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Life Course Predictors of Young Men Surviving to Age 90 in a Cohort Study: The Manitoba Follow-up Study
- Robert B. Tate, Audrey U. Swift, Edward H. Thompson, Jr., Philip D. St. John
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- Journal:
- Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement / Volume 42 / Issue 1 / March 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 July 2022, pp. 13-19
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The purpose of this study was to identify factors at various time points in life that are associated with surviving to age 90. Data from men enrolled in a cohort study since 1948 were considered in 12-year intervals. Logistic regression models were constructed with the outcome of surviving to age 90. Factors were: childhood illness, blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI), chronic diseases, and electrocardiogram (ECG) findings. After 1996, the Short Form-36 was added. A total of 3,976 men were born in 1928 or earlier, and hence by the end of our study window in 2018, each had the opportunity of surviving to age 90. Of these, 721 did live to beyond his 90th birthday.The factors in 1948 which predicted surviving were: lower diastolic BP, lower BMI, and not smoking. In 1960, these factors were: lower BP, lower BMI, not smoking, and no major ECG changes. In 1972, these factors were lower BP, not smoking, and fewer disease states. In 1984, these factors were lower systolic BP, not smoking, ECG changes, and fewer disease states. In 1996, the factors were fewer disease states and higher physical and mental health functioning. In 2008, only higher physical functioning predicted survival to the age of 90. In young adulthood, risk factors are important predictors of surviving to age 90; in mid-life, chronic illnesses emerge, and in later life, functional status becomes predominant.
Contributors
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- By Lenard A. Adler, Pinky Agarwal, Rehan Ahmed, Jagga Rao Alluri, Fawaz Al-Mufti, Samuel Alperin, Michael Amoashiy, Michael Andary, David J. Anschel, Padmaja Aradhya, Vandana Aspen, Esther Baldinger, Jee Bang, George D. Baquis, John J. Barry, Jason J. S. Barton, Julius Bazan, Amanda R. Bedford, Marlene Behrmann, Lourdes Bello-Espinosa, Ajay Berdia, Alan R. Berger, Mark Beyer, Don C. Bienfang, Kevin M. Biglan, Thomas M. Boes, Paul W. Brazis, Jonathan L. Brisman, Jeffrey A. Brown, Scott E. Brown, Ryan R. Byrne, Rina Caprarella, Casey A. Chamberlain, Wan-Tsu W. Chang, Grace M. Charles, Jasvinder Chawla, David Clark, Todd J. Cohen, Joe Colombo, Howard Crystal, Vladimir Dadashev, Sarita B. Dave, Jean Robert Desrouleaux, Richard L. Doty, Robert Duarte, Jeffrey S. Durmer, Christyn M. Edmundson, Eric R. Eggenberger, Steven Ender, Noam Epstein, Alberto J. Espay, Alan B. Ettinger, Niloofar (Nelly) Faghani, Amtul Farheen, Edward Firouztale, Rod Foroozan, Anne L. Foundas, David Elliot Friedman, Deborah I. Friedman, Steven J. Frucht, Oded Gerber, Tal Gilboa, Martin Gizzi, Teneille G. Gofton, Louis J. Goodrich, Malcolm H. Gottesman, Varda Gross-Tsur, Deepak Grover, David A. Gudis, John J. Halperin, Maxim D. Hammer, Andrew R. Harrison, L. Anne Hayman, Galen V. Henderson, Steven Herskovitz, Caitlin Hoffman, Laryssa A. Huryn, Andres M. Kanner, Gary P. Kaplan, Bashar Katirji, Kenneth R. Kaufman, Annie Killoran, Nina Kirz, Gad E. Klein, Danielle G. Koby, Christopher P. Kogut, W. Curt LaFrance, Patrick J.M. Lavin, Susan W. Law, James L. Levenson, Richard B. Lipton, Glenn Lopate, Daniel J. Luciano, Reema Maindiratta, Robert M. Mallery, Georgios Manousakis, Alan Mazurek, Luis J. Mejico, Dragana Micic, Ali Mokhtarzadeh, Walter J. Molofsky, Heather E. Moss, Mark L. Moster, Manpreet Multani, Siddhartha Nadkarni, George C. Newman, Rolla Nuoman, Paul A. Nyquist, Gaia Donata Oggioni, Odi Oguh, Denis Ostrovskiy, Kristina Y. Pao, Juwen Park, Anastas F. Pass, Victoria S. Pelak, Jeffrey Peterson, John Pile-Spellman, Misha L. Pless, Gregory