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33 results

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  • 82 Single Errors on Trial 1 of the Test of Memory Malingering may be Indicative of Invalid Performance on Neuropsychological Measures in a Sample of Youth Athletes

  • Daniel Baldini, Talamahe’a A. Tupou, Julius Flowers, Ashlynn Steinbaugh, Bradley R. Forbes, Michael Ellis-Stockley, Rachel Murley, Rayna B. Hirst
  • Journal:
    Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    21 December 2023, pp. 755-756
    • Article
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  • Objective:

    The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) is a performance validity test (PVT) that aims to assess whether participants are giving adequate effort to perform well on tasks of memory performance (Tombaugh, 1996). Other PVTs, specifically the Forced Choice Recognition Trial in the California Verbal Learning Test, have shown that even single errors may indicate invalid performance (Erdodi et al., 2018). Finally, youth are often understudied in the PVT literature, and athletes are at increased risk of invalid performance on baseline testing due to many wanting to return to play following concussion (Erdal, 2012). Therefore, the objective of the current study is to examine whether single errors on TOMM Trial 1 are indicative of lower, and possibly invalid, cognitive performance in a youth sample, given that cognitive performance declines with even small decreases in effort (Green, 2007).

    Participants and Methods:

    Healthy youth athletes (n=174) aged 8-16 years (M=12.07) completed the TOMM as well as other neuropsychological measures during baseline neuropsychological evaluation in a clinical research program for sports concussion. Independent samples t-tests compared youth athletes who scored 49 points on the TOMM (n=28) to youth athletes who scored a perfect 50 (n=50) across several groupings of neuropsychological measures. Participants who scored less than 49 or who didn’t complete the TOMM were excluded from the analyses.

    Results:

    Participants scoring 50/50 on TOMM Trial 1 scored significantly higher on Stroop Color Naming task (p=0.036), Verbal Learning Delayed task from the second edition of the Wide Range Assessment of Learning and Memory (WRAML-2, p=0.018), and Letter Number Sequencing task from the Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV, p=0.025), relative to participants scoring 49/50. Though not statistically significant, results also showed a trend toward participants scoring 50/50 scoring higher on nearly every test in the battery.

    Conclusions:

    Participants with a single error on TOMM Trial 1, as compared to participants with a perfect score, performed significantly worse on a processing speed task, a verbal learning task, and a working memory task as part of a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. The single-error group also trended toward scoring lower on nearly all of the remaining attention, processing speed, perceptual ability, memory, and executive functioning tasks in the battery. The results could lead to a more liberal interpretation of TOMM scores, given that the trend towards lower performance may be due to putting forth significantly less effort. These results point to the need for a similar comparison of the TOMM in a larger sample size, as greater power may reveal even more significant differences in performance. Findings also emphasize the importance of viewing performance validity on a continuum rather than as a dichotomous pass/fail. Understanding the TOMM and how single errors may be indicative of poorer performance in a youth sample could help to reframe the way PVT results are interpreted in clinical and forensic settings.

  • Chapter 1 - Seven Types of Fiction in the Greek Historians

  • from Part I - Myth, Fiction, and the Historian’s Authority
  • Edited by K. Scarlett Kingsley, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, Giustina Monti, University of Lincoln, Tim Rood, University of Oxford
  • Book:
    The Authoritative Historian
    Published online:
    02 December 2022
    Print publication:
    26 January 2023, pp 19-40

  • Summary

    On the flyleaf of his personal copy of The Red and the Black, Stendhal wrote: ‘I believe that the truth in small as in large things, is almost unattainable – at least a truth that is somewhat circumstantial. Monsieur de Tracy used to say to me: truth can be found only in novels.’1 Ever since the emergence of ‘scientific’, evidence-based history during the second half of the nineteenth century,2 the discipline of ancient history has set itself the task of establishing what actually happened in the past. In this day and age such positivism may well seem naïve to many, yet the ancient Greek and Roman historians themselves deserve much of the responsibility for giving the overall impression that their narratives correspond closely to events as they in fact happened. This is because they have the power to cast a spell over their readers by creating narratives that are so intensely vivid that the events seem to be taking place before our very eyes.3 And that raises the question of what kind of truth they were attempting to reveal. Is it a truth that today can be found only in novels?

