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6 Posterior cerebral artery-defined white matter hyperintensities are associated with object domain memory and transentorhinal volume independently of global beta-amyloid burden
- Batool Rizvi, Jenna N. Adams, Mithra Sathishkumar, Soyun Kim, Myra S. Larson, Nicholas J. Tustison, Liv McMillan, Adam M. Brickman, Dana Greenia, Maria M. Corrada, Claudia H. Kawas, Michael A. Yassa
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 611-612
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Objective:
White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are a radiological marker of small vessel cerebrovascular disease that are related to cognition and memory decline in aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the mechanisms that link WMH to memory impairment and whether they interact with or act independently of AD pathophysiology are unclear. The transentorhinal cortex (BA35) is among the earliest anatomical regions to show tau deposition and subsequent atrophy, and baseline posterior WMH is related to longitudinal cortical thinning of the entorhinal cortex. However, it is unclear whether regional WMH are related to BA35 volume specifically, and whether this relationship is influenced by amyloid-β (Aβ) burden. We hypothesized that WMH in the vascular territory of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA), which perfuses both posterior and medial temporal lobe regions, would be associated with reduced BA35 volume and with lower memory in older adults independently of Aβ.
Participants and Methods:114 older adults without dementia, aged 60 to 98 years (mean (SD) = 78.31 (11.02), 71 (62.8%) women), were included. Regional WMH volumes were derived from T2-FLAIR images using ANTs, a vascular territory atlas and manual editing. Global Aβ was assessed with 18F-florbetapir PET, using SUVR of a cortical composite region (FBP mean SUVR) with a cerebellar reference region. Total transentorhinal (BA35) volume was derived using T1 and T2-weighted images using ASHS. To assess hippocampal pattern separation ability, an index of episodic memory, participants completed both object (MDT-O) and spatial (MDT-S) versions of a mnemonic discrimination task, with the lure discrimination index as the outcome. Using linear regressions, we first tested for associations among PCA-defined WMH, Aβ, BA35 volume, and MDT-S and MDT-O scores. We then tested whether the relationship between PCA-defined WMH and MDT-O performance was mediated by BA35 volume and whether this mediation was moderated by Aβ. All models adjusted for age, sex, and education.
Results:PCA-defined WMH were related to higher FBP mean SUVR (b=0.287, p=0.042) and lower BA35 volume (b=-0.222, p=0.038). PCA-defined WMH were also negatively related to MDT-O performance (b=-0.229, p=0.044), but not to MDT-S (b=-0.171, p=0.118). FBP mean SUVR was not related to BA35 volume (b=-0.131, p=0.344) or MDT performance (MDT-S: b=-0.138, p=0.348; MDT-O: b=0.059, p=0.690). Furthermore, FBP mean SUVR did not interact with PCA-defined WMH to predict memory performance (interaction b=-0.039, p=0.973), nor BA35 volume (interaction b=-0.140, p=0.894). The association of PCA-defined WMH to MDT-O was fully mediated by BA35 volume (indirect effect b=-0.0005, 95% CI (-0.0014, -0.0003)). This mediation was not moderated by FBP mean SUVR (indirect effect b=-0.00001, 95% CI (-0.001, 0.001)).
Conclusions:We found that PCA-defined WMH were related to memory performance in older adults, and this association is fully mediated by transentorhinal volume. While PCA-defined WMH are related to higher global Aβ burden, there is no interaction between PCA-defined WMH and Aβ on BA35 volume. These findings point to an amyloid-independent vascular pathway towards memory decline in aging and AD. Future work should examine whether the pathway linking PCA-defined WMH to transentorhinal cortex atrophy and subsequent memory decline is mediated by regional tau pathology.
