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Approaches to improving mental health care for autistic children and young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Tamara Pemovska, Sofia Loizou, Rebecca Appleton, Debbie Spain, Theodora Stefanidou, Ariana Kular, Ruth Cooper, Anna Greenburgh, Jessica Griffiths, Phoebe Barnett, Una Foye, Helen Baldwin, Matilda Minchin, Gráinne Brady, Katherine R. K. Saunders, Nafiso Ahmed, Robin Jackson, Rachel Rowan Olive, Jennie Parker, Amanda Timmerman, Suzi Sapiets, Eva Driskell, Beverley Chipp, Bethany Parsons, Vaso Totsika, Will Mandy, Richard Pender, Philippa Clery, Brynmor Lloyd-Evans, Alan Simpson, Sonia Johnson
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine , First View
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 May 2024, pp. 1-31
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Autistic children and young people (CYP) experience mental health difficulties but face many barriers to accessing and benefiting from mental health care. There is a need to explore strategies in mental health care for autistic CYP to guide clinical practice and future research and support their mental health needs. Our aim was to identify strategies used to improve mental health care for autistic CYP and examine evidence on their acceptability, feasibility, and effectiveness. A systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out. All study designs reporting acceptability/feasibility outcomes and empirical quantitative studies reporting effectiveness outcomes for strategies tested within mental health care were eligible. We conducted a narrative synthesis and separate meta-analyses by informant (self, parent, and clinician). Fifty-seven papers were included, with most investigating cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)-based interventions for anxiety and several exploring service-level strategies, such as autism screening tools, clinician training, and adaptations regarding organization of services. Most papers described caregiver involvement in therapy and reported adaptations to communication and intervention content; a few reported environmental adjustments. In the meta-analyses, parent- and clinician-reported outcomes, but not self-reported outcomes, showed with moderate certainty that CBT for anxiety was an effective treatment compared to any comparison condition in reducing anxiety symptoms in autistic individuals. The certainty of evidence for effectiveness, synthesized narratively, ranged from low to moderate. Evidence for feasibility and acceptability tended to be positive. Many identified strategies are simple, reasonable adjustments that can be implemented in services to enhance mental health care for autistic individuals. Notable research gaps persist, however.
Investigating the association between characteristics of local crisis care systems and service use in an English national survey – CORRIGENDUM
- Antonio Rojas-García, Christian Dalton-Locke, Luke Sheridan Rains, Ceri Dare, Cedric Ginestet, Una Foye, Kathleen Kelly, Sabine Landau, Chris Lynch, Paul McCrone, Shilpa Nairi, Karen Newbigging, Patrick Nyikavaranda, David Osborn, Karen Persaud, Nick Sevdalis, Martin Stefan, Ruth Stuart, Alan Simpson, Sonia Johnson, Brynmor Lloyd-Evans
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- Journal:
- BJPsych Open / Volume 10 / Issue 1 / January 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 December 2023, e6
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Investigating the association between characteristics of local crisis care systems and service use in an English national survey
- Antonio Rojas-García, Christian Dalton-Locke, Luke Sheridan Rains, Ceri Dare, Cedric Ginestet, Una Foye, Kathleen Kelly, Sabine Landau, Chris Lynch, Paul McCrone, Shilpa Nairi, Karen Newbigging, Patrick Nyikavaranda, David Osborn, Karen Persaud, Nick Sevdalis, Martin Stefan, Ruth Stuart, Alan Simpson, Sonia Johnson, Brynmor Lloyd-Evans
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- Journal:
- BJPsych Open / Volume 9 / Issue 6 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 November 2023, e209
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Background
In England, a range of mental health crisis care models and approaches to organising crisis care systems have been implemented, but characteristics associated with their effectiveness are poorly understood.
AimsTo (a) develop a typology of catchment area mental health crisis care systems and (b) investigate how crisis care service models and system characteristics relate to psychiatric hospital admissions and detentions.
MethodCrisis systems data were obtained from a 2019 English national survey. Latent class analyses were conducted to identify discernible typologies, and mixed-effects negative binomial regression models were fitted to explore associations between crisis care models and admissions and detention rates, obtained from nationally reported data.
