Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-25wd4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T12:18:51.865Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

8 - Basilar artery

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 May 2015

Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Vertebrobasilar Ischemia and Hemorrhage
Clinical Findings, Diagnosis and Management of Posterior Circulation Disease
, pp. 263 - 319
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Kompanje, EJO, Walgaard, C, de Groot, YJ, Stevens, M. Historical sources of basilar artery occlusion. Neurology 2011;76:15201523.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2.Abercrombie, J. Pathological and practical researches on diseases of the brain and spinal cord. Waugh and Innes, Edinburgh, 1834. Reprinted by The Classics of Neurology & Neurosurgery Llibrary, Gryphon, New York, 1993, pp. 86–88.Google Scholar
3.Brünnicke, A. A contribution to the theory of emboli. Dublin Hosp Gazette 1856;3:248253.Google Scholar
4.Hayem, MG. Sur la thrombose par arterite du tronc basilaire. Comme cause du mort rapide. Archiv Physiol Norm Path 1868;1:270289.Google Scholar
5.Gowers, WR. Illustrations of diseases of the pons varoli. Brain 1880;2:466477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6.Gowers, W. A Manual of diseases of the nervous system, American edition. P. Blakiston, Son & Co., Philadelphia, 1888. Reprinted by The Classics of Neurology & Neurosurgery Llibrary, Gryphon, New York, 1983, pp. 823–824.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7.Leyden, E. Ueber die thrombose der basilar arterie. Z Klin Med 1882;5:165185.Google Scholar
8.Dana, CL. Acute bulbar paralysis due to hemorrhage and softening of the pons and medulla. Med Rec 1903;64:361374.Google Scholar
9.Kubik, CS, Adams, RD. Occlusion of the basilar artery – a clinical and pathological study. Brain 1946;69:6121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10.Marburg, O. Über die neueren Fortschritte in der topischen Diagnostik des Pons und der Oblongata. Dtsch Z Nervenheilkd 1911;41:4191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11.Foix, C, Hillemand, P. Contribution a l’etude des ramollissements protuberentiels. Rev Med 1926;43:287305.Google Scholar
12.Pines, L, Gilinsky, E. Uber die thrombose der arteria basilares und uber die vascularisation der brucke. Arch PsychiatrNervenkr 1932;97:380387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13.Lhermitte, J, Trelles, JO. L’arteriosclerose du tronc basilaire et ses consequences anatomo-cliniques. Jahrb Psychiatr Neurol 1934;51:91107.Google Scholar
14.Caplan, LR. Charles Foix, the first modern stroke neurologist. Stroke 1990;21:348356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15.Foix, C, Hillemand, P, Ley, J. Relativement au ramollissement cérébral, à sa fréquence et à son siége et à l’importance relative des oblitérations artérielles, complètes ou incomplètes dans sa pathogénie. Rev Neurol 1927;43:217218.Google Scholar
16.Laureno, R. Raymond Adams, a life of mind and muscle. Oxford University Press, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Biemond, A. Thrombosis of the basilar artery and the vascularization of the brain stem. Brain 1951;74:300317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18.Fisher, CM. Occlusion of the internal carotid artery. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1951;65:346377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19.Denny-Brown, D. The treatment of recurrent cerebrovascular symptoms and the question of “vasospasm”. Med Clin North Am 1951;35:14571474.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20.Denny-Brown, . Recurrent cerebrovascular episodes. Arch Neurol 1960;2:195210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21.Fisher, CM. Occlusion of the internal carotid arteries, further experiences. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1954; 72:187204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22.Millikan, C, Siekert, R. Studies in cerebrovascular disease I. The syndrome of intermittent insufficiency of the basilar arterial system. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin 1955;30:6168.Google ScholarPubMed
23.Siekert, R, Millikan, C. Studies in cerebrovascular disease II. Some clinical aspects of thrombosis of the basilar artery. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin 1955;30:93100.Google ScholarPubMed
