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A New Radiocarbon Database for the Lower 48 States
- Robert L. Kelly, Madeline E. Mackie, Erick Robinson, Jack Meyer, Michael Berry, Matthew Boulanger, Brian F. Codding, Jacob Freeman, Carey James Garland, Joseph Gingerich, Robert Hard, James Haug, Andrew Martindale, Scott Meeks, Myles Miller, Shane Miller, Timothy Perttula, Jim A. Railey, Ken Reid, Ian Scharlotta, Jerry Spangler, David Hurst Thomas, Victor Thompson, Andrew White
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- Journal:
- American Antiquity / Volume 87 / Issue 3 / July 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 February 2022, pp. 581-590
- Print publication:
- July 2022
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From 2014 to 2020, we compiled radiocarbon ages from the lower 48 states, creating a database of more than 100,000 archaeological, geological, and paleontological ages that will be freely available to researchers through the Canadian Archaeological Radiocarbon Database. Here, we discuss the process used to compile ages, general characteristics of the database, and lessons learned from this exercise in “big data” compilation.
Interesterification of a commonly consumed palm-based hard fat blend does not affect postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in healthy older adults
- Wendy Hall, Charlotte Mills, Robert Gray, Scott Harding, Barbara Fielding, Johanna Bruce, Caroline Le Roy, Sarah Berry
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 79 / Issue OCE2 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 June 2020, E109
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Interesterified (IE) fats are widely used to replace partially-hydrogenated fats as hard fats with functional and sensory properties needed for spreads/margarines, baked goods, and confectionary, while avoiding the health hazards of trans fats. Detailed mechanistic work to determine the metabolic effects of interesterification of commonly-consumed hard fats has not yet been done. Earlier studies using fats less commonly consumed have shown either neutral or a lowering effect on postprandial lipaemia. We investigated postprandial lipaemia, lipoprotein remodelling, and triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein (TRL) fraction apolipoprotein concentrations following a common IE blend of palm oil/kernel fractions versus its non-IE counterpart, alongside a reference monounsaturated (MUFA) oil. A 3-armed, double blind, randomized controlled trial (clinicaltrials.gov NCT03191513) in healthy adults (n = 20; 10 men, 10 women) aged 45–75 y, assessed effects of single meals (897 kcal, 50 g fat, 16 g protein, 88 g carbohydrate) on postprandial plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) concentrations, lipoprotein profiles, and TRL fraction apolipoprotein B48 and TAG concentrations. Test fats were IE 80:20 palm stearin/palm kernel fat, the equivalent non-IE fat, and a high-MUFA reference oil (rapeseed oil, RO). Blood was collected at baseline and hourly for 8 h. Linear mixed modelling was performed, adjusting for treatment order and baseline values (ver. 24.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Total 8 h incremental area under the curves (iAUC) for plasma TAG concentrations were lower following IE and non-IE compared with RO (mean difference in iAUC: non-IE vs. RO -1.8 mmol/L.h (95% CI -3.3, -0.2); IE vs. RO -2.6 mmol/L.h (95% CI -5.3, 0.0)), but iAUCs for IE and non-IE were not significantly different. There were no differences between IE and non-IE for chylomicron fraction apoB48 concentrations nor TAG:apoB48 ratio. No differences were observed between IE and non-IE for lipoprotein (VLDL, HDL, LDL) particle size or sub-class particle concentrations. However, LDL particle diameters were reduced at 5 and 6 h following IE vs RO (P < 0.05). XXL- (including chylomicron remnants and VLDL particles), XL- and L-VLDL particle concentrations (average diameters > 75, 64, and 53.6 nm respectively) were higher following IE and non-IE vs. RO at 6 h (P < 0.05) and 8 h postprandially (P < 0.005–0.05). In conclusion, both IE and non-IE palmitic acid-rich fats generated a greater preponderance of pro-atherogenic large TRL remnant particles in the late postprandial phase relative to an oleic acid-rich oil. However, the process of interesterification did not modify postprandial TAG response or lipoprotein metabolism.
