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KRIPKE COMPLETENESS OF STRICTLY POSITIVE MODAL LOGICS OVER MEET-SEMILATTICES WITH OPERATORS
- STANISLAV KIKOT, AGI KURUCZ, YOSHIHITO TANAKA, FRANK WOLTER, MICHAEL ZAKHARYASCHEV
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Symbolic Logic / Volume 84 / Issue 2 / June 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 April 2019, pp. 533-588
- Print publication:
- June 2019
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Our concern is the completeness problem for spi-logics, that is, sets of implications between strictly positive formulas built from propositional variables, conjunction and modal diamond operators. Originated in logic, algebra and computer science, spi-logics have two natural semantics: meet-semilattices with monotone operators providing Birkhoff-style calculi and first-order relational structures (aka Kripke frames) often used as the intended structures in applications. Here we lay foundations for a completeness theory that aims to answer the question whether the two semantics define the same consequence relations for a given spi-logic.
Ein exegetischer und theologischer Blick auf Röm 11.25–32
- Michael Wolter
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- Journal:
- New Testament Studies / Volume 64 / Issue 2 / April 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 March 2018, pp. 123-142
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- April 2018
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In this article it is argued that in Rom 11.25–32 Paul starts from the situation of Israel that he has described in Rom 11.1–10: Israel is torn into two parts – a Christian minority and a non-Christian majority which has rejected the Gospel because it has been hardened. In these verses Paul develops an expectation according to which it is God himself who will take away the hardening of the non-Christian majority of Israel by leading them to faith in Christ. It is God himself whom Paul identifies as the ‘deliverer who comes from Zion’ (v. 26), although he does not expect a theophany but uses the quotations from Isa 59.20–1 and 27.9 as metaphorical circumscriptions for God's intervention in favour of the non-Christian part of his people. Although Paul is fully convinced that God will intervene in favour of the non-Christian Jews, he has no idea how this could happen. This discrepancy between Paul's assurance of the ‘that’ and his cluelessness regarding the ‘how’ is the reason why he presents his solution of the Israel problem in an apocalyptic mode as a revelation of a ‘mystery’ (v. 25).
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Boot swabs to collect environmental samples from common locations in dairy herds for Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) detection
- Tobias Eisenberg, Wilfried Wolter, Mirjam Lenz, Karen Schlez, Michael Zschöck
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- Journal:
- Journal of Dairy Research / Volume 80 / Issue 4 / November 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 October 2013, pp. 485-489
- Print publication:
- November 2013
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The aim of the present study was the examination of the boot swab sampling technique for the collection of environmental material in order to identify Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP)-infected herds. Eight dairy herds were included into the study. Four of them had a well-known history of MAP-infection from a herd surveillance programme conducted since 2006. Cows in these herds were repeatedly tested positive in Pourquier® MAP-ELISA (Pourquier, Montepellier, France); in some MAP could be isolated in individual faecal culture despite that symptoms of paratuberculosis were never reported. In four presumably negative herds nearly all cows were repeatedly tested serologically negative for MAP. The pathogen was never isolated from faecal samples of cows by culture. The study was initiated with the aim of standardising environmental samples as a herd diagnostics, in which overall 130 pairs of boot swab samples from the cows’ surroundings were taken In 58 of 64 swab samples (90·6%) from confirmed MAP-infected herds the organism could be isolated by mycobacterial culture of the boot swab. Contrarily, in 66 samples from presumably MAP-negative herds only one swab was positive (1·5%). The utilisation of boot swabs as a standardised technique for environmental sampling offers an effective and inexpensive tool for identifying herds infected with MAP. This is the first report of using boot swabs for the collection of environmental samples for MAP- detection in cattle herds. This easy to perform technique enables the economical detection of MAP herd status.