Ontario Newborn Screening for Spinal Muscular Atrophy: The First Year
- Kristin D. Kernohan, Hugh J. McMillan, Ed Yeh, Melanie Lacaria, Michael Kowalski, Craig Campbell, James J. Dowling, Hernan Gonorazky, Janet Marcadier, Mark A. Tarnopolsky, Jiri Vajsar, Alex Mackenzie, Pranesh Chakraborty
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- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 49 / Issue 6 / November 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 October 2021, pp. 821-823
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Canadian Paediatric Neurology Workforce Survey and Consensus Statement
- Asif Doja, Serena L Orr, Hugh J McMillan, Adam Kirton, Paula Brna, Michael Esser, Richard Tang-Wai, Philippe Major, Chantal Poulin, Narayan Prasad, Kathryn Selby, Shelly K. Weiss, E. Ann Yeh, David JA Callen
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- Journal:
- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 43 / Issue 3 / May 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2016, pp. 402-409
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Background: Little knowledge exists on the availability of academic and community paediatric neurology positions. This knowledge is crucial for making workforce decisions. Our study aimed to: 1) obtain information regarding the availability of positions for paediatric neurologists in academic centres; 2) survey paediatric neurology trainees regarding their perceptions of employment issues and career plans; 3) survey practicing community paediatric neurologists 4) convene a group of paediatric neurologists to develop consensus regarding how to address these workforce issues. Methods: Surveys addressing workforce issues regarding paediatric neurology in Canada were sent to: 1) all paediatric neurology program directors in Canada (n=9) who then solicited information from division heads and from paediatric neurologists in surrounding areas; 2) paediatric neurology trainees in Canada (n=57) and; 3) community paediatric neurologists (n=27). A meeting was held with relevant stakeholders to develop a consensus on how to approach employment issues. Results: The response rate was 100% from program directors, 57.9% from residents and 44% from community paediatric neurologists. We found that the number of projected positions in academic paediatric neurology is fewer than the number of paediatric neurologists that are being trained over the next five to ten years, despite a clinical need for paediatric neurologists. Paediatric neurology residents are concerned about job availability and desire more career counselling. Conclusions: There is a current and projected clinical demand for paediatric neurologists despite a lack of academic positions. Training programs should focus on community neurology as a viable career option.
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- By Michael H. Allen, Leora Amira, Victoria Arango, David W. Ayer, Helene Bach, Christopher R. Bailey, Ross J. Baldessarini, Kelsey Ball, Alan L. Berman, Marian E. Betz, Emily A. Biggs, R. Warwick Blood, Kathleen T. Brady, David A. Brent, Jeffrey A. Bridge, Gregory K. Brown, Anat Brunstein Klomek, A. Jacqueline Buchanan, Michelle J. Chandley, Tim Coffey, Jessica Coker, Yeates Conwell, Scott J. Crow, Collin L. Davidson, Yogesh Dwivedi, Stacey Espaillat, Jan Fawcett, Steven J. Garlow, Robert D. Gibbons, Catherine R. Glenn, Deborah Goebert, Erica Goldstein, Tina R. Goldstein, Madelyn S. Gould, Kelly L. Green, Alison M. Greene, Philip D. Harvey, Robert M. A. Hirschfeld, Donna Holland Barnes, Andres M. Kanner, Gary J. Kennedy, Stephen H. Koslow, Benoit Labonté, Alison M. Lake, William B. Lawson, Steve Leifman, Adam Lesser, Timothy W. Lineberry, Amanda L. McMillan, Herbert Y. Meltzer, Michael Craig Miller, Michael J. Miller, James A. Naifeh, Katharine J. Nelson, Charles B. Nemeroff, Alexander Neumeister, Matthew K. Nock, Jennifer H. Olson-Madden, Gregory A. Ordway, Michael W. Otto, Ghanshyam N. Pandey, Giampaolo Perna, Jane Pirkis, Kelly Posner, Anne Rohs, Pedro Ruiz, Molly Ryan, Alan F. Schatzberg, S. Charles Schulz, M. Katherine Shear, Morton M. Silverman, April R. Smith, Marcus Sokolowski, Barbara Stanley, Zachary N. Stowe, Sarah A. Struthers, Leonardo Tondo, Gustavo Turecki, Robert J. Ursano, Kimberly Van Orden, Anne C. Ward, Danuta Wasserman, Jerzy Wasserman, Melinda K. Westlund, Tracy K. Witte, Kseniya Yershova, Alexandra Zagoloff, Sidney Zisook
- Edited by Stephen H. Koslow, University of Miami, Pedro Ruiz, University of Miami, Charles B. Nemeroff, University of Miami
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- A Concise Guide to Understanding Suicide
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- 05 October 2014
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- 18 September 2014, pp vii-x
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Diversity, relative abundance, new locality records, and updated fish fauna of the Ross Sea region
- Stuart M. Hanchet, Andrew L. Stewart, Peter J. McMillan, Malcolm R. Clark, Richard L. O'Driscoll, Michael L. Stevenson
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- Journal:
- Antarctic Science / Volume 25 / Issue 5 / October 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 February 2013, pp. 619-636
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Two surveys were carried out in the Ross Sea region during February and March 2004 and 2008 from the New Zealand RV Tangaroa. Fishes were sampled on the continental shelf and slope of the Ross Sea, and on adjacent seamounts to the north, mainly using a large demersal fish trawl and a large mesopelagic fish trawl. Parts of the shelf and slope were stratified by depth and at least three random demersal trawls were completed in each stratum, enabling biomass estimates of demersal fish to be calculated. Fish distribution data from these two surveys were supplemented by collections made by observers from the toothfish fishery. A diverse collection of over 2500 fish specimens was obtained from the two surveys representing 110 species in 21 families. When combined with previous documented material this gave a total species list of 175, of which 135 were from the Ross Sea shelf and slope (to the 2000 m isobath). Demersal species-richness, diversity and evenness indices all decreased going from the shelf to the slope and the seamounts. In contrast, indices for pelagic species were similar for the slope and seamounts/abyss but were much lower for the shelf.