M. Pontone, Aparna M. Prabhu, Michael T. Pulley, Philip Ragone, Prajwal Rajappa, Venkat Ramani, Sindhu Ramchandren, Ritesh A. Ramdhani, Ramses Ribot, Heidi D. Riney, Diana Rojas-Soto, Michael Ronthal, Daniel M. Rosenbaum, David B. Rosenfield, Durga Roy, Michael J. Ruckenstein, Max C. Rudansky, Eva Sahay, Friedhelm Sandbrink, Jade S. Schiffman, Angela Scicutella, Maroun T. Semaan, Robert C. Sergott, Aashit K. Shah, David M. Shaw, Amit M. Shelat, Claire A. Sheldon, Anant M. Shenoy, Yelizaveta Sher, Jessica A. Shields, Tanya Simuni, Rajpaul Singh, Eric E. Smouha, David Solomon, Mehri Songhorian, Steven A. Sparr, Egilius L. H. Spierings, Eve G. Spratt, Beth Stein, S.H. Subramony, Rosa Ana Tang, Cara Tannenbaum, Hakan Tekeli, Amanda J. Thompson, Michael J. Thorpy, Matthew J. Thurtell, Pedro J. Torrico, Ira M. Turner, Scott Uretsky, Ruth H. Walker, Deborah M. Weisbrot, Michael A. Williams, Jacques Winter, Randall J. Wright, Jay Elliot Yasen, Shicong Ye, G. Bryan Young, Huiying Yu, Ryan J. Zehnder
- Edited by Alan B. Ettinger, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, Deborah M. Weisbrot, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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- Neurologic Differential Diagnosis
- Published online:
- 05 June 2014
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- 17 April 2014, pp xi-xx
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Chapter 23 - Movement disorders associated with neuromuscular disorders and peripheral neuropathies
- from Section IV - Movement disorders in general neurology
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- By Philip D. Thompson, University Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide; Department of Neurology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
- Edited by Werner Poewe, Joseph Jankovic, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas
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- Book:
- Movement Disorders in Neurologic and Systemic Disease
- Published online:
- 05 April 2014
- Print publication:
- 20 February 2014, pp 352-362
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Summary
Introduction
This chapter addresses the motor phenomena and involuntary movements that accompany peripheral neuropathies, mononeuropathies, neuromuscular junction disorders, and primary muscle disease. Spontaneous motor activity in peripheral neuropathies, such as fasciculation, fibrillation, myokymia, and neuromyotonia, is generated by ectopic discharges in motor axons and may present as cramps or muscle stiffness. Characteristic clinical and electromyographic features differentiate these syndromes from cramps that arise from metabolic or myotonic myopathies. Involuntary movements such as myoclonus or tremor occasionally accompany a neuropathy or peripheral nerve injury. The mechanisms whereby the altered peripheral signals recruit motor pathways in the central nervous system and generate these movements are complex and still poorly understood.
Myokymia and neuromyotonia in peripheral nerve hyperexcitability syndromes
The term “peripheral nerve hyperexcitability syndrome” (Hart et al. 2002) refers to continuous motor unit and muscle fibre activity generated by discharges in motor axons. The syndrome has been reported in the literature using descriptions of clinical phenomena interchangeably with electromyographic terminology (Thompson 1994; Thompson and Thomas 2005). Myokymia refers to clinically visible undulating, wave-like, or worm-like rippling of muscle and the electromyographic finding of continuous muscle activity with doublet, triplet, and multiple motor unit discharges. Myokymia is often accompanied by muscle fiber discharges, fasciculation, and repetitive trains of high frequency discharges described as “neuromyotonia.” This term was originally used to distinguish delayed muscle relaxation after voluntary contraction in peripheral nerve hyperexcitability syndromes from myotonia (caused by muscle fiber membrane hyperexcitability).