The effect of dry cow antibiotic with and without an internal teat sealant on udder health during the first 100 d of lactation: a field study with matched pairs
- Katja Mütze, Wilfried Wolter, Klaus Failing, Bärbel Kloppert, Heinz Bernhardt, Michael Zschöck
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- Journal:
- Journal of Dairy Research / Volume 79 / Issue 4 / November 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 September 2012, pp. 477-484
- Print publication:
- November 2012
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The objective of this field study was to compare the udder health status as well as the clinical mastitis rate during the first 100 d of lactation in cows that received long-acting dry cow antibiotic alone (group AB) or in combination with an internal teat sealant (group AB + OS). The study was conducted during a 9-month period and included 136 Holstein cows from 12 dairy farms in Hessia, Germany. Between days 1 and 5 after calving a California mastitis test (CMT) was performed. Milk-samples were collected for bacteriological culture before drying off, between days 6 and 14 and days 35 and 56 of lactation. Additionally the cows were monitored for the occurrence of clinical mastitis events until 100 d post partum. Within the 12 herds cow-pairs were formed on the basis of age, milk yield and SCC. A cow-pair consisted of one cow from group AB and one cow from group AB + OS. For statistical analysis within every cow-pair one quarter that has been dried off with internal teat sealant and dry cow antibiotic (group AB + OS) was compared with one quarter that has been dried off with dry cow antibiotic (group AB) alone. As criterion for the matching process of udder quarters the cytobacteriological udder health status before drying off was used. A total of 544 quarters (136 cows) were used in this analysis. In the first 5 d after calving, group AB had significantly more quarters with a positive CMT reaction than group AB + OS (85 vs. 57; P <0·001), and in the first 100 d of lactation, group AB had more quarters with clinical mastitis than group AB + OS (25 vs. 15; P = 0·03). In the time periods 6–14 and 35–56 d of lactation, there were fewer quarters in group AB + OS populated with Corynebacterium spp. (days 6–14, P = 0·05; days 35–56, P = 0·02) and aesculin-positive streptococci (days 35–56, P = 0·02). The internal teat sealant was a promising tool for the prevention of new intramammary infections (IMI) of dry cows with environmental udder pathogens as expressed during early lactation.
Microscopic differential cell counts in milk for the evaluation of inflammatory reactions in clinically healthy and subclinically infected bovine mammary glands
- Daniel Schwarz, Ulrike S Diesterbeck, Sven König, Kerstin Brügemann, Karen Schlez, Michael Zschöck, Wilfried Wolter, Claus-Peter Czerny
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- Journal:
- Journal of Dairy Research / Volume 78 / Issue 4 / November 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 August 2011, pp. 448-455
- Print publication:
- November 2011
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Somatic cell count (SCC) is generally regarded as an indicator of udder health. A cut-off value of 100×103 cells/ml is currently used in Germany to differentiate between normal and abnormal secretion of quarters. In addition to SCC, differential cell counts (DCC) can be applied for a more detailed analysis of the udder health status. The aim of this study was to differentiate somatic cells in foremilk samples of udder quarters classified as normal secreting by SCC <100×103 cells/ml. Twenty cows were selected and 72 normal secreting udder quarters were compared with a control group of six diseased quarters (SCC >100×103 cells/ml). In two severely diseased quarters of the control group (SCC of 967×103 cells/ml and 1824×103 cells/ml) Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were detected. DCC patterns of milk samples (n=25) with very low SCC values of ⩽6·25×103 cells/ml revealed high lymphocyte proportions of up to 92%. Milk cell populations in samples (n=41) with SCC values of (>6·25 to ⩽25)×103 cells/ml were also dominated by lymphocytes (mean value 47%), whereas DCC patterns of milk from udder quarters (n=6) with SCC values (>25 to ⩽100)×103 cells/ml changed. While in samples (n=3) with SCC values of (27–33)×103 cells/ml macrophages were predominant (35–40%), three milk samples with (43–45)×103 cells/ml indicated already inflammatory reactions based on the predominance of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) (54–63%). In milk samples of diseased quarters PMN were categorically found as dominant cell population with proportions of ⩾65%. Macrophages were the second predominant cell population in almost all samples tested in relationship to lymphocytes and PMN. To our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating cell populations in low SCC milk in detail. Udder quarters classified as normal secreting by SCC <100×103 cells/ml revealed already inflammatory processes based on DCC.
2 - NCR: taking the cue provided by the FCC
- Wolter Lemstra, Technische Universiteit Delft, The Netherlands, Vic Hayes, Technische Universiteit Delft, The Netherlands, John Groenewegen, Technische Universiteit Delft, The Netherlands
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- Book:
- The Innovation Journey of Wi-Fi
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 18 November 2010, pp 21-52
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Summary
The innovation trigger: the FCC Report and Order
Although different research perspectives may result in different starting points, a meaningful start for a wireless-based product such as Wi-Fi is to trace back the event or events that led to the allocation and assignment of radio frequency spectrum. In this case, it is the Report and Order adopted on 9 May 1985 by the US Federal Communications Commission to authorise ‘spread spectrum and other wideband emissions not presently provided for in the FCC Rules and Regulations’ (see also Figure 2.1 for the coverage of the Report and Order; FCC, 1985).