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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- By Joanne R. Adler, David A. Alexander, Laurence Alison, Catherine C. Ayoub, Peter Banister, Anthony R. Beech, Amanda Biggs, Julian Boon, Adrian Bowers, Neil Brewer, Eric Broekaert, Paula Brough, Jennifer M. Brown, Kevin Browne, Elizabeth A. Campbell, David Canter, Michael Carlin, Shihning Chou, Martin A. Conway, Claire Cooke, David Cooke, Ilse Derluyn, Robert J. Edelmann, Vincent Egan, Tom Ellis, Marie Eyre, David P. Farrington, Seena Fazel, Daniel B. Fishman, Victoria Follette, Katarina Fritzon, Elizabeth Gilchrist, Nathan D. Gillard, Renée Gobeil, Agnieszka Golec de Zavala, Jane Goodman-Delahunty, Lynsey Gozna, Don Grubin, Gisli H. Gudjonsson, Helinä Häkkänen-Nyholm, Guy Hall, Nathan Hall, Roisin Hall, Sean Hammond, Leigh Harkins, Grant T. Harris, Camilla Herbert, Robert D. Hoge, Todd E. Hogue, Clive R. Hollin, Lorraine Hope, Miranda A. H. Horvath, Kevin Howells, Carol A. Ireland, Jane L. Ireland, Mark Kebbell, Michael King, Bruce D. Kirkcaldy, Heidi La Bash, Cara Laney, William R. Lindsay, Elizabeth F. Loftus, L. E. Marshall, W. L. Marshall, James McGuire, Neil McKeganey, T. M. McMillan, Mary McMurran, Joav Merrick, Becky Milne, Joanne M. Nadkarni, Claire Nee, M. D. O’Brien, William O’Donohue, Darragh O’Neill, Jane Palmer, Adria Pearson, Derek Perkins, Devon L. L. Polaschek, Louise E. Porter, Charlotte C. Powell, Graham E. Powell, Martine Powell, Christine Puckering, Ethel Quayle, Vernon L. Quinsey, Marnie E. Rice, Randall Richardson-Vejlgaard, Richard Rogers, Louis B Schlesinger, Carolyn Semmler, G. A. Serran, Ralph C. Serin, John L. Taylor, Max Taylor, Brian Thomas-Peter, Paul A. Tiffin, Graham Towl, Rosie Travers, Arlene Vetere, Graham Wagstaff, Helen Wakeling, Fiona Warren, Brandon C. Welsh, David Wexler, Margaret Wilson, Dan Yarmey, Susan Young
- Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
- Published online:
- 06 July 2010
- Print publication:
- 29 April 2010, pp xix-xxiii
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Experimental infection of two South American reservoirs with four distinct strains of Trypanosoma cruzi
- DAWN M. ROELLIG, KATHERINE McMILLAN, ANGELA E. ELLIS, JOHN L. VANDEBERG, DONALD E. CHAMPAGNE, MICHAEL J. YABSLEY
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- Journal:
- Parasitology / Volume 137 / Issue 6 / May 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 February 2010, pp. 959-966
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Trypanosoma cruzi (Tc), the causative agent of Chagas disease, is a diverse species with 2 primary genotypes, TcI and TcII, with TcII further subdivided into 5 subtypes (IIa–e). This study evaluated infection dynamics of 4 genetically and geographically diverse T. cruzi strains in 2 South American reservoirs, degus (Octodon degus) and grey short-tailed opossums (Monodelphis domestica). Based on prior suggestions of a genotype-host association, we hypothesized that degus (placental) would more readily become infected with TcII strains while short-tailed opossums (marsupial) would be a more competent reservoir for a TcI strain. Individuals (n=3) of each species were intraperitoneally inoculated with T. cruzi trypomastigotes of TcIIa [North America (NA)-raccoon (Procyon lotor) origin], TcI [NA-Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana)], TcIIb [South America (SA)-human], TcIIe (SA-Triatoma infestans), or both TcI and TcIIa. Parasitaemias in experimentally infected degus peaked earlier (7–14 days post-inoculation (p.i.)) compared with short-tailed opossums (21–84 days p.i.). Additionally, peak parasitaemias were higher in degus; however, the duration of detectable parasitaemias for all strains, except TcIIa, was greater in short-tailed opossums. Infections established in both host species with all genotypes, except for TcIIa, which did not establish a detectable infection in short-tailed opossums. These results indicate that both South American reservoirs support infections with these isolates from North and South America; however, infection dynamics differed with host and parasite strain.