Contributors
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- By Douglas L. Arnold, Laura J. Balcer, Amit Bar-Or, Sergio E. Baranzini, Frederik Barkhof, Robert A. Bermel, Francois A. Bethoux, Dennis N. Bourdette, Richard K. Burt, Peter A. Calabresi, Zografos Caramanos, Tanuja Chitnis, Stacey S. Cofield, Jeffrey A. Cohen, Nadine Cohen, Alasdair J. Coles, Devon Conway, Stuart D. Cook, Gary R. Cutter, Peter J. Darlington, Ann Dodds-Frerichs, Ranjan Dutta, Gilles Edan, Michelle Fabian, Franz Fazekas, Massimo Filippi, Elizabeth Fisher, Paulo Fontoura, Corey C. Ford, Robert J. Fox, Natasha Frost, Alex Z. Fu, Siegrid Fuchs, Kazuo Fujihara, Kristin M. Galetta, Jeroen J.G. Geurts, Gavin Giovannoni, Nada Gligorov, Ralf Gold, Andrew D. Goodman, Myla D. Goldman, Jenny Guerre, Stephen L. Hauser, Peter B. Imrey, Douglas R. Jeffery, Stephen E. Jones, Adam I. Kaplin, Michael W. Kattan, B. Mark Keegan, Kyle C. Kern, Zhaleh Khaleeli, Samia J. Khoury, Joep Killestein, Soo Hyun Kim, R. Philip Kinkel, Stephen C. Krieger, Lauren B. Krupp, Emmanuelle Le Page, David Leppert, Scott Litwiller, Fred D. Lublin, Henry F. McFarland, Joseph C. McGowan, Don Mahad, Jahangir Maleki, Ruth Ann Marrie, Paul M. Matthews, Francesca Milanetti, Aaron E. Miller, Deborah M. Miller, Xavier Montalban, Charity J. Morgan, Ichiro Nakashima, Sridar Narayanan, Avindra Nath, Paul W. O’Connor, Jorge R. Oksenberg, A. John Petkau, Michael D. Phillips, J. Theodore Phillips, Tammy Phinney, Sean J. Pittock, Sarah M. Planchon, Chris H. Polman, Alexander Rae-Grant, Stephen M. Rao, Stephen C. Reingold, Maria A. Rocca, Richard A. Rudick, Amber R. Salter, Paula Sandler, Jaume Sastre-Garriga, John R. Scagnelli, Dana J. Serafin, Lynne Shinto, Nancy L. Sicotte, Jack H. Simon, Per Soelberg Sørensen, Ryan E. Stagg, James M. Stankiewicz, Lael A. Stone, Amy Sullivan, Matthew Sutliff, Jessica Szpak, Alan J. Thompson, Bruce D. Trapp, Helen Tremlett, Maria Trojano, Orla Tuohy, Rhonda R. Voskuhl, Marc K. Walton, Mike P. Wattjes, Emmanuelle Waubant, Martin S. Weber, Howard L Weiner, Brian G. Weinshenker, Bianca Weinstock-Guttman, Jeffrey L. Winters, Jerry S. Wolinsky, Vijayshree Yadav, E. Ann Yeh, Scott S. Zamvil
- Edited by Jeffrey A. Cohen, Richard A. Rudick
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- Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics
- Published online:
- 05 December 2011
- Print publication:
- 20 October 2011, pp viii-xii
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- By Gregory H. Adkisson, Ozan Akça, Nawar Al-Rawas, John T. Anderson, Richard M. Bednarski, Francesca Bernabè, David G. Bjoraker, Lluis Blanch, Stephan H. Böhm, Edwin A. Bowe, Philip G. Boysen, Justin C. Cahill, Ira M. Cheifetz, David C. Cone, Nancy Craig, Daniel P. Davis, John B. Downs, Ronald Dueck, Jay L. Falk, Roger Fletcher, Michael A. Frakes, Andrea Gabrielli, Thomas J. Gallagher, Geoff Gilmartin, J. S. Gravenstein, Antonino Gullo, Donna Hamel, John W. Huang, Amy V. Isenberg, Michael B. Jaffe, Michael C. K. Khoo, Robert R. Kirby, E. F. Klein, A. Joseph Layon, Umberto Lucangelo, Emilio Maldonado, Paul E. Marik, Alicia E. Meuret, Timothy E. Morey, William Muir, Joseph A. Orr, Mehmet S. Ozcan, Lucía Isabel Passoni, David A. Paulus, Yong G. Peng, Carl W. Peters, George A. Ralls, Adriana G. Scandurra, Peter W. Scherer, Gerd Schmalisch, Adam Seiver, Salvatore Silvestri, Bob Smalhout, Fernando Suarez-Sipmann, Daniel E. Supkis, John Thompson, Patrick Troy, Jonathon D. Truwit, Gerardo Tusman, Joseph Varon, Ajeet G. Vinayak, Kevin R. Ward, Marvin A. Wayne, Charles Weissman, Dafna Willner, Kai Zhao, Christian C. Zuver
