21 results
Participatory translational science of neurodivergence: model for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism research
- Edmund J.S. Sonuga-Barke, Susie Chandler, Steve Lukito, Myrofora Kakoulidou, Graham Moore, Niki Cooper, Maciej Matejko, Isabel Jackson, Beta Balwani, Tiegan Boyens, Dorian Poulton, Luke Harvey-Nguyen, Sylvan Baker, Georgia Pavlopoulou
-
- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 224 / Issue 4 / April 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 February 2024, pp. 127-131
- Print publication:
- April 2024
-
- Article
-
- You have access Access
- Open access
- HTML
- Export citation
-
Background
There are increasing calls for neurodivergent peoples’ involvement in research into neurodevelopmental conditions. So far, however, this has tended to be achieved only through membership of external patient and public involvement (PPI) panels. The Regulating Emotions – Strengthening Adolescent Resilience (RE-STAR) programme is building a new participatory model of translational research that places young people with diagnoses of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism at the heart of the research team so that they can contribute to shaping and delivering its research plan.
AimsTo outline the principles on which the RE-STAR participatory model is based and describe its practical implementation and benefits, especially concerning the central role of members of the Youth Researcher Panel (Y-RPers).
MethodThe model presented is a culmination of a 24-month process during which Y-RPers moved from advisors to co-researchers integrated within RE-STAR. It is shaped by the principles of co-intentionality. The account here was agreed following multiple iterative cycles of collaborative discussion between academic researchers, Y-RPers and other stakeholders.
ResultsBased on our collective reflections we offer general guidance on how to effectively integrate young people with diagnoses of ADHD and/or autism into the core of the translational research process. We also describe the specific theoretical, methodological and analytical benefits of Y-RPer involvement in RE-STAR.
ConclusionsAlthough in its infancy, RE-STAR has demonstrated the model's potential to enrich translational science in a way that can change our understanding of the relationship between autism, ADHD and mental health. When appropriately adapted we believe the model can be applied to other types of neurodivergence and/or mental health conditions.
Strengthening approaches to respond to the social and emotional well-being needs of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people: the Cultural Pathways Program
- Part of
- Tina Brodie, Odette Pearson, Luke Cantley, Peita Cooper, Seth Westhead, Alex Brown, Natasha J Howard
-
- Journal:
- Primary Health Care Research & Development / Volume 22 / 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 29 June 2021, e35
-
- Article
-
- You have access Access
- Open access
- HTML
- Export citation
-
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander holistic health represents the interconnection of social, emotional, spiritual and cultural factors on health and well-being. Social factors (education, employment, housing, transport, food and financial security) are internationally described and recognised as the social determinants of health. The social determinants of health are estimated to contribute to 34% of the overall burden of disease experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Primary health care services currently ‘do what it takes’ to address social and emotional well-being needs, including the social determinants of health, and require culturally relevant tools and processes for implementing coordinated and holistic responses. Drawing upon a research-setting pilot program, this manuscript outlines key elements encapsulating a strengths-based approach aimed at addressing Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander holistic social and emotional well-being.
The Cultural Pathways Program is a response to community identified needs, designed and led by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and informed by holistic views of health. The program aims to identify holistic needs of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people as the starting point to act on the social determinants of health. Facilitators implement strengths-based practice to identify social and cultural needs (e.g. cultural and community connection, food and financial security, housing, mental health, transport), engage in a goal setting process and broker connections with social and health services. An integrated culturally appropriate clinical supervision model enhances delivery of the program through reflective practice and shared decision making. These embedded approaches enable continuous review and improvement from a program and participant perspective. A developmental evaluation underpins program implementation and the proposed culturally relevant elements could be further tailored for delivery within primary health care services as part of routine care to strengthen systematic identification and response to social and emotional well-being needs.