Chapter 7 - Strings, the String Class, and the StringBuilder Class
- Michael McMillan, Pulaski Technical College, Arkansas
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- Book:
- Data Structures and Algorithms Using C#
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 26 March 2007, pp 119-146
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Summary
Strings are common to most computer programs. Certain types of programs, such as word processors and web applications, make heavy use of strings, which forces the programmer of such applications to pay special attention to the efficiency of string processing. In this chapter, we examine how C# works with strings, how to use the String class, and finally, how to work with the StringBuilder class. The StringBuilder class is used when a program must make many changes to a String object because strings and String objects are immutable, whereas StringBuilder objects are mutable. We'll explain all this later in the chapter.
WORKING WITH THE STRING CLASS
A string is a series of characters that can include letters, numbers, and other symbols. String literals are created in C# by enclosing a series of characters within a set of double quotation marks. Here are some examples of string literals:
“David Ruff”
“the quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog”
“123-45-6789”
“mmcmillan@pulaskitech.edu”
A string can consist of any character that is part of the Unicode character set. A string can also consist of no characters. This is a special string called the empty string and it is shown by placing two double quotation marks next to each other (“ ”). Please keep in mind that this is not the string that represents a space. That string looks like this—“ ”.
Chapter 16 - Graphs and Graph Algorithms
- Michael McMillan, Pulaski Technical College, Arkansas
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- Book:
- Data Structures and Algorithms Using C#
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 26 March 2007, pp 283-313
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Summary
The study of networks has become one of the great scientific hotbeds of this new century, though mathematicians and others have been studying networks for many hundreds of years. Recent developments in computer technology (i.e., the Internet), and in social theory (the social network, popularly conceived in the concept of “six degrees of separation”), have put a spotlight on the study of networks.
In this chapter, we look at how networks are modeled with graphs. We're not talking about the graphs such as pie graphs or bar graphs. We define what a graph is, how they're represented in VB.NET, and how to implement important graph algorithms. We also discuss the importance of picking the correct data representation when working with graphs, since the efficiency of graph algorithms is dependent on the data structure used.
GRAPH DEFINITIONS
A graph consists of a set of vertices and a set of edges. Think of a map of your state. Each town is connected with other towns via some type of road. A map is a type of graph. Each town is a vertex and a road that connects two towns is an edge. Edges are specified as a pair, (v1, v2), where v1 and v2 are two vertices in the graph. A vertex can also have a weight, sometimes also called a cost.
Chapter 9 - Building Dictionaries: The DictionaryBase Class and the SortedList Class
- Michael McMillan, Pulaski Technical College, Arkansas
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- Book:
- Data Structures and Algorithms Using C#
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 26 March 2007, pp 165-175
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Summary
A dictionary is a data structure that stores data as a key–value pair. The DictionaryBase class is used as an abstract class to implement different data structures that all store data as key–value pairs. These data structures can be hash tables, linked lists, or some other data structure type. In this chapter, we examine how to create basic dictionaries and how to use the inherited methods of the DictionaryBase class. We will use these techniques later when we explore more specialized data structures.