ResultsNo clear typology of catchment area crisis care systems emerged. Regression models suggested that provision of a crisis telephone service within the local crisis system was associated with a 11.6% lower admissions rate and 15.3% lower detention rate. Provision of a crisis cafe was associated with a 7.8% lower admission rates. The provision of a crisis assessment team separate from the crisis resolution and home treatment service was associated with a 12.8% higher admission rate.
ConclusionsThe configuration of crisis care systems varies considerably in England, but we could not derive a typology that convincingly categorised crisis care systems. Our results suggest that a crisis phone line and a crisis cafe may be associated with lower admission rates. However, our findings suggest crisis assessment teams, separate from home treatment teams, may not be associated with reductions in admission and detentions.
Online Child Sexual Grooming Discourse
- Nuria Lorenzo-Dus, Craig Evans, Ruth Mullineux-Morgan
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- Published online:
- 18 September 2023
- Print publication:
- 19 October 2023
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- Element
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This Element examines technology-assisted grooming of children for sex – henceforth, online grooming – as an illegal practice of communicative manipulation and, as such, something that research within the academic field of forensic linguistics is ideally placed to help counter. The analysis draws upon online grooming datasets of different sizes and provenance, including from law enforcement, and deploys different analytic techniques from primarily discourse analysis. Three features of online grooming discourse are focussed on: groomers' use of manipulation tactics; groomers' abuse of power asymmetries; and children's communication during online grooming. The Element also discusses ways in which findings derived from richly contextualised analysis of online grooming discourse can – when combined with co-creation projects involving child-safeguarding groups, children and lived-experience experts – add considerable value to societal efforts to counter online grooming and other forms of online child sexual exploitation and abuse.
seven - “Why Would I Go to Hospital if It’s Not Going to Try and Save Me?”: Disabled Young People’s Experiences of the COVID-19 Crisis
- Edited by Paul Martin, University of Sheffield, Stevienna de Saille, University of Sheffield, Kirsty Liddiard, University of Sheffield, Warren Pearce, University of Sheffield
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- Book:
- Being Human during COVID-19
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 13 October 2022
- Print publication:
- 26 April 2022, pp 60-66
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Summary
Introduction
Throughout our co-produced project, Life, Death, Disability and the Human: Living Life to the Fullest (ESRC 2017– 2020), disabled children and young people living with shortened life expectancies have readily emphasized their human worth, value, and desire for the future. They have done so in disabling cultures that routinely deny them opportunity, access, and expectation. Perhaps not surprisingly, our conversations with disabled young people – and our interpretation of them – became more complex upon the onset of the COVID-19 global pandemic. Suddenly thrown into a moment where all lives became (more) vulnerable – an already-lived reality of many of the young people in our project – it was also a time where cultures of ableism and disablism were made more explicit, and existing inequalities exacerbated. For clarity, we use the terms ‘ableism’ and ‘disablism’ throughout this chapter. Ableism relates to the material, cultural and political privileging of ability, sanity, rationality, physicality and cognition (Braidotti, 2013), while disablism is the resultant oppressive treatment of disabled people (Slater and Liddiard, 2017).
In this chapter we share co-researchers’ own blog posts and writings on their experiences of living through a pandemic. Importantly, young people’s voices explore the (new) ways in which they have made sense of risk and threat, from the virus itself, but also from discriminatory emergency policymaking, compromised access to health resources, and a general lack of governmental support – all of which has affirmed the disposability of disabled and vulnerable lives in contexts of dis/ableism.
“I know full well in this COVID-19 pandemic that my life is not one that will be saved”: managing discourses of human worth
COVID-19 began with early public health messages that only the elderly and those with existing health conditions are most at risk of serious illness or death. Such ontologically violent messages quickly sought to reassure an overwhelmingly anxious public at the expense and distress of some of those considered the most vulnerable. Further, government ministers affirmed herd immunity as an initial key strategy: the concept of allowing publics to be exposed to a virus, in the hope that spreading it among those who are at low risk means that a large part of the population becomes immune.
Community interventions for people with complex emotional needs that meet the criteria for personality disorder diagnoses: systematic review of economic evaluations and expert commentary
- Joe Botham, Amy Clark, Thomas Steare, Ruth Stuart, Sian Oram, Brynmor Lloyd-Evans, Tamar Jeynes, Eva Broeckelmann, Mike Crawford, Sonia Johnson, Alan Simpson, Paul McCrone
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- Journal:
- BJPsych Open / Volume 7 / Issue 6 / November 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 November 2021, e207
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Background
Diagnoses of personality disorder are prevalent among people using community secondary mental health services. Identifying cost-effective community-based interventions is important when working with finite resources.