Three - ‘I Will Protect You’
- Luke Cooper, London School of Economics and Political Science
-
- Book:
- Authoritarian Contagion
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 06 April 2023
- Print publication:
- 23 June 2021, pp 51-68
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
The first half of the twenty-first century will, I believe, be far more difficult, more unsettling, and yet more open than anything we have known in the twentieth century.
Immanuel Wallerstein, The End of the World as We Know It: Social Science for the Twenty-First Century (2001)Historical sociologists have used the terminology of a ‘long crisis’ to analyse past phases of human history marked by turbulence and disruption. These phases of greater instability saw an increase in warfare between states, popular rebellion and revolution. Their underlying cause, insofar as a single one could be identified, often lay in contingent processes taking place in the ecological biosphere, regionally or globally. These placed acute pressures on the development needs of societies. Changing weather patterns leading to prolonged droughts, for example, had particularly severe effects in low productivity, predominantly agricultural societies. The spread of pathogen diseases, especially when new points of connectivity between societies have been established through war, trade or empire, could also expose populations with little or no immunity to illness, leading to terrible hardship and death.
The regional system of Europe, North Africa and Western Asia was hit brutally hard by the ‘Black Death’ in the 14th century – with the ‘first wave’ alone, running from around 1347 to 1352, killing around 50 per cent of the population of Western Europe (Belich, 2016, p 95). A disaster on this scale inevitably had a profound effect on the dynamics of these societies, driving rebellion, forcing structural changes, and conjuring ‘prophecies and apocalyptic visions announcing the end of the world’ (Federici, 2004, pp 31–32). In the 17th century, changing weather patterns created a similar but more global dynamic, as persistent and widespread drought brought war and revolution – extending from the Thirty Years War in Europe to the world's most prosperous polity, China, as the Ming dynasty fell (Goldstone, 1988; Parker, 2008). The complexity of the human relationship to our environment has shaped the terms of these long phases of crisis. ‘Human relationships to the natural environment and short-term climate change have always been’, as Brian Fagan argues, ‘in a complex state of flux. To ignore them is to neglect one of the dynamic backdrops of human experience’ (Fagan, 2001, np).
Are we witnessing a similar long crisis unfolding today?
Contents
- Luke Cooper, London School of Economics and Political Science
-
- Book:
- Authoritarian Contagion
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 06 April 2023
- Print publication:
- 23 June 2021, pp vii-vii
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
One - On the March
- Luke Cooper, London School of Economics and Political Science
-
- Book:
- Authoritarian Contagion
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 06 April 2023
- Print publication:
- 23 June 2021, pp 1-18
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Cleveland Grover Meredith Jr, or ‘Cleve’ to his friends, grew up in a wealthy suburb in Atlanta, Georgia in the 1970s and 1980s. He has two sons and a university degree. Meredith opened a car wash after graduating and is said to have a penchant for jet skis, motorcycles and big trucks (Bethea, 2021). On 7 January 2021, the day after the failed mob insurrection in Washington, DC, he was arrested by the FBI at a hotel in walking distance of the Capitol. They allegedly found him with a compact Tavor X95 assault rifle, a 9mm Glock 19 handgun and about 100 rounds of ammunition (Mustian et al, 2021). Friends had alerted the police after receiving a string of text messages from him in the previous 24 hours. ‘I’m gonna run that Cunt Pelosi over while she chews on her gums … Dead Bitch Walking. I predict that within 12 days, many in our country will die’ (in Mustian et al, 2021), they are alleged to have read. Meredith had missed out on the action the day before. His car broke down and he arrived late in Washington, perhaps a stroke of good fortune for the city's residents and politicians on an otherwise dark day in American history. But like many in the Trump movement his personal story has inevitably drawn the attention of those asking why? How had this mob insurrection been allowed to take place in the heart of America's democracy? And what ideas had settled in the minds of the rioting participants that led them to believe they were acting in the name of a noble cause?
