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30 results

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  • Causal relationships between blood lipids and depression phenotypes: a Mendelian randomisation analysis

  • Hon-Cheong So, Carlos Kwan-long Chau, Yu-ying Cheng, Pak C. Sham
  • Journal:
    Psychological Medicine / Volume 51 / Issue 14 / October 2021
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    24 April 2020, pp. 2357-2369
  • Background

    The etiology of depression remains poorly understood. Changes in blood lipid levels were reported to be associated with depression and suicide, however study findings were mixed.

    Methods

    We performed a two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis to investigate the causal relationship between blood lipids and depression phenotypes, based on large-scale GWAS summary statistics (N = 188 577/480 359 for lipid/depression traits respectively). Five depression-related phenotypes were included, namely major depression (MD; from PGC), depressive symptoms (DS; from SSGAC), longest duration and number of episodes of low mood, and history of deliberate self-harm (DSH)/suicide (from UK Biobank). MR was conducted with inverse-variance weighted (MR-IVW), Egger and Generalised Summary-data-based MR (GSMR) methods.

    Results

    There was consistent evidence that triglyceride (TG) is causally associated with DS (MR-IVW β for one-s.d. increase in TG = 0.0346, 95% CI 0.0114–0.0578), supported by MR-IVW and GSMR and multiple r2 clumping thresholds. We also observed relatively consistent associations of TG with DSH/suicide (MR-Egger OR = 2.514, CI 1.579–4.003). There was moderate evidence for positive associations of TG with MD and the number of episodes of low mood. For HDL-c, we observed moderate evidence for causal associations with DS and MD. LDL-c and TC did not show robust causal relationships with depression phenotypes, except for weak evidence that LDL-c is inversely related to DSH/suicide. We did not detect significant associations when depression phenotypes were treated as exposures.

    Conclusions

    This study provides evidence to a causal relationship between TG, and to a lesser extent, altered cholesterol levels with depression phenotypes. Further studies on its mechanistic basis and the effects of lipid-lowering therapies are warranted.

Practical Problems in Assisted Conception
  • Edited by Ying Cheong, Togas Tulandi, Tin-Chiu Li
  • Published online:
    22 August 2018
    Print publication:
    20 September 2018
  • Engage with practical and active solutions to day-to-day issues of reproductive medicine and the use of artificial reproductive techniques (ART), occurring in clinical and laboratory environments. Authored by leading experts in the field, this user-friendly guide is invaluable for any IVF practitioner and embryologist, facing everyday hands-on issues, through to high-pressure laboratory problems, efficiency ratings and ensuring cost-effective delivery of care. With the strict governance of regulatory bodies worldwide, the success of any fertility centre depends on successful problem solving, all day every day. Based on a wealth of experience, identify commonly occurring problems, and fresh perspectives of problem-solving, with 'must-have' protocols, patient information sheets and suggested equipment. This go-to companion tackles operational, organisational, clinical and laboratory issues to financial and clinical governance, with a focus on quick and effective solutions for the busy practitioner.

  • Mapping modified Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores to dementia stages in a multi-ethnic Asian population

  • Xin Ying Chua, Robin Wai Munn Choo, Ngoc Huong Lien Ha, Chin Yee Cheong, Shiou Liang Wee, Philip Lin Kiat Yap
  • Journal:
    International Psychogeriatrics / Volume 31 / Issue 1 / January 2019
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    18 July 2018, pp. 147-151

  • The MMSE is used to screen for cognitive impairment and estimate dementia severity. In clinical settings, conventional cut-off scores have been used to distinguish between dementia stages. However, these scores have not been validated for different populations. This study maps scores from the modified version of the MMSE to dementia stages delineated by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-3rd revised edition (DSM-III-R), the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) and Functional Assessment Staging Test (FAST). We used cross-sectional data from a tertiary hospital memory clinic. Subjects were stratified into “primary education and below” (PE) or “secondary education and above” (SE). Receiving operating characteristic (ROC) analyses and Cohen's κ were performed to determine MMSE cut-off scores for dementia stages. Our derived cut-off scores were lower compared to the conventional scores. Scores also differed between subjects of different education levels. MMSE cut-off scores were 19, 15, and 9 for CDR stages 1, 2, and 3 respectively in PE subjects, and 23, 17, and 10 for SE subjects. Cut-off scores were comparable for staging by DSM-III-R Criteria and FAST. There is a need for locally derived stage-specific MMSE cut-off scores for the Asian population adjusted for education.

  • Teaching a Student With Autism Spectrum Disorder On-Topic Conversational Responses With an iPad: A Pilot Study*

  • Cheong Ying Sng, Mark Carter, Jennifer Stephenson
  • Journal:
    Australasian Journal of Special Education / Volume 41 / Issue 1 / July 2017
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    13 July 2016, pp. 18-34
    Print publication:
    July 2017

  • Scripts in written or auditory form have been used to teach conversational skills to individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but with the proliferation of handheld tablet devices the scope to combine these 2 formats has broadened. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate if a script-based intervention, presented on an iPad conversational app, would be effective in teaching basic conversation skills within a school setting. A multiple baseline with probe design across scripts was employed to teach a student with ASD on-topic responses. Experimental control was demonstrated across 2 of the 3 baselines. Surprisingly, a substantial degree of generalisation was evident, which may have compromised demonstration of experimental control. This app may be a practical and effective tool for teaching on-topic responses to an individual with ASD, and further research is warranted.

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