AimsTo assess the cost-effectiveness of primary or secondary care community-based interventions for people with complex emotional needs who meet criteria for a diagnosis of personality disorder to inform healthcare policy-making.
MethodSystematic review (PROSPERO: CRD42020134068) of databases. We included economic evaluations of interventions for adults with complex emotional needs associated with a diagnosis of personality disorder in community mental health settings published before 18 September 2019. Study quality was assessed using the CHEERS statement.
ResultsEighteen studies were included. The studies mainly evaluated psychotherapeutic interventions. Studies were also identified that evaluated altering the setting in which care was delivered and joint crisis plans. No strong economic evidence to support a single intervention or model of community-based care was identified.
ConclusionsRobust economic evidence to support a single intervention or model of community-based care for people with complex emotional needs is lacking. The strongest evidence was for dialectical behaviour therapy, with all three identified studies indicating that it is likely to be cost-effective in community settings compared with treatment as usual. More robust evidence is required on the cost-effectiveness of community-based interventions on which decision makers can confidently base guidelines or allocate resources. The evidence should be based on consistent measures of costs and outcomes with sufficient sample sizes to demonstrate impacts on these.
Memorie
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- By Ruth Evans
- Edited by Stephanie L. Batkie, Matthew W. Irvin, Lynn Shutters
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- Book:
- A New Companion to Critical Thinking on Chaucer
- Published by:
- Amsterdam University Press
- Published online:
- 21 October 2021
- Print publication:
- 30 June 2021, pp 285-300
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Summary
Anelida and Arcite
Troilus and Criseyde
Retraction
CHAUCER'S EARLY FORMALLY experimental love-complaint Anelida and Arcite (ca. 1380) looks like a try-out— the poem is apparently unfinished—for his later tragic romance Troilus and Criseyde (ca. 1382), although it memorializes a woman betrayed by a man, rather than a man betrayed by a woman, and its setting is Thebes, not Troy. Invoking the aid of the classical gods Mars, Bellona, and Pallas Athena, the narrator declares that he will write an English version of the classical story of Queen Anelida and her faithless lover, the Theban knight Arcite, because that story is one that
elde, which that al can frete and bite,
As hit hath freten mony a noble storie,
Hath nygh devoured out of oure memorie.
(Anelida, 12–14)The idea that writing preserves the memory of stories that would otherwise be forgotten due to the ravages of time is of course common in both late antiquity—in Horace's Odes, for example—and the Middle Ages. In his Etymologies, the Spanish encyclopedist Isidore of Seville (ca. 560–636) claims that “[t] he use of letters was invented for the sake of remembering things, which are bound by letters lest they slip away into oblivion” (1.3.2). But although Isidore appears to suggest that writing is merely a support for the oral faculty of memory, the critic Mary Carruthers argues that medieval texts make no distinction in kind between “writing on the memory and on some other surface,” that is, they not only view writing as a form of memorization but memory itself as a form of writing. This is an important corrective to the idea that memory in the Middle Ages was unreflective and that it had an organic connection to lived experience. Although Isidore refers to “things” in general, rather than “noble stories,” he later yokes the “monument” (a commemorative object, such as a literary text) and memory through their shared etymology: “both ‘monument’ and ‘memory’ (memoria) are so called from ‘the admonition of the mind’ (mentis admonitio)” (15.11.1). This etymological convergence underlines the idea, crucial to medieval thought, that there is an ethical imperative (mentis admonitio)—and, we might also argue, a political imperative—to remember.