OP35 Integrated Knowledge Translation In Policy Development
- Glenna Laing, Rume Djebah, Judy Hoff, Robert Shaffer, Sheila Rutledge Harding, Carmen Moga, Stefanie Kletke, Ann Scott
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- Journal:
- International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care / Volume 34 / Issue S1 / 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 January 2019, p. 14
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Introduction:
Immune globulin (IG) is a publicly funded blood product with high utilization rates and rapidly rising costs. Inappropriate use of IG, particularly in dose and treatment duration, is observed in about 10 percent of cases, and the national guidelines for IG treatment are outdated. To develop a utilization management policy for IG, the Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan Ministries of Health collaborated with health technology assessment (HTA) researchers and clinicians to develop evidence-based guideline recommendations for IG treatment to inform an authorization policy for IG utilization in the provinces.
Methods:A multidisciplinary committee comprising HTA researchers and 22 physicians from seven medical specialties adapted recommendations from 43 “seed” guidelines into one locally contextualized IG guideline. HTA methods and rapid review products were used extensively to update gaps in the evidence base. The guideline recommendation document was used to develop a provincial IG utilization management policy. The challenges of achieving a methodologically rigorous guideline development process will be discussed.
Results:The guideline contained over 60 recommendations for IG use in different medical specialties. The health ministries used the guideline recommendations to develop an IG authorization policy. The clinician-sanctioned review criteria were used to construct a conditional reimbursement system for generating outcome data from controlled off-label IG use for conditions where evidence gaps existed, and were built into policies for benchmarking compliance.
Conclusions:Three provinces successfully collaborated to develop an IG utilization management policy. The unique approach involved a credible and transparent process that incorporated key review elements for compliance benchmarking and reimbursement, promoted clinician buy-in, and created a cadre of clinical champions willing to assist in policy development and implementation. The proactive, rather than retroactive, incorporation of clinician-sanctioned benchmarking and review criteria into policy will help bridge the know-do gap and foster a stronger, more direct link between health policy and evidence.
Barley β-glucan reduces blood cholesterol levels via interrupting bile acid metabolism
- Yanan Wang, Scott V. Harding, Sijo J. Thandapilly, Susan M. Tosh, Peter J. H. Jones, Nancy P. Ames
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 118 / Issue 10 / 28 November 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 November 2017, pp. 822-829
- Print publication:
- 28 November 2017
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Underlying mechanisms responsible for the cholesterol-lowering effect of β-glucan have been proposed, yet have not been fully demonstrated. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether the consumption of barley β-glucan lowers cholesterol by affecting the cholesterol absorption, cholesterol synthesis or bile acid synthesis. In addition, this study was aimed to assess whether the underlying mechanisms are related to cholesterol 7α hydroxylase (CYP7A1) SNP rs3808607 as proposed by us earlier. In a controlled, randomised, cross-over study, participants with mild hypercholesterolaemia (n 30) were randomly assigned to receive breakfast containing 3 g high-molecular weight (HMW), 5 g low-molecular weight (LMW), 3 g LMW barley β-glucan or a control diet, each for 5 weeks. Cholesterol absorption was determined by assessing the enrichment of circulating 13C-cholesterol over 96 h following oral administration; fractional rate of synthesis for cholesterol was assessed by measuring the incorporation rate of 2H derived from deuterium oxide within the body water pool into the erythrocyte cholesterol pool over 24 h; bile acid synthesis was determined by measuring serum 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one concentrations. Consumption of 3 g HMW β-glucan decreased total cholesterol (TC) levels (P=0·029), but did not affect cholesterol absorption (P=0·25) or cholesterol synthesis (P=0·14). Increased bile acid synthesis after consumption of 3 g HMW β-glucan was observed in all participants (P=0·049), and more pronounced in individuals carrying homozygous G of rs3808607 (P=0·033). In addition, a linear relationship between log (viscosity) of β-glucan and serum 7α-HC concentration was observed in homozygous G allele carriers. Results indicate that increased bile acid synthesis rather than inhibition of cholesterol absorption or synthesis may be responsible for the cholesterol-lowering effect of barley β-glucan. The pronounced TC reduction in G allele carriers of rs3808607 observed in the previous study may be due to enhanced bile acid synthesis in response to high-viscosity β-glucan consumption in those individuals.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Red algal cellular biomass lowers circulating cholesterol concentrations in Syrian golden hamsters consuming hypercholesterolaemic diets
- Scott V. Harding, Hai Lin Zhao, Christopher P. F. Marinangeli, Anthony G. Day, Harrison F. Dillon, Deepak Jain, Peter J. H. Jones