- Edited by J. S. Gravenstein, University of Florida, Michael B. Jaffe, Nikolaus Gravenstein, University of Florida, David A. Paulus, University of Florida
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- Capnography
- Published online:
- 05 August 2011
- Print publication:
- 17 March 2011, pp ix-xii
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- By Harold P. Adams, Colum F. Amory, Anne Angelillo-Scherrer, Irena Anselm, Marcel Arnold, Robert W. Baloh, Ralf W. Baumgartner, José Biller, Valérie Biousse, Matthias Bischof, Julien Bogousslavsky, Natan M. Bornstein, Marie Germaine Bousser, Robin L. Brey, John C. M. Brust, Alan Bryer, Olivier Calvetti, Louis R. Caplan, José Castillo, Hugues Chabriat, Chin-Sang Chung, Charlotte Cordonnier, Steven C. Cramer, Luís Cunha, Rima M. Dafer, John F. Dashe, Cyrus K. Dastur, Antonio Dávalos, Larry E. Davis, Patricia Davis, Stephen M. Davis, Jan L. De Bleecker, Michael A. De Georgia, Amir R. Dehdashti, Oscar H. Del Brutto, Jacques L. De Reuck, Hans-Christoph Diener, Kathleen B. Digre, Vivian U. Fritz, Nancy Futrell, Bhuwan P. Garg, Philip B. Gorelick, Glenn D. Graham, Alexander Y. Gur, John J. Halperin, Michael Hennerici, Isabel Lestro Henriques, Roberto C. Heros, Daniel B. Hier, Lorenz Hirt, Joanna C. Jen, Taro Kaibara, Sumit Kapoor, Sarosh M. Katrak, Siddharth Kharkar, Walter J. Koroshetz, Monisha Kumar, Sandeep Kumar, Emre Kumral, Tobias Kurth, Rogelio Leira, Steven R. Levine, Didier Leys, Doris Lin, Jonathan Lipton, Alfredo M. Lopez-Yunez, Betsy B. Love, Ayrton Roberto Massaro, Heinrich P. Mattle, Manu Mehdiratta, John H. Menkes, Philippe Metellus, Reto Meuli, Patrik Michel, Panayiotis Mitsias, Jorge Moncayo-Gaete, Julien Morier, Krassen Nedeltchev, Bernhard Neundörfer, Olukemi A. Olugemo, Nikolaos I. H. Papamitsakis, Stephen D. Reck, Luca Regli, Marc D. Reichhart, Daniele Rigamonti, Michael J. Rivkin, E. Steve Roach, Jose F. Roldan, David Z. Rose, Daniel M. Rosenbaum, N. Paul Rosman, Elayna O. Rubens, Sean I. Savitz, Marc Schapira, Robert J. Schwartzman, Magdy Selim, Yukito Shinohara, Aneesh B. Singhal, Michael A. Sloan, Barney J. Stern, Mathias Sturzenegger, Oriana Thompson, A. Wesley Thevathasan, Jonathan D. Trobe, Michael Varner, Dana Védy, Jorge Vidaurre, Engin Y. Yilmaz, Khaled Zamel, Mathieu Zuber
- Edited by Louis R. Caplan, Julien Bogousslavsky
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- Uncommon Causes of Stroke
- Published online:
- 06 January 2010
- Print publication:
- 09 October 2008, pp ix-xiv