Scholarship or Distraction? New Forums for Talking about Chaucer
- from 16 - Postscript: How to Talk about Chaucer with Your Friends and Colleagues
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- By Ruth Evans
- Edited by Frank Grady, University of Missouri, St Louis
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Companion to The Canterbury Tales
- Published online:
- 21 August 2020
- Print publication:
- 10 September 2020, pp 238-243
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Summary
Secondary school teachers are a natural constituency for expanding the reach of Chaucer Studies, and there are nnunmerous mechanisms, models, and resources already in place to help us reach them
Pre-Stroke Frailty Is Independently Associated With Post-Stroke Cognition: A Cross-Sectional Study
- Martin Taylor-Rowan, Ruth Keir, Gillian Cuthbertson, Robert Shaw, Bogna Drozdowska, Emma Elliott, Jonathan Evans, David Stott, Terence J. Quinn
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 25 / Issue 5 / May 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 March 2019, pp. 501-506
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Objective: Post-stroke cognitive impairment is common, but mechanisms and risk factors are poorly understood. Frailty may be an important risk factor for cognitive impairment after stroke. We investigated the association between pre-stroke frailty and acute post-stoke cognition. Methods: We studied consecutively admitted acute stroke patients in a single urban teaching hospital during three recruitment waves between May 2016 and December 2017. Cognition was assessed using the Mini-Montreal Cognitive Assessment (min=0; max=12). A Frailty Index was used to generate frailty scores for each patient (min=0; max=100). Clinical and demographic information were collected, including pre-stroke cognition, delirium, and stroke-severity. We conducted univariate and multiple-linear regression analyses with covariates forced in (covariates included were: age, sex, stroke severity, stroke-type, pre-stroke cognitive impairment, delirium, previous stroke/transient ischemic attack) to investigate the association between pre-stroke frailty and post-stroke cognition. Results: Complete data were available for 154 stroke patients. Mean age was 68 years (SD=11; range=32–97); 93 (60%) were male. Median mini-Montreal Cognitive Assessment score was 8 (IQR=4–12). Mean Frailty Index score was 18 (SD=11). Pre-stroke cognitive impairment was apparent in 13/154 (8%) patients. Pre-stroke frailty was significantly associated with lower post-stroke cognition (Standardized-Beta=−0.40; p<0.001) and this association was independent of covariates (Unstandardized-Beta=−0.05; p=0.005). Additional significant variables in the multiple regression model were age (Unstandardized-Beta=−0.05; p=0.002), delirium (Unstandardized-Beta=−2.81; p<0.001), pre-stroke cognitive impairment (Unstandardized-Beta=−2.28; p=0.001), and stroke-severity (Unstandardized-Beta=−0.20; p<0.001). Conclusions: Pre-stroke frailty may be a moderator of post-stroke cognition, independent of other well-established post-stroke cognitive impairment risk factors. (JINS, 2019, 25, 501–506)
A Sea Country Learning Partnership in Times of Anthropocenic Risk: Offshore Coral Reef Education and Our Story of Practice
- Hilary Whitehouse, Marie Taylor, Neus (Snowy) Evans, Tanya Doyle, Juanita Sellwood, Ruth Zee
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- Journal:
- Australian Journal of Environmental Education / Volume 33 / Issue 3 / November 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 April 2018, pp. 160-170
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This is a researched account of an offshore coral reef education partnership formed during a time of rapid environmental change (the coral bleaching events in the years 2015 to 2017). The aim of the partnership is to encourage a learning connection with Sea Country. Framed as civic environmentalism, this article explores the dimensions of practice between a reef tourism provider, local schools, a local university, and local Indigenous rangers that enables primary, secondary and university students, rangers, and educators to travel together on day trips to the outer Great Barrier Reef and islands and have immersive and sharing educational experiences. Offshore environmental education and higher quality marine education is increasingly important in the Anthropocene, when Australian reefs are subject to the pressures of climate change and other impacts other impacts that diminish their resilience.
