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Influence of Environmental Factors on Cutleaf Eveningprimrose (Oenothera laciniata) Germination, Emergence, Development, Vegetative Growth, and Control
- S. B. Clewis, D. L. Jordan, J. F. Spears, J. W. Wilcut
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 55 / Issue 3 / June 2007
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 264-272
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Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the effect of temperature, solution pH, water stress, and planting depth on cutleaf eveningprimrose germination and emergence. Field studies were conducted to measure growth parameters of cutleaf eveningprimrose throughout the fall season. When treated with constant temperature, cutleaf eveningprimrose germinated over a range of 15 to 32 C, with the optimum germination occurring at 24 C. Onset, rate, and total germination were greatest in an alternating 20/35 C temperature regime. Germination decreased as solution pH increased, with greatest germination occurring at solution pH of 4. Germination decreased when cutleaf eveningprimrose seed was subjected to increased water stress. Emergence was optimum when seed were buried at depths of 0.5 cm. Germination decreased with increasing burial depth, and no seed emerged from a depth of 10 cm. Cutleaf eveningprimrose control was maximized when 2,4-D was applied in mixture with glyphosate or paraquat. These data suggest that cutleaf eveningprimrose can germinate and gain biomass from early March to late October. These attributes could contribute to poor control before cotton planting if preplant control applications are delayed after early March.
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Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Fabrication and structural characterization of self-supporting electrolyte membranes for a micro solid-oxide fuel cell
- Chelsey D. Baertsch, Klavs F. Jensen, Joshua L. Hertz, Harry L. Tuller, Srikar T. Vengallatore, S. Mark Spearing, Martin A. Schmidt
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- Journal:
- Journal of Materials Research / Volume 19 / Issue 9 / September 2004
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 March 2011, pp. 2604-2615
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- September 2004
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Micromachined fuel cells are among a class of microscale devices being explored for portable power generation. In this paper, we report processing and geometric design criteria for the fabrication of free-standing electrolyte membranes for microscale solid-oxide fuel cells. Submicron, dense, nanocrystalline yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) films were deposited onto silicon nitride membranes using electron-beam evaporation and sputter deposition. Selective silicon nitride removal leads to free-standing, square, electrolyte membranes with side dimensions as large as 1025 μm for YSZ and 525 μm for GDC, with high processing yields for YSZ. Residual stresses are tensile (+85 to +235 MPa) and compressive (–865 to -155 MPa) in as-deposited evaporated and sputtered films, respectively. Tensile evaporated films fail via brittle fracture during annealing at temperatures below 773 K; thermal limitations are dependent on the film thickness to membrane size aspect ratio. Sputtered films with compressive residual stresses show superior mechanical and thermal stability than evaporated films. Sputtered 1025-μm membranes survive annealing at 773 K, which leads to the generation of tensile stresses and brittle fracture at elevated temperatures (923 K).
GalnAsSb Materials for Thermophotovoltaics
- C. A. Wang, G. W. Turner, M. J. Manfra, H. K. Choi, D. L. Spears
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 450 / 1996
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 February 2011, 55
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- 1996
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Gai1−xInxASySb1-y (0.06 < x < 0.18, 0.05 < y < 0.14) epilayers were grown lattice-matched to GaSb substrates by low-pressure organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE) using triethylgallium, trimethylindium, tertiarybutylarsine, and trimethylantimony. These epilayers have a mirror-like surface morphology, and exhibit room temperature photoluminescence (PL) with peak emission wavelengths (λP,300K) out to 2.4 μm. 4K PL spectra have a full width at half-maximum of 11 meV or less for λP,4K < 2.1 μm (λP,300K = 2.3 μm). Nominally undoped layers are p-type with typical 300K hole concentration of 9 × 1015 cm−3 and mobility ∼ 450 to 580 cm2/V-s for layers grown at 575°C. Doping studies are reported for the first time for GalnAsSb layers doped n type with diethyltellurium and p type with dimethylzinc. Test diodes of p-GalnAsSb/n-GaSb have an ideality factor that ranges from 1.1 to 1.3. A comparison of electrical, optical, and structural properties of epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy indicates OMVPE-grown layers are of comparable quality.
Models for the Thermomechanical Behavior of Metal/Ceramic Laminates
- S. M. Spearing, M. A. Tenhover, D. B. Lukco, L. Viswanathan, D. K. Hollen
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 323 / 1993
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 February 2011, 125
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- 1993
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Metal/ceramic bilayers fracture by one of three failure modes; crazing, spalling or interfacial failure. Models for these failure modes are developed. The results are presented as maps that can be used in the design and failure analysis of electronic packages. Examples are presented for several material systems, including A1N.