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 102 / Issue 6 / 28 September 2009
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 June 2009, pp. 842-847
- Print publication:
- 28 September 2009
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Preliminary evidence suggests that consumption of Porphyridium cruentum (PC) biomass results in hypocholesterolaemic effects; however, mechanisms responsible have not been elucidated. The aim of the present study was to determine whether PC biomass lowers circulating cholesterol concentrations, dose dependently, in hamsters fed hypercholesterolaemic diets for 28 d and determine whether cholesterol biosynthesis is affected. Biomass added to diets at 2·5, 5 and 10 % resulted in 14, 38 and 53 % reductions (P < 0·001) in total plasma cholesterol, respectively, compared with a control diet. Similarly, non-HDL-cholesterol concentrations in the 5 and 10 % PC groups were reduced (P < 0·001) 28 and 45 %, respectively, v. controls. These effects were unrelated to cholesterol fractional synthesis rate (FSR), as this did not differ between either treatment or control animals. PC consumption had no effect on food intake, plasma glucose concentrations or energy expenditure, but percentage of body fat was lower (P < 0·001) in the 5 and 10 % PC groups compared with controls. These data show that PC reduces total plasma cholesterol and non-HDL-cholesterol when incorporated into the diet at levels as low as 2·5 %. The mechanism of action for this reduction may be related to increased excretion since food intakes and cholesterol FSR were not reduced in the animals receiving the PC. In conclusion, the use of PC biomass reduces circulating cholesterol, dose dependently, in hypercholesterolaemic hamsters but not via reductions in cholesterol FSR. There is potential for the use of this biomass as a functional ingredient to aid in the management of blood cholesterol concentrations.
5 - Difference (Derrida, Deleuze)
- Vincent Descombes
- Translated by L. Scott-Fox, J. M. Harding
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- Modern French Philosophy
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- 05 June 2012
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- 29 January 1981, pp 136-167
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Summary
Hegel had said that difference is contradictory in itself. But the question now is to pave the way for a non-contradictory, non-dialectical consideration of difference, which would not envisage it as the simple contrary of identity, nor be obliged to see itself as ‘dialectically’ identical with identity. In tackling this difficulty, French philosophy – in the form of Gilles Deleuze and Jacques Derrida – at last approaches the crux of the matter. We come finally to that remarkable point of modern metaphysics which all preceding discourse had indicated like a flickering compass. This metaphysical point may be situated in two ways.
1. In the language of logic (or of ontology), the question is that of the ‘dialectic’.
2. In the language of the philosophy of history (or of metaphysical theology), the question is that of ‘the unity of man and nature’, as Marx called it; the meaning of this unity is precisely the meaning of identity, as defined by the dialectic.
The order that I now propose to follow – first Derrida, then Deleuze – is arbitrary, but no more so than the reverse.
The Radicalisation of Phenomenology
At the beginning of the sixties, there was much talk concerning the ‘end of philosophy’. It was thought that the western ratio, its resources exhausted, was nearing the end of its run. The phrase, ‘end of philosophy’, was taken from Heidegger, and put to a great variety of uses.
6 - The end of time (Deleuze, Klossowski, Lyotard)
- Vincent Descombes
- Translated by L. Scott-Fox, J. M. Harding
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- Modern French Philosophy
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- 29 January 1981, pp 168-190
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Summary
The recent orientation of the debate in France is a delayed effect of the experience of May 68, a month in which the French educated classes had the surprise of their lives. The revolution which had been spoken of for so long was triggered off without warning. Yet perhaps this revolution was not a revolution after all … For more than twenty years, intellectuals had made great efforts to instruct themselves in historical materialism, hoping to break away from the ‘petty bourgeois ideology’ of their origins. Now they discovered in this theory of history, in this political mode of thought, the obstacle that separated them from history at the very moment when history was knocking on the door.
Authority
During May and June of that year, a thorough acquaintance with power was made, in the sense that everybody saw in the course of the famous ‘events’ the two contradictory features of authority: an extreme fragility combined with an unlimited capacity for resisting subversion. The fragility of authority: student unrest was enough to provoke general turmoil and to paralyse an entire nation. It became apparent that the authorities could successfully oppose a coup d'éat such as the putsch of Algiers in 1961, but not a carnival. Authority ensures that it is obeyed only if everyone is convinced that it is the authority. Although power can be endlessly defined as the deployment of a panoply of means for control and coercion, it remains true that the authority of this power, its capacity to employ such means, resides in its legitimacy, that is, in public opinion.
