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Effects of Iron Oxidation State and Organic Cations on Dioctahedral Smectite Hydration
- Joseph W. Stucki, Jun Wu, Huamin Gan, Peter Komadel, Amos Banin
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- Journal:
- Clays and Clay Minerals / Volume 48 / Issue 2 / April 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 February 2024, pp. 290-298
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Reduction of structural Fe in Na-exchanged dioctahedral smectites decreases swellability in water, but because clay interlayers also collapse in the process the concomitant effect on surface hydration energy is uncertain. This study examined the hydration behavior of oxidized and reduced dioctahedral smectite clays exchanged with polar (Na) and weakly-polar (organic) cations to determine the nature of the surface before and after Fe reduction, and to determine if clay surfaces are hydrophilic or hydrophobic. The H2O content in various dioctahedral smectites decreased if Na was replaced by tetramethylammonium (TMA), trimethylphenylammonium (TMPA), or hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA). Among the organo-clays, H2O adsorption decreased with increasing complexity of the cation. For oxidized smectites, those exchanged with TMPA retained less H2O than those exchanged with Na at all pressures. The extent of this difference depended on the clay and decreased with increasing applied pressure. Reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) in the octahedral sheets decreased the swelling of Na-saturated smectites, apparently causing some previously swelling interlayers to collapse. If the Na interlayer cation was exchanged to alkylammonium after reduction, but prior to swelling-pressure measurements, the swelling increased or remained near constant, suggesting that the organo-cation disrupted the collapse process of the interlayers associated with the reduced smectite layers. Reduced TMPA-saturated smectite surfaces are more strongly hydrated if the octahedral sheet is reduced than if oxidized. Thus, reduction of structural Fe increases the hydration energy of smectite basal surfaces, but swellability could decrease or increase depending on the extent of interlayer collapse occurring with different exchangeable cations.
Community perceptions on the factors in the social food environment that influence dietary behaviour in cities of Kenya and Ghana: a Photovoice study
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- Milkah N Wanjohi, Rebecca Pradeilles, Gershim Asiki, Michelle Holdsworth, Elizabeth W Kimani-Murage, Stella K Muthuri, Ana Irache, Amos Laar, Francis Zotor, Akua Tandoh, Senam Klomegah, Fiona Graham, Hibbah Araba Osei-Kwasi, Mark A Green, Nathaniel Coleman, Kobby Mensah, Robert Akparibo, Richmond Aryeteey, Emily K Rousham, Nicolas Bricas, Marco Bohr, Paula Griffiths
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- Journal:
- Public Health Nutrition / Volume 26 / Issue 3 / March 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 October 2022, pp. 661-673
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Objective:
To explore communities’ perspectives on the factors in the social food environment that influence dietary behaviours in African cities.
Design:A qualitative study using participatory photography (Photovoice). Participants took and discussed photographs representing factors in the social food environment that influence their dietary behaviours. Follow-up in-depth interviews allowed participants to tell the ‘stories’ of their photographs. Thematic analysis was conducted, using data-driven and theory-driven (based on the socio-ecological model) approaches.
Setting:Three low-income areas of Nairobi (n 48) in Kenya and Accra (n 62) and Ho (n 32) in Ghana.
Participants:Adolescents and adults, male and female aged ≥13 years.
Results:The ‘people’ who were most commonly reported as influencers of dietary behaviours within the social food environment included family members, friends, health workers and food vendors. They mainly influenced food purchase, preparation and consumption, through (1) considerations for family members’ food preferences, (2) considerations for family members’ health and nutrition needs, (3) social support by family and friends, (4) provision of nutritional advice and modelling food behaviour by parents and health professionals, (5) food vendors’ services and social qualities.
Conclusions:The family presents an opportunity for promoting healthy dietary behaviours among family members. Peer groups could be harnessed to promote healthy dietary behaviours among adolescents and youth. Empowering food vendors to provide healthier and safer food options could enhance healthier food sourcing, purchasing and consumption in African low-income urban communities.