24.Millikan, C, Siekert, R, Schick, RM. Studies in cerebrovascular disease III. The use of anticoagulant drugs in the treatment of insufficiency or thrombosis within the basilar arterial system. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin 1955;30:116126.Google ScholarPubMed
25.Silversides, JL. Basilar artery stenosis and thrombosis. Proc R Soc Med. 1954;47:290293.Google ScholarPubMed
26.Fang, HC, Palmer, JJ. Vascular phenomena involving brainstem structures: A clinical and pathologic correlation study. Neurology 1956;6:402419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27.Denny-Brown, D. Basilar artery syndromes. Bull New Engl Med Center 1953;15:5360.Google ScholarPubMed
28.Denny-Brown, D, Foley, JM. The syndrome of basilar aneurysm. Trans Am Neurol Assn 1952;77:3034.Google Scholar
29.Craviato, H, Rey-Bellet, J, Prose, P, Feigin, I. Occlusion of basilar artery. A clinical and pathologic study of 14 autopsied cases. Neurology 1958;8:145152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30.Kemper, T, Romanul, FC. State resembling akinetic mutism in basilar artery occlusion. Neurology 1967:17:7480.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31.Cairns, H, Oldfield, RC, Pennybacker, JB, Whitteridge, D. Akinetic mutism with an epidermoid cyst of the 3rd ventricle (with a report of the associated disturbance of brain potentials). Brain 1941;64:273290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32.Posner, JB, Saper, CB, Schiff, ND, Plum, F. Plum and Posner’s diagnosis of stupor and coma, 4th edition. Oxford University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
33.Joynt, RJ. Reflections for April: The silent witness and Charcot’s hat. Neurology 2011;76:13581361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34.Williams, D, Wilson, TG. The diagnosis of the major and minor syndromes of basilar insufficiency. Brain 1962;85:741774.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35.Kremer, M. Sitting, standing and walking. Br Med J 1958;2:6368, 121–126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36.Meyer, JS, Sheehan, S, Bauer, RB. An arteriographic study of cerebrovascular disease in man. 1. Stenosis and occlusion of the vertebral-basilar arterial system. Arch Neurol 1960;2:2745.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37.Archer, CR, Horenstein, S. Basilar artery occlusion. Clinical and radiological correlation. Stroke 1977;8:383390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38.Caplan, LR, Rosenbaum, A. Role of cerebral angiography in vertebro-basilar occlusive disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1975;38:601612.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39.Labauge, R, Pages, C, Marty-Double, JM et al. Occlusion du tronc basilaire. Rev Neurol 1981;137:545571.Google Scholar
40.Caplan, LR. “Top of the basilar” syndrome. Neurology 1980;30:7279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41.Facon, E, Steriade, M, Werthein, N. Hypersomnie prolongée engendrée par des lesions bilaterales du système activateur médial: le syndrome thrombotique de la bifurcation du tronc basilaire. Rev Neurol 1958;98:117133.Google Scholar
42.Castaigne, P, Buge, A, Escourolle, R et al. Ramollissement pedonculaire médian, tegmento-thalamique avec ophthalmoplegie et hypersomnie. Rev Neurol 1962;106:357367.Google Scholar
43.Segarra, JM. Cerebral vascular disease and behavior: I. The syndrome of the mesencephalic artery. Arch Neurol 1970;22:408418.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44.Lhermitte, J. Syndrome de la calotte du pedoncle cérébral: les troubles psycho-sensoriels dans les lesions du mesocephale. Rev Neurol 1922;38:13591365.Google Scholar
45.Van Bogaert, L. Syndrome inférieure du noyau rouge, troubles psycho-sensoriels d’origine mesocephalique. Rev Neurol 1924;40:416423.Google Scholar
46.Van Bogaert, L. L’hallucinose pedonculaire. Rev Neurol 1927;43:608617.Google Scholar