One example of a dictionary-based data structure is the SortedList. This class stores key–value pairs in sorted order based on the key. It is an interesting data structure because you can also access the values stored in the structure by referring to the value's index position in the data structure, which makes the structure behave somewhat like an array. We examine the behavior of the SortedList class at the end of the chapter.
THE DICTIONARYBASE CLASS
You can think of a dictionary data structure as a computerized word dictionary. The word you are looking up is the key, and the definition of the word is the value. The DictionaryBase class is an abstract (MustInherit) class that is used as a basis for specialized dictionary implementations.
Chapter 12 - Binary Trees and Binary Search Trees
- Michael McMillan, Pulaski Technical College, Arkansas
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- Book:
- Data Structures and Algorithms Using C#
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 26 March 2007, pp 218-236
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Summary
Trees are a very common data structure in computer science. A tree is a nonlinear data structure that is used to store data in a hierarchical manner. We examine one primary tree structure in this chapter, the binary tree, along with one implementation of the binary tree, the binary search tree. Binary trees are often chosen over more fundamental structures, such as arrays and linked lists, because you can search a binary tree quickly (as opposed to a linked list) and you can quickly insert data and delete data from a binary tree (as opposed to an array).
THE DEFINITION OF A TREE
Before we examine the structure and behavior of the binary tree, we need to define what we mean by a tree. A tree is a set of nodes connected by edges. An example of a tree is a company's organization chart (see Figure 12.1).
The purpose of an organization chart is to communicate to the viewer the structure of the organization. In Figure 12.1, each box is a node and the lines connecting the boxes are the edges. The nodes, obviously, represent the entities (people) that make up an organization. The edges represent the relationship between the entities. For example, the Chief Information Officer (CIO), reports directly to the CEO, so there is an edge between these two nodes. The IT manager reports to the CIO so there is an edge connecting them.
Preface
- Michael McMillan, Pulaski Technical College, Arkansas
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- Book:
- Data Structures and Algorithms Using C#
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 26 March 2007, pp vii-x
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Summary
The study of data structures and algorithms is critical to the development of the professional programmer. There are many, many books written on data structures and algorithms, but these books are usually written as college textbooks and are written using the programming languages typically taught in college—Java or C++. C# is becoming a very popular language and this book provides the C# programmer with the opportunity to study fundamental data structures and algorithms.
C# exists in a very rich development environment called the .NET Framework. Included in the .NET Framework library is a set of data structure classes (also called collection classes), which range from the Array, ArrayList, and Collection classes to the Stack and Queue classes and to the HashTable and the SortedList classes. The data structures and algorithms student can now see how to use a data structure before learning how to implement it. Previously, an instructor had to discuss the concept of, say, a stack, abstractly until the complete data structure was constructed. Instructors can now show students how to use a stack to perform some computation, such as number base conversions, demonstrating the utility of the data structure immediately. With this background, the student can then go back and learn the fundamentals of the data structure (or algorithm) and even build their own implementation.
Data Structures and Algorithms Using C#
- Michael McMillan
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- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 26 March 2007
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C# programmers: no more translating data structures from C++ or Java to use in your programs! Mike McMillan provides a tutorial on how to use data structures and algorithms plus the first comprehensive reference for C# implementation of data structures and algorithms found in the .NET Framework library, as well as those developed by the programmer. The approach is very practical, using timing tests rather than Big O notation to analyze the efficiency of an approach. Coverage includes arrays and array lists, linked lists, hash tables, dictionaries, trees, graphs, and sorting and searching algorithms, as well as more advanced algorithms such as probabilistic algorithms and dynamic programming. This is the perfect resource for C# professionals and students alike.
Index
- Michael McMillan, Pulaski Technical College, Arkansas
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- Book:
- Data Structures and Algorithms Using C#
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 26 March 2007, pp 341-355
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Chapter 14 - Advanced Sorting Algorithms
- Michael McMillan, Pulaski Technical College, Arkansas
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- Book:
- Data Structures and Algorithms Using C#
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
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- 26 March 2007, pp 249-262
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Summary
In this chapter, we examine algorithms for sorting data that are more complex than the algorithms examined in Chapter 4. These algorithms are also more efficient, and one of them, the QuickSort algorithm, is generally considered to be the most efficient sort to use in most situations. The other sorting algorithms we'll examine are the ShellSort, the MergeSort, and the HeapSort.