Alluvial Soil Chronosequence in the Inner Coastal Plain, Central Virginia
- Jeffrey L. Howard, Dan F. Amos, W. Lee Daniels
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- Journal:
- Quaternary Research / Volume 39 / Issue 2 / March 1993
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 201-213
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A chronological sequence of soils formed on a series of alluvial depositional surfaces ranging in age from late-middle Miocene to late Pleistocene was characterized to clarify soil-geomorphic relations and provide a basis for allostratigraphic subdivision of the inner Coastal Plain. On Quaternary river terraces, Ultic Hapludalfs containing abundant weatherable mineral species and clast types are estimated to have formed in 60,000-120,000 yr, whereas Typic Hapludults greatly depleted in weatherable minerals and showing strong weathering of clast types are estimated to be 700,000-1,600,000 yr old. Typic Paleudults with incipient plinthite, duripan, and ferricrete development characterize interfluves that have been little eroded since early Pliocene time (3.4-5.3 myr ago). Typic-Plinthic Paleudults with intense weathering of siliceous clasts and moderate to strong duripan and ferricrete development are found on surfaces that formed near the beginning of late Miocene time (10.8-13.0 myr ago). Chemical weathering in the chronosequence may be classified into three progressive stages: (1) decomposition of unstable sand- and silt-sized minerals into a mixed (stable + unstable) clay-mineral suite (stable Fe + Al/Si bulk chemical composition, < 106 yr); (2) transformation of mixed clay-mineral suite into a stable suite (increasing Fe + Al/Si bulk chemical composition, 106 - 107 yr); and (3) transformation of stable suite into ultrastable clay-mineral suite (increasing Fe/Si bulk composition, > 107 yr). Not all soil properties show unidirectional development, nor is a steady state of pedon development observed even after approximately 107 yr of chemical weathering. Soil development in the chronosequence is episodic. The transition from one phase to the next is marked by a change in rate, and sometimes a reversal in the direction, of development of one or more soil properties.
D072 X-ray Diffraction at Dupont Central Research and Development - Invited
- T. G. Amos, M. K. Crawford, W. E. Guise, Jr.
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- Journal:
- Powder Diffraction / Volume 18 / Issue 2 / June 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 May 2016, p. 179
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DEVELOPMENT OF CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE (CA) SYSTEMS IN MALAWI: LESSONS LEARNED FROM 2005 TO 2014
- CHRISTIAN THIERFELDER, W. TRENT BUNDERSON, ZWIDE D. JERE, MUNYARADZI MUTENJE, AMOS NGWIRA
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- Journal:
- Experimental Agriculture / Volume 52 / Issue 4 / October 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 November 2015, pp. 579-604
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Conservation agriculture (CA) was introduced to farmers in Malawi to address soil degradation, declining crop productivity and the need to adapt to climate variability and change. This research from 2005 to 2014 aimed at analysing the effects of CA on longer-term productivity and profitability compared with conventional systems as practiced in two communities of Central Malawi. CA treatments outyielded conventional ridge tilled control plots in Mwansambo and Zidyana on average by between 22 and 31%, respectively. An economic analysis from 2011 to 2014 found that, on average, income was 50 and 83% greater in CA systems than in conventional systems. The crops were produced with 28 -39 less labour days ha−1 compared with the conventional practice, leading to greater net benefits. Despite the higher returns with CA, there are still challenges with residue retention, weed control, adequate rotations, management of pests and diseases as well as other socio-economic constraints. At the same time, there are opportunities to address these challenges through site-specific and adaptive research using innovation systems approaches.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Contributors
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- By Susan E. Abbey, James J. Amos, Philip A. Bialer, James A. Bourgeois, Joanne A. Byars, Jaspreet Chahal, Kathy Coffman, Mary Ann Cohen, Catherine Crone, Carlos Fernandez-Robles, Jess G. Fiedorowicz, Mary J. Fitz-Gerald, Gregory Fricchione, Donna Greenberg, Thomas W. Heinrich, Debra R. Kahn, Raheel A. Khan, Robin C. Kopelman, Jeanne M. Lackamp, Joseph A. Locala, Michael Marcangelo, Laura Marsh, Anthony C. Miller, Romina Mizrahi, Megan Moore Brennan, Maryland Pao, John Querques, Davin Quinn, Vani Rao, Robert G. Robinson, Oludamilola Salami, Sanjeev Sockalingam, Sergio E. Starkstein, Scott Stuart, Adrienne Tan, Janeta Tansey, Scott Temple, Alex Thompson, Susan Turkel, Michelle Weckmann, Marcus Wellen, Thomas Wise
- Edited by James J. Amos, University of Iowa, Robert G. Robinson, University of Iowa
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- Book:
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published online:
- 04 August 2010
- Print publication:
- 27 May 2010, pp xi-xiv
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Wavelet Compression of Three-Dimensional Time-Lapse Biological Image Data
- H. Narfi Stefansson, Kevin W. Eliceiri, Charles F. Thomas, Amos Ron, Ron DeVore, Robert Sharpley, John G. White
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- Journal:
- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 11 / Issue 1 / February 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 January 2005, pp. 9-17
- Print publication:
- February 2005
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The use of multifocal-plane, time-lapse recordings of living specimens has allowed investigators to visualize dynamic events both within ensembles of cells and individual cells. Recordings of such four-dimensional (4D) data from digital optical sectioning microscopy produce very large data sets. We describe a wavelet-based data compression algorithm that capitalizes on the inherent redunancies within multidimensional data to achieve higher compression levels than can be obtained from single images. The algorithm will permit remote users to roam through large 4D data sets using communication channels of modest bandwidth at high speed. This will allow animation to be used as a powerful aid to visualizing dynamic changes in three-dimensional structures.
