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Use of vitamin D supplements during infancy in an international feeding trial
- Eveliina Lehtonen, Anne Ormisson, Anita Nucci, David Cuthbertson, Susa Sorkio, Mila Hyytinen, Kirsi Alahuhta, Carol Berseth, Marja Salonen, Shayne Taback, Margaret Franciscus, Teba González-Frutos, Tuuli E Korhonen, Margaret L Lawson, Dorothy J Becker, Jeffrey P Krischer, Mikael Knip, Suvi M Virtanen, , Thomas Mandrup-Poulsen, Elias Arjas, Åke Lernmark, Barbara Schmidt, Jeffrey P. Krischer, Hans K. Åkerblom, Mila Hyytinen, Mikael Knip, Katriina Koski, Matti Koski, Eeva Pajakkala, Marja Salonen, David Cuthbertson, Jeffrey P. Krischer, Linda Shanker, Brenda Bradley, Hans-Michael Dosch, John Dupré, William Fraser, Margaret Lawson, Jeffrey L. Mahon, Mathew Sermer, Shayne P. Taback, Dorothy Becker, Margaret Franciscus, Anita Nucci, Jerry Palmer, Minna Pekkala, Suvi M. Virtanen, Jacki Catteau, Neville Howard, Patricia Crock, Maria Craig, Cheril L. Clarson, Lynda Bere, David Thompson, Daniel Metzger, Colleen Marshall, Jennifer Kwan, David K. Stephure, Daniele Pacaud, Wendy Schwarz, Rose Girgis, Marilyn Thompson, Shayne P. Taback, Daniel Catte, Margaret L. Lawson, Brenda Bradley, Denis Daneman, Mathew Sermer, Mary-Jean Martin, Valérie Morin, Lyne Frenette, Suzanne Ferland, Susan Sanderson, Kathy Heath, Céline Huot, Monique Gonthier, Maryse Thibeault, Laurent Legault, Diane Laforte, Elizabeth A. Cummings, Karen Scott, Tracey Bridger, Cheryl Crummell, Robyn Houlden, Adriana Breen, George Carson, Sheila Kelly, Koravangattu Sankaran, Marie Penner, Richard A. White, Nancy King, James Popkin, Laurie Robson, Eva Al Taji, Irena Aldhoon, Pavla Mendlova, Jan Vavrinec, Jan Vosahlo, Ludmila Brazdova, Jitrenka Venhacova, Petra Venhacova, Adam Cipra, Zdenka Tomsikova, Petra Krckova, Pavla Gogelova, Ülle Einberg, Mall-Anne Riikjärv, Anne Ormisson, Vallo Tillmann, Päivi Kleemola, Anna Parkkola, Heli Suomalainen, Anna-Liisa Järvenpää, Anu-Maaria Hämälainen, Hannu Haavisto, Sirpa Tenhola, Pentti Lautala, Pia Salonen, Susanna Aspholm, Heli Siljander, Carita Holm, Samuli Ylitalo, Raisa Lounamaa, Anja Nuuja, Timo Talvitie, Kaija Lindström, Hanna Huopio, Jouni Pesola, Riitta Veijola, Päivi Tapanainen, Abram Alar, Paavo Korpela, Marja-Liisa Käär, Taina Mustila, Ritva Virransalo, Päivi Nykänen, Bärbel Aschemeier, Thomas Danne, Olga Kordonouri, Dóra Krikovszky, László Madácsy, Yeganeh Manon Khazrai, Ernesto Maddaloni, Paolo Pozzilli, Carla Mannu, Marco Songini, Carine de Beaufort, Ulrike Schierloh, Jan Bruining, Margriet Bisschoff, Aleksander Basiak, Renata Wasikowa, Marta Ciechanowska, Grazyna Deja, Przemyslawa Jarosz-Chobot, Agnieszka Szadkowska, Katarzyna Cypryk, Malgorzata Zawodniak-Szalapska, Luis Castano, Teba Gonzalez Frutos, Mirentxu Oyarzabal, Manuel Serrano-Ríos, María Teresa Martínez-Larrad, Federico Gustavo Hawkins, Dolores Rodriguez Arnau, Johnny Ludvigsson, Malgorzata Smolinska Konefal, Ragnar Hanas, Bengt Lindblad, Nils-Osten Nilsson, Hans Fors, Maria Nordwall, Agne Lindh, Hans Edenwall, Jan Aman, Calle Johansson, Margrit Gadient, Eugen Schoenle, Dorothy Becker, Ashi Daftary, Margaret Franciscus, Carol Gilmour, Jerry Palmer, Rachel Taculad, Marilyn Tanner-Blasiar, Neil White, Uday Devaskar, Heather Horowitz, Lisa Rogers, Roxana Colon, Teresa Frazer, Jose Torres, Robin Goland, Ellen Greenberg, Maudene Nelson, Holly Schachner, Barney Softness, Jorma Ilonen, Massimo Trucco, Lynn Nichol, Erkki Savilahti, Taina Härkönen, Mikael Knip, Outi Vaarala, Kristiina Luopajärvi, Hans-Michael Dosch
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- Journal:
- Public Health Nutrition / Volume 17 / Issue 4 / April 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 June 2013, pp. 810-822
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Objective
To examine the use of vitamin D supplements during infancy among the participants in an international infant feeding trial.