To compare these advanced sorting algorithms, we'll first discuss how each of them is implemented, and in the exercises you will use the Timing class to determine the efficiency of these algorithms.
THE SHELLSORT ALGORITHM
The ShellSort algorithm is named after its inventor Donald Shell. This algorithm is fundamentally an improvement of the insertion sort. The key concept in this algorithm is that it compares items that are distant rather than adjacent items, as is done in the insertion sort. As the algorithm loops through the data set, the distance between each item decreases until at the end the algorithm is comparing items that are adjacent.
ShellSort sorts distant elements by using an increment sequence. The sequence must start with 1, but can then be incremented by any amount.
Chapter 4 - Basic Searching Algorithms
- Michael McMillan, Pulaski Technical College, Arkansas
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- Book:
- Data Structures and Algorithms Using C#
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 26 March 2007, pp 55-67
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Searching for data is a fundamental computer programming task and one that has been studied for many years. This chapter looks at just one aspect of the search problem—searching for a given value in a list (array).
There are two fundamental ways to search for data in a list: the sequential search and the binary search. Sequential search is used when the items in the list are in random order; binary search is used when the items are sorted in the list.
SEQUENTIAL SEARCHING
The most obvious type of search is to begin at the beginning of a set of records and move through each record until you find the record you are looking for or you come to the end of the records. This is called a sequential search.
A sequential search (also called a linear search) is very easy to implement. Start at the beginning of the array and compare each accessed array element to the value you're searching for. If you find a match, the search is over. If you get to the end of the array without generating a match, then the value is not in the array.
Chapter 8 - Pattern Matching and Text Processing
- Michael McMillan, Pulaski Technical College, Arkansas
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- Book:
- Data Structures and Algorithms Using C#
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 26 March 2007, pp 147-164
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Summary
Whereas the String and StringBuilder classes provide a set of methods that can be used to process string-based data, the RegEx and its supporting classes provide much more power for string-processing tasks. String processing mostly involves looking for patterns in strings (pattern matching) and it is performed via a special language called a regular expression. In this chapter, we look at how to form regular expressions and how to use them to solve common text processing tasks.
AN INTRODUCTION TO REGULAR EXPRESSIONS
A regular expression is a language that describes patterns of characters in strings, along with descriptors for repeating characters, alternatives, and groupings of characters. Regular expressions can be used to perform both searches in strings and substitutions in strings.
A regular expression itself is just a string of characters that define a pattern you want to search for in another string. Generally, the characters in a regular expression match themselves, so that the regular expression “the” matches that sequence of characters wherever they are found in a string.
A regular expression can also include special characters that are called metacharacters. Metacharacters are used to signify repetition, alternation, or grouping. We will examine how these metacharacters are used shortly.
Most experienced computer users have used regular expressions in their work, even if they weren't aware they were doing so at the time.
References
- Michael McMillan, Pulaski Technical College, Arkansas
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- Book:
- Data Structures and Algorithms Using C#
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 26 March 2007, pp 339-340
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Chapter 5 - Stacks and Queues
- Michael McMillan, Pulaski Technical College, Arkansas
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- Book:
- Data Structures and Algorithms Using C#
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
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- 26 March 2007, pp 68-93
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Summary
Data organize naturally as lists. We have already used the Array and ArrayList classes for handling data organized as a list. Although those data structures helped us group the data in a convenient form for processing, neither structure provides a real abstraction for actually designing and implementing problem solutions.
Two list-oriented data structures that provide easy-to-understand abstractions are stacks and queues. Data in a stack are added and removed from only one end of the list, whereas data in a queue are added at one end and removed from the other end of a list. Stacks are used extensively in programming language implementations, from everything from expression evaluation to handling function calls. Queues are used to prioritize operating system processes and to simulate events in the real world, such as teller lines at banks and the operation of elevators in buildings.
C# provides two classes for using these data structures: the Stack class and the Queue class. We'll discuss how to use these classes and look at some practical examples in this chapter.
STACKS, A STACK IMPLEMENTATION AND THE STACK CLASS
The stack is one of the most frequently used data structures, as we just mentioned. We define a stack as a list of items that are accessible only from the end of the list, which is called the top of the stack. The standard model for a stack is the stack of trays at a cafeteria.