47.Mehler, MF. The rostral basilar artery syndrome: diagnosis, etiology, prognosis. Neurology 1989;39:916.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48.Mehler, MF. The neuro-ophthalmologic spectrum of the rostral basilar artery syndrome. Arch Neurol 1988;45:966.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49.Bogousslavsky, J, Regli, F, Maeder, P et al. The etiology of posterior circulation infarcts: a prospective study using magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography. Neurology 1993;43:15281533.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50.Caplan, L.R., Wityk, R.J., Glass, T.A. et al. New England Medical Center Posterior Circulation Registry. Ann Neurol 2004; 56:389398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51.Caplan, LR, Wityk, RJ, Pazdera, L, Chang, HM, Pessin, MS, DeWitt, LD. New England Medical Center Posterior Circulation Stroke Registry II. Vascular Lesions. J Clin Neurol 2005;1:3149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52.Voetsch, B., DeWitt, L.D., Pessin, M.S., Caplan, L.R. Basilar artery occlusive disease in the New England Medical Center Posterior Circulation Registry. Arch Neurol 2004;61:496504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53.Schonewille, W, Algra, A, Serena, J, Molina, CA, Kapelle, LJ. Outcome in patients with basilar artery occlusion treated conventionally. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76:12381241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54.Schonewille, W, Wijman, C, Michel, P; BASICS investigators. Treatment and clinical outcome in patients with basilar artery occlusion. Stroke 2006;37:922928.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55.Schonewille, WJ, Wijman, CA, Michel, P, Algra, A, Kappelle, LJ; BASICS Study Group. The basilar artery international cooperation study (BASICS). Int J Stroke 2007; 2(3):220223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
56.Schonewille, W, Wijman, CAC, Michel, P et al. on behalf of the BASICS study group. Treatment and outcomes of acute basilar artery occlusion in the Basilar Artery International Cooperation Study (BASICS): a prospective registry study. Lancet Neurol 2009;8:724730.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57.Greving, JP, Schonewille, WJ, Wijman, CAC, et al. on behalf of the BASICS study group. Predicting outcome after acute basilar artery occlusion based on admission characteristics. Neurology 2012;78:10581063.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58.Baker, AB, Iannone, A. Cerebrovascular disease: I. the large arteries of the circle of Willis. Neurology 1959;9:321332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59.Moosy, J. Morphology, sites, and epidemiology of cerebral atherosclerosis. Proc Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 1966;51:121.Google Scholar
60.Fisher, CM, Gore, I, Okabe, N, White, PD. Atherosclerosis of the carotid and vertebral arteries-extracranial and intracranial. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1965;24:455476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
61.Labadzhyan, A, Csiba, L, Narula, N, Zhou, J, Narula, J, Fisher, M. Histopathologic evaluation of basilar artery atherosclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2011;307:9799.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
62.Vergouwen, MDI, Silver, FL, Mandell, DM, Mikulis, DJ, Krings, T, Swartz, RH. Fibrous cap enhancement in symptomatic atherosclerotic basilar artery stenosis. Arch Neurol 2011;68:676677.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63.Ma, N, Jiang, WJ, Lou, X et al. Arterial remodeling of advanced basilar artery atherosclerosis. Neurology 2010;75:253258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
64.Moossy, J. Cerebral infarction and intracranial arterial thrombosis. Arch Neurol 1966;14:119123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65.Castaigne, P, Lhermitte, F, Gautier, JC et al. Arterial occlusions in the vertebro-basilar system. A study of 44 patients with post-mortem data. Brain 1973;96:133154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66.Gorelick, PB, Caplan, LR, Hier, DB et al. Racial differences in the distribution of posterior circulation occlusive disease. Stroke 1985;16:785789.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67.Feldmann, E, Daneault, N, Kwan, E et al. Chinese-white differences in the distribution of occlusive cerebrovascular disease. Neurology 1990;40:15411545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68.Pessin, MS, Gorelick, PB, Kwan, ES, Caplan, LR. Basilar artery stenosis: middle and distal segments. Neurology 1987;37:17421746.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
69.Caplan, LR. Occlusion of the vertebral or basilar artery. Stroke 1979;10:277282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