Establishing the Incidence and Prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis in Saskatchewan
- Lina H. Al-Sakran, Ruth Ann Marrie, David F. Blackburn, Katherine B. Knox, Charity D. Evans
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- Journal:
- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 45 / Issue 3 / May 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 March 2018, pp. 295-303
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Objective: To validate a case definition of multiple sclerosis (MS) using health administrative data and to provide the first province-wide estimates of MS incidence and prevalence for Saskatchewan, Canada. Methods: We used population-based health administrative data between January 1, 1996 and December 31, 2015 to identify individuals with MS using two potential case definitions: (1) ≥3 hospital, physician, or prescription claims (Marrie definition); (2) ≥1 hospitalization or ≥5 physician claims within 2 years (Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System [CCDSS] definition). We validated the case definitions using diagnoses from medical records (n=400) as the gold standard. Results: The Marrie definition had a sensitivity of 99.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 92.3-99.2), specificity of 98.5% (95% CI 97.3-100.0), positive predictive value (PPV) of 99.5% (95% CI 97.2-100.0), and negative predictive value (NPV) of 97.5% (95% CI 94.4-99.2). The CCDSS definition had a sensitivity of 91.0% (95% CI 81.2-94.6), specificity of 99.0% (95% CI 96.4-99.9), PPV of 98.9% (95% CI 96.1-99.9), and NPV of 91.7% (95% CI 87.2-95.0). Using the more sensitive Marrie definition, the average annual adjusted incidence per 100,000 between 2001 and 2013 was 16.5 (95% CI 15.8-17.2), and the age- and sex-standardized prevalence of MS in Saskatchewan in 2013 was 313.6 per 100,000 (95% CI 303.0-324.3). Over the study period, incidence remained stable while prevalence increased slightly. Conclusion: We confirm Saskatchewan has one of the highest rates of MS in the world. Similar to other regions in Canada, incidence has remained stable while prevalence has gradually increased.
Psychological interventions for adults with bipolar disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis
- Matthijs Oud, Evan Mayo-Wilson, Ruth Braidwood, Peter Schulte, Steven H. Jones, Richard Morriss, Ralph Kupka, Pim Cuijpers, Tim Kendall
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 208 / Issue 3 / March 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 213-222
- Print publication:
- March 2016
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Background
Psychological interventions may be beneficial in bipolar disorder.
AimsTo evaluate the efficacy of psychological interventions for adults with bipolar disorder.
MethodA systematic review of randomised controlled trials was conducted. Outcomes were meta-analysed using RevMan and confidence assessed using the GRADE method.
ResultsWe included 55 trials with 6010 participants. Moderate-quality evidence associated individual psychological interventions with reduced relapses at post-treatment (risk ratio (RR) = 0.66, 95% CI 0.48–0.92) and follow-up (RR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.63–0.87), and collaborative care with a reduction in hospital admissions (RR =0.68, 95% CI 0.49–0.94). Low-quality evidence associated group interventions with fewer depression relapses at post-treatment and follow-up, and family psychoeducation with reduced symptoms of depression and mania.
ConclusionsThere is evidence that psychological interventions are effective for people with bipolar disorder. Much of the evidence was of low or very low quality thereby limiting our conclusions. Further research should identify the most effective (and cost-effective) interventions for each phase of this disorder.
Twelve - HIV care and interdependence in Tanzania and Uganda
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- By Ruth Evans, Agnes Atim
- Edited by Marian Barnes, University of Brighton, Tula Brannelly, University of Surrey, Lizzie Ward, University of Brighton, Nicki Ward, University of Birmingham
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- Book:
- Ethics of Care
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 08 March 2022
- Print publication:
- 28 October 2015, pp 151-164
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Summary
Introduction
The principle of ‘Greater Involvement of People Living with or Affected by HIV/AIDS (PLHA)’ declared at the 1994 Paris AIDS Summit provided widespread international commitment (in rhetoric at least) to the participation of people living with HIV in tackling the epidemic at all levels. Organisations and networks of PHLA have grown rapidly in eastern and southern Africa in recent years in order to campaign for their rights to health. Research in Tanzania and Namibia has revealed that care is often a two-way process of both giving and receiving care, based on reciprocal, interdependent relations between PLHA and family members (Evans and Thomas, 2009). PLHA may provide home-based care for partners, children, other family members and peers with HIV, as well as receiving care themselves. Such interdependent caring relations blur conventional boundaries and assumptions about the needs and interests of ‘care givers’ and ‘care recipients’, while simultaneously revealing interconnected dependencies and power inequalities at a range of spatial scales.
This chapter adopts an ethics of care perspective to explore PLHA’s caring relations and participation within families and communities in Tanzania and Uganda and draws partly on ideas discussed in Evans and Atim (2011). We discuss the findings of three qualitative studies. The first two studies (conducted by Ruth Evans) focused on children’s caring roles in families affected by HIV; the first was based on interviews with 20 mothers/female relatives living with HIV, 22 young people who cared for them and 13 non-governmental organisation (NGO) workers in rural and urban areas of Tanzania. This was part of a larger study funded by the UK Economic and Social Research Council that investigated the experiences, needs and resilience of children caring for parents and relatives with HIV in Tanzania and the UK (see Evans and Becker, 2009 for further information). The second study was focused on sibling care giving in child- and youth-headed households in Tanzania and Uganda, based on interviews, focus groups and participatory workshops with a total of 73 participants, comprising 17 orphaned children and young people who were caring for their siblings, 17 of their younger siblings and 25 NGO workers and 14 community members. This study was funded by the University of Reading and the Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) (see Evans, 2011; 2012 for further information).