A discussion of the range of authoritarian threats globally can hardly be limited to the United States. But perhaps inevitably we are repeatedly drawn to the figure of Donald Trump, the property tycoon cum reality TV show personality, who has now left the White House. His extreme political nationalism, racist rhetoric and almost ‘unreal’, satire-like personality spoke to the sense that we are living at a harrowing moment in global history. Breaking totally with the politics of multilateralism, Trump declared ‘America first’, railing against corrupt trade deals, foreign wars, Muslims and immigrants. As the consummate outsider he saw the Washington-based political establishment as part of an international conspiracy against the interests of everyday Americans that had left ‘rusted out factories scattered like tombstones across the landscape of our nation’ (Trump, 2017).
Four - Pandemic Politics
- Luke Cooper, London School of Economics and Political Science
-
- Book:
- Authoritarian Contagion
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 06 April 2023
- Print publication:
- 23 June 2021, pp 69-94
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
For us, this is a crisis and a big test.
Xi Jinping, after a meeting with Cabinet and officials, February 2020This is the reality: the virus is there. We have to face it, but face it like a man, damn it, not like a kid. We’ll confront the virus with reality. That's life. We’re all going to die one day.
Jair Bolsonaro, speaking during a tour of suburbs in Brasilia, March 2020COVID-19 can be seen as an overwhelming singularity for the entire world; a force from which no society can escape. This draws immediate comparison to other breakdowns in the relationship to nature which we find in long crises across centuries and even millennia of human development. History is full of warnings of how events in the ecosphere interacted with the human world to generate extreme breakdowns. The crises of the 14th and 17th centuries drove changes in the socioeconomic and institutional organization of societies across the globe. This modernization was, itself, a violent process involving intense struggle between classes and states, which overlay the hardship brought about by the changing ecological context. Yet, viewed in retrospect, it is still possible to discern some sense of scientific and other forms of social progress within this long pattern of historical change. But different cases of long crises offer more dire warnings of the potentials for eco-driven system breakdown. A compelling example is the Late Bronze Age collapse. In the first half of the 12th century bc, the civilizations of the interconnected regional system encompassing the Eastern Mediterranean, Aegean and Western Asia all collapsed. They included the Egyptian empire, the Kassites of Babylonian, the Mycenaean kingdoms of Greece, and the Hittites whose empire centred on Anatolia. Climate change, producing severe, generalized drought, has been identified as an underlying environmental condition. These fractures in the human ecology prompted socioeconomic crises in what were, at the time, some of the most advanced societies on Earth (Kaniewski et al, 2010; Drake, 2012). Like in our own era, however, these ecological conditions interpenetrate with causal dynamics arising from the social world.
Notes
- Luke Cooper, London School of Economics and Political Science
-
- Book:
- Authoritarian Contagion
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 06 April 2023
- Print publication:
- 23 June 2021, pp 143-144
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
Authoritarian Contagion
- The Global Threat to Democracy
- Luke Cooper
-
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 06 April 2023
- Print publication:
- 23 June 2021
-
This innovative book uses examples from around the world to examine the spread of draconian and nationalistic forms of government - 'authoritarian protectionism' - which provides new insight into the changing nature of the authoritarian threat to democracy and how it might be overcome.
Acknowledgements
- Luke Cooper, London School of Economics and Political Science
-
- Book:
- Authoritarian Contagion
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 06 April 2023
- Print publication:
- 23 June 2021, pp viii-viii
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
Six - Authoritarian Futures?
- Luke Cooper, London School of Economics and Political Science
-
- Book:
- Authoritarian Contagion
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 06 April 2023
- Print publication:
- 23 June 2021, pp 125-142
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
We should conceive of ourselves not as rulers of Earth, but as highly powerful, conscious stewards. The Earth is given to us in trust, and we can screw it up or make it work well and sustainably.
Kim Stanley Robinson, speaking to Wired magazine, 2007The future of our democracy is at stake. The price of failure is just too great to imagine.