DesignLongitudinal study.
SettingInformation about vitamin D supplementation was collected through a validated FFQ at the age of 2 weeks and monthly between the ages of 1 month and 6 months.
SubjectsInfants (n 2159) with a biological family member affected by type 1 diabetes and with increased human leucocyte antigen-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes from twelve European countries, the USA, Canada and Australia.
ResultsDaily use of vitamin D supplements was common during the first 6 months of life in Northern and Central Europe (>80 % of the infants), with somewhat lower rates observed in Southern Europe (>60 %). In Canada, vitamin D supplementation was more common among exclusively breast-fed than other infants (e.g. 71 % v. 44 % at 6 months of age). Less than 2 % of infants in the USA and Australia received any vitamin D supplementation. Higher gestational age, older maternal age and longer maternal education were study-wide associated with greater use of vitamin D supplements.
ConclusionsMost of the infants received vitamin D supplements during the first 6 months of life in the European countries, whereas in Canada only half and in the USA and Australia very few were given supplementation.
8 - Creole languages: forging new identities
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- By Patricia Nichols, San José State University (emeritus)
- Edited by Edward Finegan, University of Southern California, John R. Rickford, Stanford University, California
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- Book:
- Language in the USA
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 24 June 2004, pp 133-152
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Summary
Editors' introduction
A question of great interest for students and professional linguists alike is, “How and why do new languages arise?” In this chapter Patricia Nichols describes three examples that illustrate how in extraordinary circumstances creole languages arise. Besides examining the social circumstances supporting the formation of Gullah in South Carolina and of Louisiana Creole and Hawaiian Creole, she illustrates these creole languages and describes creole characteristics more generally. The chapter also explores how creoles help forge new social identities.
Creole languages arise in periods of rapid social change in situations where people speaking different languages have extensive contact. Under the right circumstances, speakers incorporate vocabulary from the languages of other groups (usually dominating groups) into a scaffolding of their own ancestral language. Because the languages of the dominating groups are languages of wider communication such as English (for Gullah and for Hawaiian Creole) or French (for Louisiana Creole), outsiders may wrongly judge the creoles to be bastardized versions of the world languages. The particular circumstances surrounding formation of the US creoles differed, but in each case the essential ingredients needed to form a creole existed. In South Carolina, for instance, the slave population represented speakers of many languages of Central and West Africa, and slaves speaking different languages were sometimes deliberately grouped together to prevent a shared or common language to communicate with. If most slaves had no opportunity to learn the language of their masters, it is easy to see how a pidgin arose that would enable communication among them.
Victoria L. Bergvall, Janet M. Bing, & Alice F. Freed (eds.), Rethinking language and gender research: Theory and practice. (Real Language series.) London: Longman, 1996, Pp. xi, 303.
- Patricia C. Nichols
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- Journal:
- Language in Society / Volume 28 / Issue 2 / April 1999
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 April 1999, pp. 295-298
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- April 1999
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Linguistics, as one of the last academic disciplines in the US to adopt guidelines for gender-inclusive language (Thorne 1998), has not been in the forefront of the analysis of language and gender. Indeed, it has been slow to give – either to the social context of language use, or to the socially constructed concept of gender – the kind of serious analytic consideration that it regularly gives to the mental representation of language. This collection of articles edited by Bergvall, Bing & Freed signals a change within the profession itself in its re-examination of basic concepts to be taken into account in future research on language and gender.
6 - Pidgins and creoles
- Edited by Sandra Lee McKay, San Francisco State University, Nancy H. Hornberger, University of Pennsylvania
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- Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching
- Published online:
- 22 July 2009
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- 26 January 1995, pp 195-217
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Summary
He gon catch we back!
Huh?
He gon catch us again!
This striking exchange took place some twenty years ago, between an 11-year-old African-American boy and me as we were driving down a four-lane highway along Waccamaw Neck in coastal South Carolina. I was passing a big four-wheeler as it was gathering speed on a straight road, and my young passenger was commenting on the futility of that attempt – first in his native creole and then in a variety closer to mine. Born about 20 miles and 20 years apart along this coast, we had learned very different language varieties in our home communities. Now, working together daily in his newly integrated local school and goofing off that day on a fishing trip, we were learning to accommodate to each other's language patterns. But, as this brief exchange makes clear, the child was doing the major share of the accommodating. When my “Huh?” indicated a lack of understanding, he could make substitutions for two words in his native creole, known as Gullah, that moved his variety closer to my standard English. Having worked for 2 months as a classroom aide and researcher in his school, I was able to understand his use of gon as an auxiliary marker for future and his extension of the standard meaning of catch, so that I could then translate his observation to something like: “He [the truck driver] is going to pass us again.”