 / May 1987
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- 21 April 2006, pp. 507-519
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A simple mathematical model for the flow in a conical cyclone is developed which allows solutions to be obtained in closed form. The flow in the main body of the cyclone is regarded as inviscid but the nature of the fluid entry to the device and the conical geometry ensure that secondary flows develop which make the flow highly rotational. The results of the theory are compared with data from two quite different experimental investigations, and good agreement is obtained.
Caregiving near the end of life: Unmet needs and potential solutions
- PATRICIA A. MANGAN,, KATHRYN L. TAYLOR, K. ROBIN YABROFF, DAVID A. FLEMING, JANE M. INGHAM
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- Journal:
- Palliative & Supportive Care / Volume 1 / Issue 3 / September 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 29 January 2005, pp. 247-259
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Objective: A key aspect of the role of clinicians caring for patients in the setting of advanced illness focuses on attending to the needs of informal caregivers during the end-of-life period. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to complement and enrich existing quantitative findings regarding caregiver burden near the end of life, and (2) to identify potential solutions to caregivers' unmet needs in an effort to assist clinicians in the development of clinical interventions.
Methods: This qualitative study, using focus groups and content analysis of transcripts, was conducted in a comprehensive cancer center in Washington, DC. Seven focus groups were held: three with recently bereaved caregivers and four with active caregivers of patients with metastatic cancer and an expected survival of 6 to 12 months.
Results: Data were stratified into two broad categories: (1) general problems and (2) behaviors/activities that were helpful/would have been helpful in alleviating these problems. Within each of these two categories, five subcategories emerged: medical care (including provision of information, coordination of care, bedside manner, satisfaction with care), quality of life (including well-being, role adjustments), help from others (including practical assistance, social support), positives of caregiving, and unsolicited themes (including job flexibility, impact of the disease on the family, informational needs, relationship with patient).
Significance of results: Results suggest caregivers may benefit from more information about patient prognosis and hospice, attention to quality-of-life issues, and enhanced, direct communication with clinicians. Although information of this nature is likely to be known to palliative care clinicians, the specific details and verbal insights provided by caregivers give an important voice to existing quantitative data and may provide more detailed information to assist palliative care clinicians seeking to develop interventions to meet caregiver needs during the period near the end of life.
12 - Small bowel transplantation
- Edited by Richard V. Heatley, St James's University Hospital, Leeds
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- Book:
- Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Immunology
- Published online:
- 03 February 2010
- Print publication:
- 27 October 1994, pp 235-246
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Summary
Introduction
With the development of immunosuppressive drugs in the late 1950s there was interest in the possibility of all forms of organ transplantation. Early experiments on small bowel transplantation were undertaken by Lillehei in Minneapolis. He was able to demonstrate from experiments in dogs that transplantation of the intestine was technically possible (Lillehei, Goott & Miller, 1959). However, rejection was intense and with the combination of azathioprine and steroids, even modest prolongation of graft survival could not be achieved. His work also indicated that, unlike other forms of organ graft, the small bowel had the potential to cause graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). During the 1960s and 1970s a small number of human intestinal transplants were performed in desperate cases. With the exception of one patient who survived for over two months (Fortner et al., 1972), the remaining individuals all died within days of the operation (Lillehei et al., 1967; Okumura, Fujimari & Ferrari; 1969; Olivier et al., 1969; Alican et al., 1971). In some cases, histology of the graft did not show severe destructive changes from rejection, and it is now clear that these patients died from sepsis as a result of bacterial translocation across the gut lumen to the blood stream. The advent of cyclosporin in the 1980s rekindled interest in small bowel transplantation leading to clinical programmes in both Europe and North America.
Graft physiology
A transplanted segment of small bowel is, of necessity, denervated and deprived of normal lymphatic drainage. The lack of autonomic control leads to an initial hypersecretion from the crypts.
Advantages and limitations of in situ hybridisation as exemplified by the molecular genetic analysis of Drosophila development
- Edited by N. Harris, University of Durham, D. G. Wilkinson, National Institute for Medical Research, London
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- Book:
- In Situ Hybridisation
- Published online:
- 04 August 2010
- Print publication:
- 31 August 1990, pp 97-114
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Summary
Introduction
Over the past five years the application of in situ hybridisation to the analysis of gene expression has made an immense contribution to the study of Drosophila development (for reviews, see Akam, 1987; Ingham, 1988). The advent of this technique not only allowed the verification of the inferences about normal gene expression based upon classical genetic analysis, but has also facilitated the investigation of regulatory interactions between genes. In addition, in a number of cases, in situ analysis has revealed novel roles for genes not previously predicted by mutational analysis.
In the first part of this paper we outline briefly the methodology and applications of the various in situ hybridisation protocols which have been used with this organism. In the second part, we review the recent advances in the analysis of Drosophila development and discuss the uses and limitations of the in situ technique in the study of genes of unknown biochemical function.