70.Silverstein, A. Pontine infarction. In Vinken, P, Bruyn, G (eds.), Handbook of clinical neurology, Vol. 12, Vascular diseases of the nervous system, part 2. North Holland, Amsterdam, 1972, pp. 1336.Google Scholar
71.Moscow, NP, Newton, TH. Angiographic implication in diagnosis and prognosis of basilar artery occlusion. AJR 1973;119:597603.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
72.Hashizume, Y, Kishimoto, H, Iijima, S. Occlusion of the basilar artery. Acta Pathol Jpn 1984;34:2940.Google ScholarPubMed
73.Hass, WK, Fields, WS, North, RR et al. Joint Study of Extracranial Arterial Occlusions. II. Arteriography, technique, sites, and complications. JAMA 1986;203:159166.Google Scholar
74.Brandt, T, von Kummer, R, Muller-Küppers, M, Hacke, W. Thrombolytic therapy of basilar artery occlusion: Variables affecting recanalization and outcome. Stroke 1996;27:875881.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
75.Caplan, LR. The E Graeme Robertson lecture: vertebrobasilar embolism. Clin Exp Neurol 1991;28:123.Google Scholar
76.Caplan, LR, Tettenborn, B. Embolism in the posterior circulation, In Berguer, R, Caplan, LR (eds.) Vertebrobasilar arterial disease. Quality Medical Publishing, St. Louis, 1991, pp. 5266.Google Scholar
77.Caplan, LR, Tettenborn, B. Vertebrobasilar occlusive disease: review of selected aspects. 2. posterior circulation embolism. Cerebrovasc Dis 1992;2:320326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
78.Silverstein, A. Acute infarctions of the brain stem in the distribution of the basilar artery. Confin Neurol 1964;24:3761.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
79.Hacke, W, Zeumer, H, Ferbert, A et al. Intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy improves outcome in patients with acute vertebrobasilar occlusive disease. Stroke 1989;19:12161222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
80.Bruckman, H, Ferbert, A, del Zoppo, G et al. Acute vertebrobasilar thrombosis;angiological-clinical and therapeutic implications. Acta Radiol 1987;369 (Suppl):3842.Google Scholar
81.Mohr, JP, Caplan, LR, Melski, J et al. The Harvard Cooperative Stroke Registry: a prospective registry. Neurology 1978;28:754762.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
82.Melski, JW, Caplan, LR, Mohr, JP, Geer, DE, Bleich, HL. Modeling the diagnosis of stroke at two hospitals. MD Comput 1989;6:157163.Google ScholarPubMed
83.Caplan, LR, Tettenborn, B. Vertebrobasilar occlusive disease: review of selected aspects.I spontaneous dissection of extracranial and intracranial posterior circulation arteries. Cerebrovasc Dis 1992;2:256265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
84.Hayman, JA. Dissecting aneurysm of the basilar artery. Med J Austr 1966;2:360361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
85.Berkovic, SF, Spokes, RL, Anderson, R Bladin, P. Basilar artery dissection. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1983;46:126129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
86.Alexander, CB, Burger, PC, Goree, J. Dissecting aneurysms of the basilar artery in 2 patients. Stroke 1979;10:294299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
87.Berger, MS, Wilson, CB. Intracranial dissecting aneurysms of the posterior circulation. J Neurosurg 1984;61:882894.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
88.Friedman, AH, Drake, CG. Subarachnoid hemorrhage from intracranial dissecting aneurysm. J Neurosurg 1984;60:325334.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
89.Kim, BM, Kim, SH, Kim, DI et al. Outcomes and prognostic factors of intracranial unruptured vertebrobasilar artery dissection. Neurology 2011;76 (20) 17351741.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
90.Ruecker, M, Furtner, M, Knoflach, M et al. Basilar artery dissection: series of 12 consecutive cases and review of the literature. Cerebrovasc Dis 2010;30:267276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
91.Takagi, M, Hirata, K, Fujitsu, K et al. Unusual angiographic changes in a dissecting aneurysm of the basilar artery: case report. Neurosurgery 1994; 34: 356358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
92.Goyal, MS, Derdeyn, CP. The diagnosis and management of supraaortic arterial dissection. Curr Opin Neurol 2009;22:8089.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