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
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- 05 August 2015
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- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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19 - Young people's caring relations and transitions within families affected by HIV
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- By Ruth Evans
- Edited by Jane Ribbens McCarthy, The Open University, Milton Keynes, Carol-Ann Hooper, Val Gillies, University of Westminster
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- Family Troubles?
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- Bristol University Press
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- 07 September 2022
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- 04 April 2013, pp 233-244
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Summary
Introduction
This chapter provides insight into young people's caring relations and transitions within what is often considered a particularly ‘troubling’ familial context in both the global North and South: living with HIV. I analyse the findings from two qualitative studies of young people's caring roles in families affected by HIV in the UK, Tanzania and Uganda from the perspective of a feminist ethics of care, emotion work and life course transitions.
Since the 1990s, research in the global North has documented the roles and responsibilities that children undertake within families and the negative (and sometimes positive) outcomes that caring for a parent with an impairment or chronic illness may have on their education, health and emotional well-being, leisure activities, social lives, and transitions to ‘independent adulthood’ (Aldridge and Becker, 2003). This has resulted in growing policy and practice recognition of ‘young carers’ as a social category, and such children in the UK now have specific legal rights both as ‘children’ and as ‘carers’ (Becker, 2007). Despite the significant attention focused on young carers in social policy and research, young people's roles in caring for family members affected by HIV are often invisible, due to the stigma surrounding HIV. This means that parents are reluctant to disclose their status to others and seek to ensure that their care needs are met within the family, increasing the reliance on children. The groups most affected by HIV in the UK are men who have sex with men of all ethnicities and ‘African-born’ heterosexual men and women from countries with a high prevalence of HIV (HPA, 2010). For African migrants in the UK, living with HIV is exacerbated by restrictive immigration and asylum policies, differential entitlements to healthcare and welfare support, racial discrimination, and wider processes of social exclusion that are detrimental to the well-being of migrant families (Doyal and Anderson, 2005).
In communities affected by the HIV epidemic in Eastern and Southern Africa, young people are increasingly relied on to provide care for chronically ill parents and relatives (Robson et al, 2006), including siblings, elderly grandparents and other community members who have experienced the loss of their usual carers (Evans, 2005; Skovdal, 2011).
Contributors
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- By Robert Axe, Emma Bellchambers, James Bowler, Tim Bowles, Alice Braga, Jules Brown, Helen Cain, Amy Crees, Alia Darweish, James Evans, Tobias Everett, Andrew Foo, Dan Freshwater-Turner, Andy Georgiou, Juan Graterol, Ben Greatorex, Ruth Greer, Clare Hommers, Tim Hooper, Tim Howes, Ben Huntley, Izreen Iqbal, Dom Janssen, Ian Kerslake, Emma King, Siobhan King, Sarah Lancaster, Abby Lind, Clinton Lobo, Helen Makins, Chris Marsh, Alex Middleditch, Henry Murdoch, Chris Newell, James Nickells, Sonja Payne, Annabel Pearson, Kieron Rooney, Sophie Scutt, Simon Slinn, Janine Talbot, Helen Turnham, Benjamin Walton, Sarah Warwicker, Mark Wigginton, Mark Yeates
- James Nickells, Benjamin Walton, FRCAQ.com Writers Group, Bristol National Health Service Trust
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- SBA and MTF MCQs for the Final FRCA
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- 05 November 2012
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- 11 October 2012, pp vi-viii
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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seven - Resilience and impacts of young people’s care work within the school and wider community
- Ruth Evans, Saul Becker
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- Book:
- Children Caring for Parents with HIV and AIDS
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 21 January 2022
- Print publication:
- 11 March 2009, pp 175-200
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Summary
Previous research with young carers in the global North has suggested that young caregiving may have negative impacts on children's educational performance and school attendance as well as restricting children's opportunities for developing peer friendships and taking part in leisure and social activities in the wider community (Bilsborrow, 1992; Aldridge and Becker, 1993; Dearden and Becker, 1995; Marsden, 1995; Dearden and Becker, 1998; Crabtree and Warner, 1999; Thomas et al, 2003; Dearden and Becker, 2004). Following on from the previous chapter, this chapter discusses resilience and impacts of children's care work in families affected by HIV/AIDS within the domains of the school and wider community. We explore the ways that children and parents/relatives with HIV draw on social ties, networks and informal safety nets in the school environment and community in order to deal with household crisis and mitigate their vulnerability.