Methodology
Several protocols have been developed for the analysis of transcripts in situ (Hafen et at, 1983; Akam, 1983; Ingham, Howard & Ish-Horowicz, 1985; Mahoney & Lengyel, 1987), but probably the most convenient and widely applicable of these employs tissues which have been embedded and sectioned in paraffin wax.
A major advantage of wax-embedded material over frozen tissue is the ease with which it can be handled and sectioned; large amounts of material can be accumulated and stored at different stages of the procedure, either prior to or following embedding. In addition, wax sections can be cut on most microtomes, obviating the need for expensive (and cumbersome) cryostats, an important consideration where money and space are limiting.
Bacteriology of chronic otitis media with effusion
- C. Diamond, P. R. Sisson, A. M. Kearns, H. R. Ingham
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Laryngology & Otology / Volume 103 / Issue 4 / April 1989
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 29 June 2007, pp. 369-371
- Print publication:
- April 1989
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Samples of middle ear effusions from 102 children with serous and mucoid otitis media were cultured for mycoplasmas and bacteria. No sample yielded mycoplasmas but bacteria were cultured from 48 (47 per cent). Organisms commonly regarded as pathogens were present in 25 samples (Haemophilus influenzae 17, Streptococcus pneumoniae four, other streptococci four). The only sample from which anaerobic bacteria were isolated was from a patient with cholesteatoma.
Analytical Errors from Electronic Instability in the Counting Chain of a Wavelength-Dispersive XRF Spectrometer
- T. K. Smith, M. N. Ingham
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- Journal:
- Advances in X-ray Analysis / Volume 33 / 1989
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 March 2019, pp. 549-552
- Print publication:
- 1989
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Sporadic displacements of substantial magnitude were observed during routine analysis in the concentration intercepts for some trace elements, together with a similar change in the sensitivity (slope) for magnesium when determined using a synthetic multilayer. These effects were traced to the electronic circuit providing correction for pulse amplitude shift with intensity.
The Viability of XRF Determination of Gold in Mineral Reconnaissance
- T. K. Smith, M. N. Ingham
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- Journal:
- Advances in X-ray Analysis / Volume 32 / 1988
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 March 2019, pp. 227-231
- Print publication:
- 1988
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Commercial interest in gold is persistent and resurgent, and there is a consequent need for reappraisal of its methods of analysis. Because its modes of occurrence often manifest themselves in irregular dispersion and low concentration, special care must be taken in sampling and analysis. A sufficient amount of the initial sample must be taken to ensure adequate representation, and preconcentration is often necessary to elevate the metal content to a confidence level high enough above the detection limit for the analytical technique.
A Vintage Model of Labour Demand by U.K. Manufacturing
- J. Ansar, A. Ingham, M. Toker, A. Ulph
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- Journal:
- Recherches Économiques de Louvain/ Louvain Economic Review / Volume 53 / Issue 1 / March 1987
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 August 2016, pp. 3-26
- Print publication:
- March 1987
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The conventional model of factor demand has firms choosing the technique of production and mix of factor inputs to minimise the cost of producing some given level of output for an exogenously determined set of factor prices and a given set of technical knowhow. In this simple model, firms are free to vary the mix of factors each period. Unemployment then occurs as a feature of labour market failure. For otherwise wage rates would adjust so that supply equalled demand. A vintage model takes account of the fact that some factors are durable, and this means that it is important to take account of two different decisions on factor choice. Firms will make an ex-ante choice of techniques at the time that new capital is installed — e.g. will firms use automated energy intensive or labour intensive production methods? Once that piece of capital is installed, firms may be able subsequently to alter the mix of factors, but their ability to do so is now constrained by the ex-ante choice of technique. This second decision is the ex-post decision.
21. Light of the Night-Sky
- M. Huruhata, H. Elsässer, J. Dufay (†), M. F. Ingham, A. Lebedinskij (†), F. E. Roach, G. Weill, J. L. Weinberg
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- Journal:
- Transactions of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 14 / Issue 1 / 1970
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 April 2016, pp. 193-206
- Print publication:
- 1970
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Studies of airglow, zodiacal light, and galactic light in this triennium were almost as active as in the last. Results of observations obtained during and after the IQSY were the major contributions in this term. Night Airglow studies during the IQSY were widely reviewed in the Annals of the IQSY, vol. 4, in which the following articles are included:
“Night Airglow Observations during the IQSY” (F. E. Roach, L. L. Smith and J. R. McKennan);
“Airglow Research during and since the IQSY” (G. Weill);
“Hydrogen and Hydroxyl Emissions in the Nightglow” (N. N. Shefov and Yu. L. Truttse).
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, July 29-August 9,1968, entitled Atmospheric Emissions, contains some ten significant papers on airglow both in observations and interpretations. Many of them are referred to in the following sections.
Many stations have been engaged in airglow observations since the beginning of the IASY in 1969, although the number of stations seems to be a little less than during the IGY. Stations near the equator and in the southern hemisphere, however, are more numerous and active than during the IGY in response to the strong wishes of many airglow researchers. These efforts are being made especially by G. Weill’s group of France, V. J. Dachs’ and Lange-Hesse’s groups of Germany.