93.Adams, HP, Aschenbrenner, CA, Kassell, NF et al. Intracranial hemorrhage produced by spontaneous dissecting intracranial aneurysm. Arch Neurol 1982;39:773776.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
94.Bugiani, O, Piola, P, Tabaton, M. Nontraumatic dissecting aneurysm of the basilar artery. Eur Neurol 1983; 22:256260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
95.Moseley, IP, Holland, IM. Ectasia of the basilar artery: the bredth of the clinical spectrum and the diagnostic value of computed tomography. Neuroradiology 1979;18:8391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
96.Nishizaki, T, Tamaki, N, Takeda, N et al. Dolichoectatic basilar artery: a review of 23 cases. Stroke 1986;17:12771281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
97.Pessin, Ms, Chimowitz, M, Levine, SR et al. Stroke in patients with fusiform vertebrobasilar aneurysms. Neurology 1989;39:1621.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
98.Echiverri, H, Rubino, FA, Gupta, SR, Gujirati, M. Fusiform aneurysm of the vertebrobasilar arterial system. Stroke 1989;20:17411747.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
99.Lou, M, Caplan, LR. Vertebro-basilar dilatative arteriopathy (dolichoectasia). Ann NY Acad Sci 2010;1184:121133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
100.Smoker, WR, Corbett, JJ, Gentry, LR, Keyes, WD, Price, MJ, McKusker, S. High-resolution computed tomography of the basilar artery, 2: vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia: clinical-pathologic correlation and review. Am J Neuroradiol 1986;7:6172.Google ScholarPubMed
101.Pico, F, Labreuche, J, Touboul, PJ, Amarenco, P. Intracranial arterial dolichoectasia and its association with carotid atherosclerosis and stroke subtype. Neurology 2003;61:17361742.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
102.Pico, F, Biron, Y, Bousser, MG et al. Concurrent dolichoectasia of basilar and coronary arteries. Neurology 2005;65:15031504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
103.Pico, F, Labreuche, J, Seilhean, D, Duyckaerts, C, Hauw, JJ, Amarenco, P. Association of small-vessel disease with dilatative arteriopathy of the brain: neuropathologic evidence. Stroke 2007; 38(4):1197–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
104.Caplan, LR. Intracranial branch atheromatous disease. Neurology 1989;39:12461250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
105.Steel, JG, Thomas, HA, Strollo, PJ. Fusiform basilar aneurysm as a cause of embolic stroke. Stroke 1982;13:712716.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
106.DeGeorgia, M., Belden, J., Pao, L., Pessin, M., Kwan, E., Caplan, L. Thrombus in vertebrobasilar dolichoectatic artery treated with intravenous urokinase. Cerebrovas Dis 1999;9:2833.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
107.Davous, P, Tillier, JN, Torrent, J. Surdite totale après infarctus protuberantiels multiples. dolichoectasie du tronc basilaire. Rev Neurol 1991;147:234237.Google Scholar
108.Schwartz, A, Rautenberg, W, Hennerici, M. Dolichoectatic intracranial arteries:review of selected aspects. Cerebrovasc Dis 1993;3:273279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
109.Klotzsch, C, Kuhne, D, Berli, P. Diagnosis of giant fusiform basilar aneurysm by color-coded transcranial Duplex sonography. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994;4:371372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
110.Naheedy, MH, Tyler, HR, Wolf, MA, Hammerschlag, SB. Diagnosis of thrombotic giant basilar artery aneurysm on computed tomographic scan. Arch Neurol 1982;39:6465.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
111.Caplan, LR. Migraine and vertebrobasilar ischemia Neurology 1991;41:5561.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
112.Yarnell, PR, Caplan, LR. Basilar artery narrowing and hyperparathyroidism: illustrative case. Stroke 1986;17:10221024.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
113.Berry, AD, Kepes, JJ, Wetzel, MD. Segmental duplication of the basilar artery with thrombosis. Stroke 1988;19:256260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
114.Wollschlaeger, G, Wollschlaeger, PB, Lucas, FV, Lopez, VF. Experience and result with postmortem cerebral angiography performed as routine procedure of the autopsy. Am J Roentgenol 1967;101:6887.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