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- By Ralph Adolphs, Bernard J. Baars, John A. Bargh, Jesse M. Bering, David F. Bjorklund, Joseph E. Bogen, Rebekah Bradley, Wallace Chafe, Michael C. Corballis, Diego Cosmelli, Jean-Marie Danion, Richard J. Davidson, Steven W. Day, Georges Dreyfus, John D. Dunne, Stan Franklin, Helena Hong Gao, Lisa Geraci, Deborah E. Hannula, J. Allan Hobson, Caroline Huron, John F. Kihlstrom, Asher Koriat, Uriah Kriegel, Jean-Philippe Lachaux, Charles D. Laughlin, Antoine Lutz, Drew McDermott, Katharine McGovern, Keith Oately, Suparna Rajaram, Henry L. Roediger III, Edmund T. Rolls, Daniel L. Schachter, William Seager, Daniel J. Simons, Scott D. Slotnick, Henry Stapp, Petra Stoerig, Ron Sun, Evan Thompson, C. Jason Throop, Rebecca Todd, Carlo Umiltà, David E. Warren, Joel Weinberger, Drew Westen, Dan Zahavi, Philip David Zelazo
- Edited by Philip David Zelazo, University of Toronto, Morris Moscovitch, University of Toronto, Evan Thompson, University of York
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- The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
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- 14 May 2007, pp -
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Wave splitting in a fluid of large heat capacity
- Philip A. Thompson, Humberto Craves, G. E. A. Meier, Yoon-Gon Kim, H.-D. Speckmann
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 185 / December 1987
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 April 2006, pp. 385-414
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The splitting of a single pressure discontinuity into a propagating two-wave system is studied for the case of saturated-liquid expansion (liquid-evaporation wave splitting) and vapour compression (vapour-condensation wave splitting). Experimental results from the Max-Planck-Institut für Strömungsforschung and from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute show that splitting occurs in test fluids of large molar heat capacity, such as iso-octane (Cv0/R ≈ 37). Each of the two forms of splitting results in a single-phase forerunner wave carrying a pressure discontinuity followed by a phase-change wave, also with a pressure discontinuity. The thermodynamic state between the forerunner wave and the phase-change wave is metastable (supersaturated liquid or vapour). The waves are quantitatively described by systems of adiabats, e.g. shock adiabats. It appears that nucleation processes are predominantly homogeneous.
In vapour-compression shock-wave splitting, a combined wave (liquefaction shock) splits into discrete forerunner and condensation waves at a triple point, the intersection of a liquefaction shockfront, forerunner shock and condensation discontinuity: such a point occurs just at critical supersaturation (i.e. the Wilson-line state), where condensation is spontaneous and immediate. For shock waves that produce a metastable state of subcritical supersaturation, condensation is delayed, that is, the condensation discontinuity propagates more slowly; for a split-shock system, the condensation discontinuity propagates subsonically. The pressure amplitude of a real split-shock system is much larger than that predicted by an equilibrium model.
In liquid-evaporation wave splitting, the forerunner wave is an acoustic expansion wave and the second wave an evaporation wave with a propagation velocity approximately determined by the Chapman-Jouguet condition for deflagration. Such evaporation wavefronts are increasingly distinct as the temperature approaches the critical-point value. The evaporation rates across the wavefront are comparable to those found in vapour explosions.