1 - The humanisation of nothingness (Kojève)
- Vincent Descombes
- Translated by L. Scott-Fox, J. M. Harding
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- Modern French Philosophy
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Summary
The generation of the three H's was the first generation of the twentieth century. Chronology shows that the spokesmen of this generation were born at the beginning of the century (Sartre in 1905, Merleau-Ponty in 1908) and that they made themselves known during the years immediately preceding the Second World War. Older writers, already established by this date, belong to the nineteenth century; this applies to the Bergsonian generation (Bergson himself was born in 1858, and had published his doctoral thesis in 1889).
The Interpretation of Hegel
It may well be that the future of the world, and thus the sense of the present and the significance of the past, will depend in the last analysis on contemporary interpretations of Hegel's works.
(Alexandre Kojève)There is no clearer sign of the changes in mentality – the revolt against neo-Kantianism, the decline of Bergsonianism – than the triumphal return of Hegel. Banished by the neo-Kantians, he curiously, and suddenly, became a vanguard writer, quoted with respect in leading circles. Two reasons seem chiefly to account for this resurgence. One was the renewal of interest in Marxism that occurred in the wake of the Russian Revolution – part of the prestige surrounding the Bolshevik leaders reflected back upon Hegel, in so far as Lenin, for instance, had actively recommended him for study. The other was the influence of the course given by Alexandre Kojève at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, beginning in 1933 and lasting until 1939.
Frontmatter
- Vincent Descombes
- Translated by L. Scott-Fox, J. M. Harding
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Contents
- Vincent Descombes
- Translated by L. Scott-Fox, J. M. Harding
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- Modern French Philosophy
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4 - The critique of history (Foucault, Althusser)
- Vincent Descombes
- Translated by L. Scott-Fox, J. M. Harding
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Summary
History is the western myth.
Such a statement clearly implies a critique of history. This critique, however, does not consist in denying that there is history, contrary to the charge brought by Sartre against the structuralists. Speaking of Michel Foucault's (highly successful) book, Les mots et les choses (The Order of Things), Sartre says:
Foucault supplies people with what they have been needing: an eclectic synthesis in which Robbe-Grillet, structuralism, linguistics, Lacan and Tel Quel are each invoked in turn so as to demonstrate the impossibility of historical thought.
Behind history, of course, the target is Marxism. This is an attempt to constitute a new ideology, the last bulwark which the bourgeoisie can still erect against Marx.
The Order of Things, ‘last bulwark’ raised by the ‘bourgeoisie’ against ‘Marx’ … Unfortunately for Sartre, his judgment here is a strikingly clear testimony to the mythical nature of his conception of history. Nobody seeks to ‘deny history’. Our only concern is to ascertain whether a sober conception of it may be reached after the twilight of the Hegelian idol.
Nihilism
Like several philosophers of his generation, Foucault comes from the French positivist school, for whom philosophy is a function of the history of concepts at work in the various learned specialist fields. Having set out to write a history of psychiatry, i.e. a study of the distinction made by doctors between the normal and the pathological in the field of mental health, Foucault finishes by writing his Histoire de la folie à l'âge classique.
Note on abbreviations and translation
- Vincent Descombes
- Translated by L. Scott-Fox, J. M. Harding
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2 - The human origin of truth (Merleau-Ponty)
- Vincent Descombes
- Translated by L. Scott-Fox, J. M. Harding
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Summary
Kojève explained to his listeners that the aim of philosophy was to account for the ‘fact of history’. He said that this question, stifled by the ‘monist ontology’ inherited from the Greeks, had been posed for the first time by Kant and Hegel. In Being and Nothingness, Sartre too assigns to metaphysics the task of answering the question, why is there history? But the only answer he could envisage was a kind of pantheistic myth in which he claimed not to believe. It is impossible, he explained, for nature to give rise to consciousness.
Merleau-Ponty points out that the opposition of subject and object, or in Sartrian language, of for-itself and in-itself, makes any understanding of the ‘fact of history’ (something much in demand) impossible. Once denaturised by virtue of the negative definition of freedom (‘to be free’ = ‘to be able to say no’), man is in opposition to things. Being and freedom are understood as antithetical. But in these conditions, historical action is not possible, for such action is distinguished from futile agitation by the fact that it leads to results, that it modifies the course of things, that it leaves behind it a work. And the possibility of historical work is excluded by the antithesis which confronts the stubborn identity of being with the freedom of nothingness.