115.Geraut, J, Rascol, A, Benazet, J, Arbus, L, bes, A. Thrombose vertébro-basilaire per ménigo-artérite syphilitiques (étude clinique angiographique et hémodynamique d’une observation avec survie. Rev Neurol 1963;109:461465.Google Scholar
116.Flint, AC, Liberato, BB, Anziska, Y et al. Meningovascular syphilis as a cause of basilar artery stenosis. Neurology 2005;64:391392.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
117.Feng, W, Caplan, M, Matheus, MG, Papamitsakis, NI. Meningovascular syphilis with fatal vertebrobasilar occlusion. Am J Med Sci 2009;338:169171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
118.Ross, MH, Abend, WK, Schwartz, RB, Samuels, MA. A case of C2 herpes zoster with delayed bilateral pontine infarction. Neurology 1991;41:16851686.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
119.Fukumoto, S., Kinjo, M, Hokamura, K, Tanaka, K.Subarachnoid hemorrhage and granulomatous angiitis of the basilar artery: demonstration of the varicella-zoster-virus in the basilar artery lesions. Stroke 1986;17:10241027CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
120.Perry, JR, Bilbao, JM, Gray, T. Fatal basilar vasculopathy complicating bacterial meningitis. Stroke 1992;23:11751178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
121.Veenendaal-Hilbers, JA, Perquin, WV, Hoogland, PH, Doornbos, L. Basal meningovasculitis and occlusion of the basilar artery in two cases of Borrelia burgdorferi infection. Neurology 1988;38:13171319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
122.Carpenter, DF, Brubaker, LH, Powell, RD, Valsamis, MP. Phycomycotic thrombosis of the basilar artery. Neurology 1968;18:807812.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
123.Chetty, R, Baitang, S, Nair, R. Large artery vasculopathy in HIV positive patients. Another vasculitic enigma. Hum Pathol 2000; 31:374379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
124.Fritz, VU, Bryer, A. Stroke in persons infected with HIV. In Caplan, LR (ed.), Uncommon causes of stroke, 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 93100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
125.Savitz, JM, Young, MA, Ratan, RR. Basilar artery occlusion in a young patient with Wegener’s granulomatosis. Stroke 1994;25:214216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
126.Garcia-Garcia, J, Villar-Garcia, M, Asbad, L, Segura, T. Brainstem infarct due to traumatic basilar artery entrapment caused by longitudinal clival fracture. Arch Neurol 2012; 69:662663.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
127.Bala, A, Knuckey, N, Wong, G, Lee, GYF. Longitudinal clivus fracture associated with trapped basilar artery: unusual survival with good neurological recovery. J Clin Neurosci 2004;11 (6):660663.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
128.Caplan, L.R. Arterial occlusions: Does size matter? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007;78: 916.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
129.Fisher, CM. The ‘herald hemiparesis’ of basilar artery occlusion. Arch Neurol 1988;45:13011303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
130.Ferbert, A, Bruckman, H, Drummen, R. Clinical features of proven basilar artery occlusion. Stroke 1990;21: 11351142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
131.Ropper, AH.Convulsions’ in basilar artery occlusion. Neurology 1988;38:15001501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
132.Saposnik, G., Caplan, L.R. Convulsive-like movements in brainstem stroke. Arch Neurol 2001;58(4):654657.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
133.Monrad-Krohn, GH. On the dissociation of voluntary and emotional innervation in facial paresis of central origin. Brain 1924;47:2235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
134.Hopf, HC, Tettenborn, B, Kramer, G. Pontine supranuclear facial palsy. Stroke 1990;21:17541757CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
135.Dawson, K, Hourihan, MD, Wiles, CM, Chawla, JC. Separation of voluntary and limbic activation of facial and respiratory muscles in ventral pontine infarction. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994;57:12811282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
136.Urban, PP, Marx, J. Paresis. In Urban, PP, Caplan, LR (eds.), Brainstem disorders. Springer, Berlin, 2011, pp. 153155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