Imaging Thin Films of Nanoporous Low-k Dielectrics: Comparison between Ultramicrotomy and Focused Ion Beam Preparations for Transmission Electron Microscopy
- Leslie E. Thompson, Philip M. Rice, Eugene Delenia, Victor Y. Lee, Phillip J. Brock, Teddie P. Magbitang, Geraud Dubois, Willi Volksen, Robert D. Miller, Ho-Cheol Kim
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- Journal:
- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 12 / Issue 2 / April 2006
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 December 2005, pp. 156-159
- Print publication:
- April 2006
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Ultramicrotomy, the technique of cutting nanometers-thin slices of material using a diamond knife, was applied to prepare transmission electron microscope (TEM) specimens of nanoporous poly(methylsilsesquioxane) (PMSSQ) thin films. This technique was compared to focused ion beam (FIB) cross-section preparation to address possible artifacts resulting from deformation of nanoporous microstructure during the sample preparation. It was found that ultramicrotomy is a successful TEM specimen preparation method for nanoporous PMSSQ thin films when combined with low-energy ion milling as a final step. A thick, sacrificial carbon coating was identified as a method of reducing defects from the FIB process which included film shrinkage and pore deformation.
48 - Myelopathies
- from PART V - DISORDERS OF SPINE AND SPINAL CORD
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- By Philip D. Thompson, University Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide and Department of Neurology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Peter C. Blumbergs, Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science and University Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, South Australia
- Edited by Arthur K. Asbury, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Guy M. McKhann, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, W. Ian McDonald, University College London, Peter J. Goadsby, University College London, Justin C. McArthur, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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- Diseases of the Nervous System
- Published online:
- 05 August 2016
- Print publication:
- 11 November 2002, pp 713-726
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Summary
An etiological classification of myelopathies yields an extensive list of diverse conditions (Table 48.1). In clinical practice, myelopathies are classified into spinal cord syndromes, based on patterns of neurological symptoms and signs, which identify the anatomical location and distribution of spinal cord pathology. The time course of symptoms is useful in distinguishing between different etiologies. Vascular lesions generally present with acute onset or rapid progression of symptoms. Inflammatory disease evolves in a subacute manner and may fluctuate over days or weeks. Compressive lesions also may present with a subacute onset and generally have a progressive course. Degenerative myelopathies are usually slowly progressive over months or years. The evolution and type of spinal cord syndrome suggest certain diagnostic possibilities and guide appropriate investigation.
Symptoms and signs of spinal cord disease
Motor symptoms and signs
The clinical presentation of an evolving myelopathy often is precipitated by limb weakness and spasticity due to corticospinal tract involvement. Arm and leg weakness suggests a cervical cord lesion. A paraparesis, with leg weakness or walking difficulty alone, suggests a lesion of the thoracic spinal cord or below. Progressive cervical cord lesions may evolve in a sequence, beginning with weakness of the arm ipsilateral to the lesion, followed by weakness of the ipsilateral then contralateral leg, and finally the contralateral arm.
Exacerbation of symptoms by exercise, or during increases in body temperature (hot weather or a hot bath) suggests demyelination, but may also occur in dural arteriovenous malformations of the spinal cord.
Motor signs of spinal cord disease reflect involvement of the long tracts of the spinal cord with increased muscle tone, brisk tendon reflexes, extensor plantar responses and weakness of hip and knee flexion and ankle dorsiflexion. Involvement of the anterior horn cells or anterior (motor) spinal nerve roots produces additional lower motor neuron signs of segmental wasting and weakness (Table 48.2).
Sensory symptoms and signs
Back pain
Back pain is often an early complaint of a myelopathy, preceding any motor symptoms. The site of pain may localize the level of a focal structural lesion such as a spinal epidural abscess, vertebral body collapse or intervertebral disc prolapse. Dull, poorly localized backache is common in intrinsic spinal lesions but is of little localizing or diagnostic value.