Bernie Sanders, speech at the 2020 Democrat National ConventionRecall how, in Chapter Two, we observed that hegemonyseeking actors have to engage in what Gramsci called ‘mass creation’. They have to resist merely declaring their own ‘fanatical philosophical and religious convictions’, and instead formulate their ideas in a manner that suits their embeddedness in the broader body politic (Gramsci, 1971, p 341). The ‘real critical test’ (Gramsci, 1971, p 341) of any politics is the extent to which they can build a genuine following for their ideas among the public, in mass society. Gramsci distinguished between ‘arbitrary constructions’, which do not find a foundation in real, living circumstances, and those ‘which respond to the demands of a complex organic period of history’ (Gramsci, 1971, p 341). As this suggests, history is not a set of pure contingencies. It is not simply formed through the voluntaristic actions of individuals, either elites or insurgents, but is rather shaped by human social relations. This process includes the decisions and choices of individuals; the social structures like work, production and consumption that shape our material wellbeing; and the complex mix of social relations that form through the interactions of individual societies at the international level (on this see Lawson, 2006; Cooper, 2013). Historical change occurs through the combination of each of these elements. The changing social relations of capitalist economics are shaped by the uneven and combined interactions of societies and vice versa; while hegemony-seekers have to take stock of these conditions, make choices that reflect these circumstances and forces, but also seek to move beyond them. They ask how they can insert particular inputs that generate new outputs and change the overall trajectory of history.
Authoritarian protectionism offers a particularly regressive set of inputs that respond ‘to the demands of a complex organic period of history’ (Gramsci, 1971, p 341). To draw an analogy with the economic market, its success reflects a combination of supply and demand.
Two - Them and Us
- Luke Cooper, London School of Economics and Political Science
-
- Book:
- Authoritarian Contagion
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 06 April 2023
- Print publication:
- 23 June 2021, pp 19-50
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Let them call you racist. Let them call you xenophobes. Let them call you nativist. Wear it as a badge of honour.
Steve Bannon, speaking at the 2018 conference of National RallyNormalization. This term has dominated much discussion of the new authoritarianism and the threat it represents to democratic societies. And rightly so. For we can argue that normalization – along with its antithesis, marginalization – provides a critical criterion to assess the success of any insurgent political project: to what extent are its ideas and values diffusing across society and becoming embraced, such that they might even be considered a new ‘common sense’? The Italian Marxist Antonio Gramsci is well known for his preoccupation with this question of how the matrix of cultural ideas intersected with economic conditions to allow for transitions between the dominant (or hegemonic) politics of a society. Often this would engage the methodologies socialists might use in order to win power and build an egalitarian society. His outlook challenged ‘vanguardist’ politics, emphasizing instead how a living basis for ideas had to form within society itself as a condition for successful state-level political efforts. But imprisoned by Benito Mussolini for 11 years before his premature death at the age of 46, Gramsci was equally concerned with how far right discourses could enter the body politic. This involved normalizing themselves as organic to the feelings and passions of certain social groups, in order to create the basis for a fascist takeover. A sense of this dual concern with the construction of progressive and reactionary hegemonies can be uncovered in his Prison Notebooks through reading his observations on how socialists might win support in parallel with his analysis of the rise of far right, nativist thought.
Gramsci argued that the process of ‘mass creation’ necessary for transforming the dominant ideas in society could not happen through the mere declaration of ‘a personality or a group … on the basis of its own fanatical philosophical or religious convictions’ (Gramsci, 1971, p 341). Instead all political blocs aiming to achieve power in society had to find a foundation for their ideas among groups in society. ‘Mass adhesion or non-adhesion to an ideology’, he wrote, ‘is the real critical test’ (Gramsci, 1971, p 341). A party that builds up a core base of support could pursue a wider battle of ideas. All ‘hegemony-seeking’ groups need such a foundation.