137.Bauer, G, Prugger, M, Rumpl, E. Stimulus evoked oral automatisms in the locked-in syndrome. Arch Neurol 1982;39:435436.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
138.Munschauer, FE, Mador, MJ, Ahuja, A, Jacobs, L. Selective paralysis of voluntary but not limbically influenced automatic respiration. Arch Neurol 1991;48:11901192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
139.Plum, F. Breathing is controlled independently by voluntary, emotional, and metabolically related pathways. Arch Neurol 1992;49:441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
140.Feldman, M. Physiological observations in a chronic case of “locked-in” syndrome. Neurology 1971;21:459478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
141.Nordgren, RE, Markesbery, WR, Fukuda, K, Reeves, AG. Seven cases of cerebromedullospinal disconnection: the “locked-in” syndrome. Neurology 1971;21:11401148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
142.Nikić, PM, Jovanović, D, Paspalj, D, Georgievski-Brkić, B, Savić, M. Clinical characteristics and outcome in the acute phase of ischemic locked-in syndrome: Case series of twenty patients with ischemic LIS. Eur Neurol. 2013;69(4):207212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
143.Tahmoush, A, Brooks, J, Keltner, J. Palatal myoclonus associated with abnormal ocular and extremity movements: a polygraphic study. Arch Neurol 1972;27:431440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
144.Lapresle, J, Ben Hamida, M. The dentato-olivary pathway: somatotopic relationship between the dentate nucleus and the contralateral inferior olive. Arch Neurol 1970;22:135143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
145.Matsuo, F, Ajaz, ET. Palatal myoclonus and denervation supersensitivity in the central nervous system. Ann Neurol 1979;5:7278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
146.Crosby, E, Yoss, R, Henderson, J. The mamalian midbrain and isthmus regions. II The fiber connections: D. The pattern for eye movement in the frontal eye fields and the discharge of specific portions of this field to and through midbrain levels. J Comp Neurol 1952;97:357382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
147.Pierrot-Deseilligny, C, Caplan, LR. Eye movement abnormalities. In Caplan, LR, Van Gijn, J (eds.), Stroke syndromes, 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp. 6474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
148.Pierrot-Deseilligny, C, Chain, F, Serdaru, M et al. The ‘one-and-a-half’ syndrome: electro-oculographic analyses of five cases with deductions about the physiological mechanisms of lateral gaze. Brain 1981;104:665699.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
149.Bronstein, AM, Morris, J, Du Boulay, G et al. Abnormalities of horizontal gaze: clinical, oculographic and magnetic resonance imaging findings. I abducens palsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990;53:194199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
150.Leigh, RJ, Zee, DS. The neurology of eye movements, 4th edition. Oxford University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
150.Halsey, J, Ceballos, R, Crosby, E. The supranuclear control of voluntary lateral gaze. Neurology 1967;17:928933CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
151.Thier, P, Bachor, A, Faiss, J et al. Selective impairment of smooth-pursuit eye movements due to an ischemic lesion of the basal pons. Ann Neurol 1991;29:443448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
152.Bronstein, AM, Rudge, P, Gresty, MA et al. Abnormalities of horizontal gaze. Clinical, oculographic and magnetic resonance imaging findings. II. Gaze palsy and internuclear ophthalmoplegia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990;53:200207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
153.Lee, E, Kim, S, Kim, JS, Song, HS, Kim, SM, Kwon, SU. A small dorsal pontine infarction presenting with total gaze palsy including vertical saccades and pursuit. J Clin Neurol 2007; 3: 208211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
154.Cogan, D, Kubik, C, Smith, WL. Unilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Arch Ophthalmol 1950;44:783796.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
155.Cogan, D. Internuclear ophthalmoplegia, typical and atypical. Arch Ophthalmol 1970;84:583589.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