Power of a simplified multivariate test for genetic linkage
- O. Y. GORLOVA, C. I. AMOS, D. K. ZHU, W. WANG, S. TURNER, E. BOERWINKLE
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- Journal:
- Annals of Human Genetics / Volume 66 / Issue 5-6 / November 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 December 2002, pp. 407-417
- Print publication:
- November 2002
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In this paper we compare the power of the multivariate Haseman–Elston (MHE) test proposed earlier by Amos et al. (1990) and a computationally rapid new version of the multivariate Haseman–Elston test (NMHE) (Elston et al. 2000). We show that the power of NMHE was, for different simulation setups, identical or higher than that of MHE. In the bivariate case, the power of the NMHE method was somewhat less than that of the computationally intensive maximum likelihood variance components method (Amos et al. 2001). We present comparisons of the empirical distributions of the NMHE test to its limiting distributions for a range of numbers of traits. The distribution of the NMHE test appeared to conform satisfactorily to its limiting asymptotic distribution in large samples. Otherwise, empirical critical values for NMHE are somewhat higher than predicted, i.e. the test proposed by Elston et al. (2000) is non-conservative. The use of empirical critical values is therefore recommended for limited sample sizes (less than several hundred families). We also present the results of a linkage analysis performed by the NMHE method on a set of 4 body size-related traits. The method identified meaningful combinations of traits that showed significant linkage on chromosome 2 and suggestive linkage to regions on chromosomes 16 and 17.
Conditional ETDT analysis of the Human Leukocyte Antigen region in type 1 diabetes
- B. P. C. KOELEMAN, M. H. HERR, P. ZAVATTARI, F. DUDBRIDGE, R. MARCH, D. CAMPBELL, A. H. BARNETT, S. C. BAIN, A. P. MULARGIA, M. LODDO, W. AMOS, F. CUCCA, J. A. TODD
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- Journal:
- Annals of Human Genetics / Volume 64 / Issue 3 / May 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 October 2000, pp. 215-221
- Print publication:
- May 2000
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Several studies have indicated that additional genes in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region, other than the class II genes HLA-DQB1 and -DRB1 (the IDDM1 locus), may contribute to susceptibility and resistance to type 1 diabetes. The relative magnitude of these non- DR/DQ effects is uncertain and their map location is unknown owing to the extraordinary linkage disequilibrium that extends over the 3.5 Mb of the MHC. The homozygous parent test has been proposed as a method for detection of additional risk factors conditional on HLA-DQB1 and -DRB1. However, this method is inefficient since it uses only parents homozygous for the primary disease locus, the DQB1-DRB1 haplotype. To overcome this limitation, Conditional ETDT was used in the present report to test for association conditional on the DQB1-DRB1 haplotype, thereby allowing all parents to be included in the analysis. First, we confirm in UK and Sardinian type 1 diabetic families that allelic variation at HLA-DRB1 has a very significant effect on the association of DQB1 and vice versa. The Conditional ETDT was then applied to the HLA TNF (tumour necrosis factor) region and microsatellite marker D6S273 region, both of which have been reported to contribute to IDDM1 independent of the HLA-DQB1-DRB1 genes. We found no evidence for a major role for either of these two regions in IDDM1.