Frontmatter
- Luke Cooper, London School of Economics and Political Science
-
- Book:
- Authoritarian Contagion
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 06 April 2023
- Print publication:
- 23 June 2021, pp i-iv
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
Five - Sino-America
- Luke Cooper, London School of Economics and Political Science
-
- Book:
- Authoritarian Contagion
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 06 April 2023
- Print publication:
- 23 June 2021, pp 95-124
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
You know what I am? I’m a nationalist.
Donald Trump, speaking at a campaign rally in October 2018The Chinese people have been indomitable and persistent, we have the spirit of fighting the bloody battle against our enemies to the bitter end.
Xi Jinping, speech to the National People's Congress, 2018The polity of Hong Kong has a special place in underlining the geopolitical inflections of the new authoritarian protectionism. Hong Kong's youthful, militant democratic movement found support from the most hardline parts of the new, radical right Republican Party. Ted Cruz, a figure from the party's ultra-conservative wing, whose second place to Trump in the 2016 primary contest underlined just how far the party had moved to the right, has even been subject to targeted sanctions from the Chinese government due to his role in pushing a combative line on human rights abuses in Congress. Yet, his support for the democratic process did not extend to the domestic politics of the United States. When Congress was hastily reconvened after the mob insurrection, to precede with certifying the result, Cruz maintained his opposition. He continued to back Trump's malicious attack on the peaceful transfer of power. It seemed Hong Kongers had his support because they were fighting China and communism, rather than out of a general commitment to the institutions of liberal and democratic government.
Hong Kong pushed itself into the centre of Sino-American relations due to the extraordinary scale of its struggle for democratic rights over the last decade. This has represented the most serious challenge to communist rule since the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. Hong Kongers stepped up their fight for democracy at a moment when the Chinese state was moving in the opposite direction: towards a much more centralized and authoritarian system. Xi Jinping assumed the position of party General Secretary in November 2012, becoming Chinese president in March the following year. Today he has become the most powerful Chinese leader since Deng Xiaoping. His reforms, which began with an anticorruption drive, over time morphed into the creation of a highly personalized dictatorship.
Xi's rule has dramatically altered the relationship between Hong Kong and the Chinese mainland. In less than a decade a number of students, academics and civil society activists have gone from the fringes to the centre of Hong Kong's public debate.
References
- Luke Cooper, London School of Economics and Political Science
-
- Book:
- Authoritarian Contagion
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 06 April 2023
- Print publication:
- 23 June 2021, pp 145-172
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
Dedication
- Luke Cooper, London School of Economics and Political Science
-
- Book:
- Authoritarian Contagion
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 06 April 2023
- Print publication:
- 23 June 2021, pp v-vi
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
Index
- Luke Cooper, London School of Economics and Political Science
-
- Book:
- Authoritarian Contagion
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 06 April 2023
- Print publication:
- 23 June 2021, pp 173-176
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
Under-reporting of dietary energy intake in five populations of the African diaspora
- Lindsay Orcholski, Amy Luke, Jacob Plange-Rhule, Pascal Bovet, Terrence E. Forrester, Estelle V. Lambert, Lara R. Dugas, Elizabeth Kettmann, Ramon A. Durazo-Arvizu, Richard S. Cooper, Dale A. Schoeller
-
- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 113 / Issue 3 / 14 February 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 January 2015, pp. 464-472
- Print publication:
- 14 February 2015
-
- Article
-
- You have access Access
- HTML
- Export citation
-
Studies on the role of diet in the development of chronic diseases often rely on self-report surveys of dietary intake. Unfortunately, many validity studies have demonstrated that self-reported dietary intake is subject to systematic under-reporting, although the vast majority of such studies have been conducted in industrialised countries. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether or not systematic reporting error exists among the individuals of African ancestry (n 324) in five countries distributed across the Human Development Index (HDI) scale, a UN statistic devised to rank countries on non-income factors plus economic indicators. Using two 24 h dietary recalls to assess energy intake and the doubly labelled water method to assess total energy expenditure, we calculated the difference between these two values ((self-report − expenditure/expenditure) × 100) to identify under-reporting of habitual energy intake in selected communities in Ghana, South Africa, Seychelles, Jamaica and the USA. Under-reporting of habitual energy intake was observed in all the five countries. The South African cohort exhibited the highest mean under-reporting ( − 52·1 % of energy) compared with the cohorts of Ghana ( − 22·5 %), Jamaica ( − 17·9 %), Seychelles ( − 25·0 %) and the USA ( − 18·5 %). BMI was the most consistent predictor of under-reporting compared with other predictors. In conclusion, there is substantial under-reporting of dietary energy intake in populations across the whole range of the HDI, and this systematic reporting error increases according to the BMI of an individual.