The initiative by the FCC to open up the ISM spectrum for communications applications using spread-spectrum technology was in itself innovative, as most rule making is triggered by industry. This initiative had a different origin, as Marcus explains:
The political climate preceding the 1985 spread spectrum order was set by the Carter administration (1977 to 1981). Carter's programme was one of deregulation, which had already affected the airline, trucking and railroad industries. The White House facilitated a dialogue with regulators on basic concepts, and an interagency committee occasionally organised workshops for agencies to exchange ideas on deregulation. For example ‘labelling’ was considered a possible alternative to stricter regulation. For instance, the cigarette industry had to label its packages with the tar and nicotine contents, to be measured according to a new standard. The labelling made people conscious of the health risks, and the sales of high-tar cigarettes plummeted. This result would probably not have been reached if a regulation had been put in place with a set limit, since the political compromise necessary to get such a limit adopted would probably have resulted in a high limit for the tar and nicotine content.
The chairman of the FCC from October 1977 to February 1981, Charles Ferris, intended to extend the deregulation spirit to apply to the RF spectrum. He would like to end the practice whereby numerous requests for spectrum were brought forward, based on special cases of technology application. The motto was ‘Let us unrestrict the restricted technologies’. To that end he hired as chief scientist at the FCC in 1979 Dr Stephen Lukasik, a physicist famous for having been the director of the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) from 1970, during the pioneering years of the ARPAnet.
Parametric algebraic specifications with Gentzen formulas – from quasi-freeness to free functor semantics†
- Michael Löwe, Uwe Wolter
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- Journal:
- Mathematical Structures in Computer Science / Volume 5 / Issue 1 / March 1995
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 March 2009, pp. 69-111
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Inspired by the work of S. Kaplan on positive/negative conditional rewriting, we investigate initial semantics for algebraic specifications with Gentzen formulas. Since the standard initial approach is limited to conditional equations (i.e. positive Horn formulas), the notion of semi-initial and quasi-initial algebras is introduced, and it is shown that all specifications with (positive) Gentzen formulas admit quasi-initial models.
The whole approach is generalized to the parametric case where quasi-initiality generalizes to quasi-freeness. Since quasi-free objects need not be isomorphic, the persistency requirement is added to obtain a unique semantics for many interesting practical examples. Unique persistent quasi-free semantics can be described as a free construction if the homomorphisms of the parameter category are suitably restricted. Furthermore, it turns out that unique persistent quasi-free semantics applies especially to specifications where the Gentzen formulas can be interpreted as hierarchical positive/negative conditional equations. The data type constructor of finite function spaces is used as an example that does not admit a correct initial semantics, but does admit a correct unique persistent quasi-initial semantics. The example demonstrates that the concepts introduced in this paper might be of some importance in practical applications.
Interplay Between Surface Chemistry and Optical Behavior of Semiconductor-biomolecule Functionalized Sensing Systems: An Optical Investigation by Spectroscopic Ellipsometry
- Maria Losurdo, Scott D Wolters, Maria M Giangregorio, Fabiana Lisco, Michael Angelo, William Lampert, Giovanni Bruno, April Brown
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 1133 / 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 February 2011, 1133-AA07-13
- Print publication:
- 2008
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Chemical functionalization of bio-molecules, including hemin (an iron porphyrin) and bovine albumin onto Si (100) and GaAs (100) surfaces is reported. Spectroscopic ellipsometry analysis on the optical response of functionalized surfaces provides information on molecular coverage and effective thickness as well as the kinetics of surface attachment. Topographic features of the chemically functionalized surfaces are investigated by atomic force microscopy
A logic for metric and topology
- Frank Wolter, Michael Zakharyaschev
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Symbolic Logic / Volume 70 / Issue 3 / September 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 March 2014, pp. 795-828
- Print publication:
- September 2005
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We propose a logic for reasoning about metric spaces with the induced topologies. It combines the ‘qualitative’ interior and closure operators with ‘quantitative’ operators ‘somewhere in the sphere of radius r’ including or excluding the boundary. We supply the logic with both the intended metric space semantics and a natural relational semantics, and show that the latter (i) provides finite partial representations of (in general) infinite metric models and (ii) reduces the standard ‘ε-definitions’ of closure and interior to simple constraints on relations. These features of the relational semantics suggest a finite axiomatisation of the logic and provide means to prove its EXPTIME-completeness (even if the rational numerical parameters are coded in binary). An extension with metric variables satisfying linear rational (in)equalities is proved to be decidable as well. Our logic can be regarded as a ‘well-behaved’ common denominator of logical systems constructed in temporal, spatial, and similarity-based quantitative and qualitative representation and reasoning. Interpreted on the real line (with its Euclidean metric), it is a natural fragment of decidable temporal logics for specification and verification of real-time systems. On the real plane, it is closely related to quantitative and qualitative formalisms for spatial representation and reasoning, but this time the logic becomes undecidable.