Segregation analysis of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: evidence for a major gene determining risk
- M. DE ANDRADE, C. I. AMOS, W. D. FOULKES
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- Journal:
- Annals of Human Genetics / Volume 62 / Issue 6 / November 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 November 1998, pp. 505-510
- Print publication:
- November 1998
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We and others have shown that a family history of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) is a risk factor for this disease. We performed a segregation analysis on a dataset comprised of 1429 first-degree relatives of 242 unselected cases of SCCHN and 934 first-degree relatives of 156 spouse controls. Using the SAGE software, we demonstrated that a Mendelian model was favored and a model postulating a purely environmental cause of SCCHN was rejected. The model suggests that 18% of the population who smoke and drink are susceptible. The lifetime risk for non-smokers and non-drinkers who are heterozygotes for the susceptible allele is close to zero, but for those heterozygotes who smoke and drink the risk is 14% by age 70. These findings suggest that specific genetic factors account for a significant fraction of the risk of SCCHN associated with a family history of SCCHN.
The kinetics of nutrient incorporation into body tissues of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) females and the subsequent effects on egg composition and egg quality
- Moti Harel, Amos Tandler, George W. Kissil, Shalom W. Applebaum
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 72 / Issue 1 / July 1994
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 March 2007, pp. 45-58
- Print publication:
- July 1994
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The interaction between essential dietary components and changes in tissue nutrient reserves, egg quality and egg composition, were studied from 60 d before and during the spawning of Sparus aurata broodstock. Fish were given isonitrogenous (550 g/kg dry weight) and isolipidic (100 g/kg dry weight) diets, based on protein and lipid extracts of squid meal. Diets differed in the levels of n−6 (10–30 mg/g dry weight) and n−3 (0–10 mg/g dry weight) essential fatty acids. The effects of these diets on biochemical and fatty acid composition of body tissues, and the subsequent effects on egg composition and egg viability were measured. Dietary essential fatty acids were mostly incorporated into the liver, ovaries, digestive tract and associated adipose tissues. The lipid composition of these tissues reached an equilibrium with dietary lipid composition within 15 d of feeding on any given diet. Muscle and gill cartilage tissues did not show any significant changes in their biochemical and fatty acid composition, even after 60 d feeding. Egg viability decreased significantly within 10 d of feeding the broodstock with a diet deficient in n−3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n−3 HUFA). The levels of n−3 HUFA in both polar and neutral fractions of egg lipid were directly correlated with their levels in the broodstock diet. When the total amount of egg n−3 HUFA dropped below 17 mg/g dry weight, egg viability and larvae hatching rate decreased by 53% and 47 % respectively. These results suggest that the biochemical composition of organs involved in S. aurata reproduction are highly sensitive to the nutritional value of the diet, which affects egg and larval quality rapidly.
The Pyrolytic Decomposition of Owens-Illinois Resin Gr650, an Organosilicon Compound
- B. G. Bagley, P. K. Gallagher, W. E. Quinn, L. J. Amos
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 32 / 1984
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 February 2011, 287
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- 1984
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The pyrolytic conversion of an organosilsesquioxane (Owens-Illinois resin GR650) to SiO2 is characterized by ir spectroscopy, thermogravimetry and evolved gas analysis (line-of-sight mass spectroscopy). Scanning calorimetry, ramping at 10°C/min, on the as-received (room temperature annealed) resin indicates a glass transition temperature of 67°C which decreases to 58°C for an unrelaxed sample. The ir spectra have bands which can be assigned to Si-CH3 and Si-O-Si modes. For 30 minute isothermal anneals at temperatures above 420°C there is a continuous decrease in the bands associated with the Si-CH3 groups such that after 30 minutes at 650°C the ir spectrum has evolved to that for SiO2. Evolved gas analysis indicates that there are four major components evolving. Over the temperature range (ramping at 10°C/min) ∼180 to ∼500°C we observe C2H5OH and H2O, both of which are condensation reaction products from the curing reaction. Methane is a major evolving species over the temperature range ∼500 to ∼800°C and the thermal spectrum is double peaked which we attribute to CH3+ bound to the inside and outside of the polymer cage structures. The final major component detected was H2, over the temperature range ∼600 to ∼1100°C, which was attributed to pyrolysis of the organic components, both trapped and evolving. The features of the weight loss curve can be accounted for by the measured evolving species spectra.
On a quadratic integral inequality*
- R. J. Amos, W. N. Everitt
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section A: Mathematics / Volume 78 / Issue 3-4 / 1978
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 November 2011, pp. 241-256
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- 1978
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The inequality considered is
where p and q are given real-valued coefficients on the interval [a, b), with b ≦ ∝, of the real line; here D is a linear manifold of the Hilbert function space L2(a, b), and μ is a real number characterised in terms of the spectrum of a uniquely determined self-adjoint differential operator in L2(a, b).