The international relations of the ‘imagined community’: Explaining the late nineteenth-century genesis of the Chinese nation
- LUKE COOPER
-
- Journal:
- Review of International Studies / Volume 41 / Issue 3 / July 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 October 2014, pp. 477-501
- Print publication:
- July 2015
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
Benedict Anderson's Imagined Communities has long been established as one of the major contributions to theories of nations and nationalism. Anderson located the rise of national identities within a long-evolving crisis of dynastic conceptions of identity, time, and space, and argued print-capitalism was the key cultural and economic force in the genesis of nations. This article offers a critical appropriation and application of Anderson's theory through two steps. Firstly, it evaluates the conceptual underpinning of his approach through an engagement with recent scholarship on the ‘theory of uneven and combined development’. The fruits of this interchange provide a deeper analytical framework to account for what Anderson calls the ‘modularity’ of national identity, that is, its universal spread across the globe. Modularity is now reconceptualised as a product of combined development with its causal efficacy derived from the latent dynamics of a geopolitically fragmented world. The latter gave shape and form to the new national communities. Secondly, this revised framework is applied to the emergence of Chinese national identity in the late nineteenth century. This allows Chinese nationalism to be recast as an ideological amalgam of indigenous and imported elements that emerged out of the crisis-ridden encounter between Imperial China and Western imperialism in the nineteenth century.
Synthesis of Icosahedral Boron Arsenide Nanowires for Betavoltaic Applications
- Clint D. Frye, J.H. Edgar, Yi Zhang, Kevin Cooper, Luke O. Nyakiti, D.K. Gaskill
-
- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 1439 / 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 June 2012, pp. 69-75
- Print publication:
- 2012
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
With a wide band gap of greater than 3.0 eV and the ability to self-heal from radiation damage, icosahedral boron arsenide (B12As2) is an apt candidate for use in next-generation betavoltaics. By capturing and converting high energy electrons from radioisotopes into usable electricity, “nuclear batteries” made from B12As2 could potentially power devices for decades. Compared to bulk crystals or epitaxial films, B12As2 nanowires may have lower defect densities or may even be defect-free, leading to better electrical properties and device performance. In our study, B12As2 nanowires were synthesized via vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth using platinum powder and nickel powder on silicon carbide and 20 nm thick nickel film on silicon substrates from 700 °C to 1200 °C. Platinum yielded the highest quality nanowires from 900 °C to 950 °C, resulting in platinum particles densely covered with wires formed by straight segments connected by sharp angular kinks. At these growth temperatures, diameters ranged from less than 30 nm to about 300 nm as determined by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Growth temperatures of 850 °C or less produced curled wires 200-1000 nm in diameter. Transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction revealed excellent crystallinity in wires grown above 850 °C, while wires grown at or below 850 °C were partially amorphous. Wires grown from the 20 nm nickel film displayed similar morphologies at temperatures up to 850 °C; from 900 °C to 950 °C, straight, isolated wires were grown with diameters of 200-400 nm. Nickel powder only produced wires larger than 1 μm in diameter. The comparative quality and growth of B12As2nanowires will be discussed.
Contributors
-
- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
-
- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
-
- Chapter
- Export citation