Resilience and impacts within the school environment
The literature on orphans and vulnerable children in the South has documented many negative impacts of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on children's educational performance and attendance (Kelly, 2005; Robson and Kanyanta, 2007b). Data from 20 Sub-Saharan African countries show that children aged 10-14 who have lost one or both parents are less likely to be in school than their non-orphaned peers (Rispel with Letlape and Metcalf, 2006). However, other studies have provided a less conclusive picture of the school attendance of orphans compared with non-orphans (Guest, 2001; Ainsworth and Filmer, 2002; Gould and Huber, 2003). Ainsworth and Filmer (2002) compared enrolment levels of orphans with other children in 28 countries and found that enrolment was related to income level and questioned whether orphan status should be used to target educational assistance (Kelly, 2005). Similarly, Gould and Huber's large study in Tanzania found that although HIV/AIDS affected children's school attendance, some children demonstrated considerable educational resilience:
Just as many children from poor homes survive and do well in school, many children from HIV/AIDS affected households also survive and do well. Coming from an HIV/AIDS affected household is neither a necessary or a sufficient condition for irregular attendance, dropout or never being enrolled. (Gould and Huber, 2003: 35)
Research suggests that children, particularly girls, may be withdrawn from school to care for sick family members (Kelly, 2005).
eight - The role of formal safety nets in building children’s and families’ resilience
- Ruth Evans, Saul Becker
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- Book:
- Children Caring for Parents with HIV and AIDS
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 21 January 2022
- Print publication:
- 11 March 2009, pp 201-226
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- Chapter
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Summary
This chapter focuses on the role of formal safety nets and external support from non-governmental community- and faith-based organisations and governmental/statutory providers in building the resilience of families affected by HIV/AIDS within the context of the North and South. In the previous chapters, we suggested that informal safety nets and supportive relationships within the family, neighbourhood, school and wider community play a crucial role in building children's and families’ resilience and mitigating the negative impacts of young caregiving and HIV/AIDS on households. In severely affected communities in the South, however, these informal safety nets are being overstretched, and the capacity of families and communities to continue to support households affected by HIV/AIDS is being seriously diminished. Governmental/statutory services and civil society organisations can thus help to reduce families’ vulnerability, providing much-needed material and emotional resources and support for children and families affected by HIV/AIDS. In this chapter, we examine the different services and support that children and parents/relatives with HIV accessed in Tanzania and the UK. By drawing on service providers’ and families’ experiences, the chapter identifies practices and approaches that aim to build on children's and families’ strengths, enhance resilience and promote protective factors within different domains, including the community, school, family and for individual children.
Services and support for families affected by HIV/AIDS
The ten non-governmental voluntary and community sector organisations (NGOs) involved in the study in the UK provided a range of services for children and families affected by HIV/AIDS, including: practical support for parents, peer support for parents, leisure and social activities for young people in similar situations, family support, emotional support for children and parents, practical support for young people, and HIV awareness-raising activities (see examples in Table 8.1).
In Tanzania, the seven NGOs involved in the study provided a range of services for families affected by HIV/AIDS, including: home-based care, support groups for people living with HIV, community education and awareness raising, material and emotional support for orphans and vulnerable children, opportunities for the development of young people's life skills, and voluntary testing and counselling facilities. Examples of the support offered are listed in Table 8.2.
As discussed in Chapter 3, the families interviewed for this study were recruited through local non-governmental voluntary and community sector organisations who were in contact with the family.
Contents
- Ruth Evans, Saul Becker
-
- Book:
- Children Caring for Parents with HIV and AIDS
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 21 January 2022
- Print publication:
- 11 March 2009, pp v-ix
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- Export citation