Apokalyptik als Redeform im Neuen Testament
- MICHAEL WOLTER
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- Journal:
- New Testament Studies / Volume 51 / Issue 2 / April 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 April 2005, pp. 171-191
- Print publication:
- April 2005
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‘Apokalyptik’ ist ein wissenschaftlicher Ausdruck, der nicht wie ein quellensprachlicher Begriff behandelt werden darf. Wir benutzen ihn als einen Sammelbegriff für eine Eigenschaft von Texten, die wir freilich nicht in diesen vorfinden, sondern ihnen zuschreiben. Was wir in den Texten vorfinden, sind vielmehr bestimmte Redeformen mit der Funktion von Leseanweisungen, die so etwas wie eine erkenntnistheoretische Transzendenz voraussetzen und kognitive Grenzüberschreitungen fingieren. Im NT lassen sich apokalyptische Rezeptionsanweisungen in Röm 11.25; 1 Kor 15.51 und Offb 4.1–2a nachweisen, nicht hingegen in 1 Thess 4.13–18 oder Mk 13.
Decidable fragments of first-order modal logics
- Frank Wolter, Michael Zakharyaschev
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Symbolic Logic / Volume 66 / Issue 3 / September 2001
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 March 2014, pp. 1415-1438
- Print publication:
- September 2001
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The paper considers the set of first-order polymodal formulas the modal operators in which can be applied to subformulas of at most one free variable. Using a mosaic technique, we prove a general satisfiability criterion for formulas in , which reduces the modal satisfiability to the classical one. The criterion is then used to single out a number of new, in a sense optimal, decidable fragments of various modal predicate logics.
Ethos und Identität in paulinischen Gemeinden1
- Michael Wolter
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- Journal:
- New Testament Studies / Volume 43 / Issue 3 / July 1997
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 February 2009, pp. 430-444
- Print publication:
- July 1997
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1.1. Keine menschliche Gemeinschaft kommt ohne ein Ethos aus, das denen, die ihr angehören, ‘mit dem Anspruch von Verbindlich-keit gegeniübertritt’.2 Dies hat seinen Grund darin, daß es aller-erst das gemeinsame Ethos ist, in dem sich die Identität einer Gemeinschaft objektiviert und in dem sie lebensweltlich – nämlich als soziale Identität – wahrnehmbar wird. In diesem Sinne stiftet ein Ethos soziale Kohäsion, denn es bestätigt den einzelnen die Zugehörigkeit zur überindividuellen Gemeinschaft. Mit W. Kluxen kann man darum sagen, daβ die ‘Sozialität’ einer Gemeinschaft ‘im Handeln verwirklicht wird’.3 Dies impliziert, daβ ein Ethos niemals um seiner selbst willen existiert, sondern immer Ver-weisfunktion hat: Es weist über sich selbst hinaus, denn ihm kommt die wichtige Aufgabe zu, die gemeinsame überindividuelle Identität unverwechselbar zu repräsentieren. – Dies gilt selbst-verständlich auch für christliche Gemeinschaften, und darum möchte ich im folgenden danach fragen, wie sich diese Korrelation in den paulinischen Gemeinden und bei Paulus selbst darstellt.4
‘Reich Gottes’ Bei Lukas1
- Michael Wolter
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- Journal:
- New Testament Studies / Volume 41 / Issue 4 / October 1995
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 February 2009, pp. 541-563
- Print publication:
- October 1995
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Daß die Königsherrschaft Gottes auch im lukanischen Doppelwerk als wichtiger theologischer ‘Leitbegriff’ fungiert, signalisiert allein schon die erst- und letztmalige Verwendung dieses Begriffs: Mit dem Logion von Lk 4.43, das eine Gesamtdeutung der Sendung Jesu liefert, und dem letzten Satz seines Werkes in Apg 28.31 legt Lukas einen Rahmen um seine Darstellung, der durch das Stichwort der βασιλεία το θεο dem Ganzen unübersehbare Kohärenz verleiht. Dazu paßt, daß Lukas auch in dem Bericht über die 40 Tage zwischen Ostern und Himmelfahrt, der die beiden Teile seines Doppelwerkes miteinander verknüpft, das Basileia-Thema aufgreift (Apg 1.3, 6). Die Gottesherrschaft ist hier zum Bestandteil eines geschichtstheologischen Gesamtentwurfs geworden, der aufgrund seiner Abständigkeit zum historischen Jesus naturgemäß auch dessen Basileia-Verkündigung nur gebrochen rezipieren konnte.—In den letzten Jahrzehnten hat sich nun vor allem das ‘eschatologische Büro' mit diesem Thema befaßt. Gegenstand der Diskussion ist vor allem, in welcher Weise die Erfahrung der sich dehnenden Zeit (d.h. der Parusieverzögerung und des zunehmenden Abstands von den Anfängen der Christentumsgeschichte) als für die lukanische Basileia-Konzeption maßgeblich zu veranschlagen ist. Die einzelnen Diskussionsbeiträge orientieren sich dabei weitgehend an einem durch Zeitkategorien definierten Koordinatensystem, mit dessen Hilfe das Wie der Präsenz der Basileia in der Gegenwart (der gewesenen des irdischen Jesus sowie der augenblicklichen des Lukas) und das Wann ihres Kommens in der Zukunft (der nahen oder der fernen) verortet wird.