Index
- Vincent Descombes
- Translated by L. Scott-Fox, J. M. Harding
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Introduction: Philosophy in France
- Vincent Descombes
- Translated by L. Scott-Fox, J. M. Harding
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Summary
Can the colour of time be described? Who could say what the atmosphere of a period was?
At the outset of this survey I should define its inevitable limits. French philosophy is the philosophy which is articulated in French, even when it is to state Greek, Latin, English or German thoughts in this language. French philosophy was born when Descartes undertook to reply, in French, to Montaigne's Essays with his Discourse on Method, followed by three Essays with this method. But it was more than French philosophy that appeared with Descartes's challenge to Montaigne. According to the most considerable authorities, for once in agreement – Hegel and Heidegger for example – the pursuit of a truth that has the character of absolute certainty marks the inauguration of modern philosophy.
The following pages are intended to be an introduction to contemporary French philosophy. A survey of French philosophy as a whole would start with Descartes (replying to Montaigne). A survey of modern philosophy would begin in the same way. The title of the study whose first page you are reading now proposes a more modest undertaking: to acquaint a reader whom I assume, for the sake of hypothesis, to be as exterior as possible to French philosophical traditions and modes, with the language and issues of what is known as philosophical debate in France today.
Modern French Philosophy
- Vincent Descombes
- Translated by L. Scott-Fox, J. M. Harding
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- 29 January 1981
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This is a critical introduction to modern French philosophy, commissioned from one of the liveliest contemporary practitioners and intended for an English-speaking readership. The dominant 'Anglo-Saxon' reaction to philosophical development in France has for some decades been one of suspicion, occasionally tempered by curiosity but more often hardening into dismissive rejection. But there are signs now of a more sympathetic interest and an increasing readiness to admit and explore shared concerns, even if these are still expressed in a very different idiom and intellectual context. Vincent Descombes offers here a personal guide to the main movements and figures of the last forty-five years. He traces over this period the evolution of thought from a generation preoccupied with the 'three H's' - Hegel, Husserl and Heidegger, to a generation influenced since about 1960 by the 'three masters of suspicion' - Marx, Nietzsche and Freud. In this framework he deals in turn with the thought of Sartre, Merleau-Ponty, the early structuralists, Foucault, Althusser, Serres, Derrida, and finally Deleuze and Lyotard. The 'internal' intellectual history of the period is related to its institutional setting and the wider cultural and political context which has given French philosophy so much of its distinctive character.
3 - Semiology
- Vincent Descombes
- Translated by L. Scott-Fox, J. M. Harding
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The Intellectual Scene in 1960
The ambition of French phenomenology was to have a dialectical philosophy of history, supported by a phenomenology of the body and of expression. The generation active after 1960, however, condemned dialectics as an illusion, and rejected the phenomenological approach to language. The opposition between the prevailing post-war doctrine and what was soon to acquire for the public the name of structuralism appeared to be – or would have sought to be – total.
The dialectic was the promised land of the little existential tribe of 1950. The greatest criticism that could be levelled against a person was that his thinking was not sufficiently dialectical. After 1960, the dialectic continued to be at the centre of discussion, but it had moved into the dock. It had come to be seen as the most insidious form of the ‘logic of identity’ which in its turn was held to be the supreme philosophical illusion. Here the philosophers of the structuralist era strike a Bergsonian note. What they call the ‘logic of identity’ is that form of thought which cannot represent the other to itself without reducing it to the same, and thereby subordinating difference to identity. The logic of identity is countered with a ‘thinking based upon difference’. The effects of reading Heidegger are discernible in this change of course, and in the accompanying renewal of interest in Nietzsche.
American Literature
- James Woodress, S. V. Baum, J. Albert Robbins, Joseph Schiffman, Bibliographical Committee of the American Literature Group, Lars Åhnebrink, A. Lynn Altenbernd, Roger M. Asselineau, Ashbel Brice, Herbert Brown, Louis J. Budd, Anna Maria Crinò, Sherwood Cummings, John E. Englekirk, Bernhard Fabian, John C. Guilds, Jr., Edward Hagemann, Walter Harding, Richard M. Ludwig, Robert J. Kane, Wisner P. Kinne, Ernest Marchand, Arthur L. Scott, Herman E. Spivey
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- PMLA / Publications of the Modern Language Association of America / Volume 73 / Issue 2 / April 1958
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- 02 December 2020, pp. 192-216
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- April 1958
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