  • 8 - Omens and Portents Foretelling Victory and Defeat: Ontological, Literary, and Cognitive Perspectives

  • Edited by Roger D. Woodard, State University of New York, Buffalo
  • Book:
    Divination and Prophecy in the Ancient Greek World
    Published online:
    22 December 2022
    Print publication:
    05 January 2023, pp 192-218

  • Summary

    This essay investigates pre-battle omens and portents through three interpretative lenses: the ontological turn in anthropology, literary and historiographical criticism, and the cognitive science of religion. The Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC is used as a case study because Xenophon, Ephorus of Cyme, and Callisthenes of Olynthus recorded a uniquely large number of portents. Given that Leuctra fundamentally changed the balance of power in the Greek world, the various omens and portents described by our sources are fully consistent with the normative Greek worldview that signs were sent by the gods before important events. Scholars have been much more open to accepting that, despite some literary embellishment, the Greeks recognized omens retrospectively, but prospective omens are not improbable in a culture that was continually on the lookout for god-sent signs. The likelihood of prospective omens is confirmed by a comparative study of the omens that appeared to members of the Seventh Cavalry and to their Arikara scouts before the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876. We must avoid projecting a post-Enlightenment understanding of reality onto other cultures, thus devaluing the human dependence on communication with supernatural powers that was so central to the experience of the ancient Greeks.

  • The adaptive value of flowering time in wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum)

  • Ci Sun, Michael B. Ashworth, Ken Flower, Martin M. Vila-Aiub, Roberto Lujan Rocha, Hugh J. Beckie
  • Journal:
    Weed Science / Volume 69 / Issue 2 / March 2021
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    26 January 2021, pp. 203-209

  • Harvest weed seed control (HWSC) is a weed management technique that intercepts and destroys weed seeds before they replenish the soil weed seedbank and can be used to control herbicide-resistant weeds in global cropping systems. Wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) is a problematic, globally distributed weed species that is considered highly susceptible to HWSC, as it retains much of its seed on the plant during grain harvest. However, previous studies have demonstrated that R. raphanistrum is capable of adapting its life cycle, in particular its flowering time, to allow individuals more time to mature and potentially shed seeds before harvest, thereby evading HWSC interception. This study compared the vegetative growth plus physiological and ecological fitness of an early-flowering R. raphanistrum biotype with an unselected genetically related biotype to determine whether physiological costs of early flowering exist when in competition with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Early flowering time adaptation in R. raphanistrum did not change the relative growth rate or competitive ability of R. raphanistrum. However, the height of first flower was reduced in the early flowering time–selected population, indicating that this population would retain more pods below the typical harvest cutting height (15 cm) used in HWSC. The presence of wheat competition (160 to 200 plants m−2) increased flowering height in the early flowering time–selected population, which would likely increase the susceptibility of early-flowering R. raphanistrum plants to HWSC. Overall, early-flowering adaption in R. raphanistrum is a possible strategy to escape being captured by the HWSC; however, increasing crop competition is likely to be an effective strategy to maintain the effectiveness of HWSC.

  • UNDERSTANDING DELPHI THROUGH TIBET

  • Michael A. Flower
  • Journal:
    Greece & Rome / Volume 65 / Issue 1 / April 2018
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    15 March 2018, pp. 34-53
    Print publication:
    April 2018

  • The question of the exact nature of the Pythia's expertise has been the subject of academic debate for a very long time. It would indeed not be an exaggeration to say that this has been, and continues to be, one of the most controversial questions in the study of ancient Greek religion. Modern scholars are sharply divided over whether any inspired female oracles, and especially the Pythia at Delphi, had the ability to prophesy in hexameter verse without male assistance. During the classical period the two most famous oracles were those of Zeus at Dodona in Epirus in north-western Greece and of Apollo at Delphi, which was located on the south-western spur of Mount Parnassus. According to Plato (Phaedrus 244), the Delphic priestess, as well as the priestesses at Dodona, prophesied in a state of altered consciousness (which he calls mania), and were practitioners of ‘inspired prophecy’ (mantikē entheos).

The Cambridge Companion to Xenophon
  • Edited by Michael A. Flower
  • Published online:
    12 January 2017
    Print publication:
    15 December 2016
  • This Companion, the first dedicated to the philosopher and historian Xenophon of Athens, gives readers a sense of why he has held such a prominent place in literary and political culture from antiquity to the present and has been a favourite author of individuals as diverse as Machiavelli, Thomas Jefferson, and Leo Tolstoy. It also sets out the major problems and issues that are at stake in the study of his writings, while simultaneously pointing the way forward to newer methodologies, issues, and questions. Although Xenophon's historical, philosophical, and technical works are usually studied in isolation because they belong to different modern genres, the emphasis here is on themes that cut across his large and varied body of writings. This volume is accessible to students and general readers, including those previously unfamiliar with Xenophon, and will also be of interest to scholars in various fields.

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