Der Apostel und seine Gemeinden als Teilhaber am Leidensgeschick Jesu Christi: Beobachtungen zur paulinischen Leidenstheologie
- Michael Wolter
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- Journal:
- New Testament Studies / Volume 36 / Issue 4 / October 1990
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 February 2009, pp. 535-557
- Print publication:
- October 1990
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1. ‘Denn als wir noch bei euch waren, haben wir euch vorausgesagt, daß wir in Bedrangnis geraten werden, wie es auch — das wißt ihr ja — eingetroffen ist’, schreibt Paulus in 1 Thess 3.4 and die junge Christengemeinde in Thessalonich. Er konnte ihr demnach bereits bei seinem Gründungsaufenthalt kommende Leidenserfahrungen ankündigen, die sich offenbar dann auch umgehend eingestellt haben (vgl. noch 1. 6; 2. 13–14). In dieser Erinnerung an Anfänge und Geschick der Gemeinde in Thessalonich spiegelt sich der auch anderswo im Neuen Testament belegte historische Sachverhalt, daß die frühen christlichen Gemeinden von Anbeginn an mit der Realität des Leidens konfrontiert waren und daß diese Leidenswirklichkeit ihren maßgeblichen Grund in der Existenz der Gemeinden an sich, d.h. in ihrem Bekenntnis zu Jesus Christus und den daraus für ihr Leben gezogenen Konsequenzen hatte. Insofern die christlichen Gemeinden als Minderheiten von den religiösen und sozialen Normen der nichtchristlichen Umwelt abwichen, teilten sie das typische Geschick gesellschaftlicher Minoritäten: Ihre Leidenserfahrungen konkretisierten sich vor allem in sozialer Isolation wie aggressiver Ausgrenzung, aber auch in blutiger Verfolgung. Dieser ursächliche Zusammenhang von Christsein und Leiden wurde auch von den frühen Christen selbst als solcher wahrgenommen. Dies macht eine Reihe von Präpositionalverbindungen sichtbar, die die Erfahrung des Leidens als ein Leiden ‘um Christi willen’ u.ä. bestimmen. Der damit gegebenen Gefahr, sich dem Leiden durch die Abwendung vom christlichen Bekenntnis zu entziehen (vgl. Mk 4.17; 8.34–38; Joh 12.42–43; 16.1; 1 Thess 3.3–4; 2 Tim 1.8, 12; 2.12–13; 1 Petr 4.16; Apk 2.13; 3.8 u.ö.), versuchen die neutestamentlichen Autoren dadurch zu begegnen, daß sie die Leidenserfahrungen ihrer Gemeinden in einer Weise theologisch deuten, die dem Leiden seinen Charakter als Differenzerfahrung nimmt und den Gemeinden eine positive Bewältigung ihrer jeweiligen Leidenswirklichkeit ermöglicht. Diese Deutung zielt darauf ab, die Gemeinden tröstend ihrer Identität als von Gott erwählter eschatologischer Heilsgemeinschaft zu vergewissern, indem sie die bedrückende Leidenswirklichkeit als ein konstitutives Element christlicher Heilswirklichkeit sichtbar zu machen sucht, d.h. als eine Erfahrung, die nicht einen heillosen Entfremdungszustand der Gottesferne markiert, sondern positiv in den Vollzug heilvoller christlicher Existenz hineingehört.