156.Smith, JL, Cogan, D. Internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Arch Ophthalmol 1959;61:687694.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
157.Christoff, N, Anderson, P, Nathanson, M et al. Problems in anatomical analysis of lesions of the medial longitudinal fasciculus. Arch Neurol 1960;2:293304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
158.Choi, J-H, Jung, N-Y, Kim, M-J, Choi, K-D, Kim, JS, Jung, D-S. Pure upbeat nystagmus in association with bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia. J Neurol Sci 2012;317:148150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
159.Daroff, R, Hoyt, W. Supranuclear disorders of ocular control systems in man. In Bach-y-Rita, P, Collins, C (eds.), The control of eye movements. Academic Press, Orlando, 1977, pp. 175.Google Scholar
160.Chen, Chien-Ming; Lin, Sung-Hsiung Wall-eyed bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia from lesions at different levels in the brainstem. J Neuroophthalmol 2007;27:915.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
161.Gonyea, E. Bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia: association with occlusive cerebrovascular disease. Arch Neurol 1974;31:168173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
162.Fisher, CM. Some neuro-ophthalmologic observations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1967;30:383392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
163.Wall, M, Wray, SH. The one-and-a-half syndrome. A unilateral disorder of the pontine tegmentum: a study of 20 cases and review of the literature. Neurology 1983;33:971980.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
164.Sharpe, J, Rosenberg, M, Hoyt, W et al. Paralytic pontine exotropia. Neurology 1974;24:10761081.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
165.Eggenberger, E. Eight-and-a-half syndrome: one-and-a-half syndrome plus cranial nerve Vll. J Neuroophthalmol 1998;18:114116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
166.Sarwal, A, Garewal, M, Sahota, S, Sivaraman, M. Eight-and-a-half syndrome. J Neuroimaging 2009;19:288290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
167.Fisher, CM. Ocular bobbing. Arch Neurol 1964;11:543546.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
168.Nelson, J, Johnston, C. Ocular bobbing. Arch Neurol 1970;22:348356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
169.Newman, N, Gay, A, Heilbrun, M. Dysjugate ocular bobbing: its relation to midbrain, pontine, and medullary function in a surviving patient. Neurology 1971;21:633637.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
170.Caplan, LR. Ptosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1974;37: 17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
171.Brandt, T, Dieterich, M. Vestibular syndromes in the roll plane: topographic diagnosis from brainstem to cortex. Ann Neurol 1994;36:337347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
172.Dieterich, M, Brandt, T. Ocular torsion and tilt of subjective visual vertical are sensitive brainstem signs. Ann Neurol 1993;33:292299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
173.Leigh, RJ, Brandt, T. A re-evaluation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex: new ideas of its purpose, properties, neural substrates, and disorders. Neurology 1993;43:12881295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
174.Caplan, LR, Gorelick, PB. Salt and pepper in the face pain in acute brainstem ischemia. Ann Neurol 1983;13:344345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
175.Conforto, AB, Martin Mda, G, Ciríaco, JG et al. “Salt and pepper” in the eye and face: a prelude to brainstem ischemia. Am J Ophthalmol 2007;144(2):322325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
176.Lee, H, Baloh, RW. Auditory disorders in stroke. In Caplan, LR, Van Gijn, J (eds.), Stroke syndromes, 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp. 131145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
177.Huang, M-H, Huang, C-C, Ryu, S-J, Chu, N-S. Sudden bilateral hearing impairment in vertebrobasilar occlusive disease. Stroke 1993;24:132137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
178.Cascino, G, Adams, RD. Brainstem auditory hallucinosis. Neurology 1986;36:10421047.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
179.Pappas, C, Carrion, C. Altered levels of consciousness and the reticular activating system. BNI Q 1989;5:28.Google Scholar
180.Posner, JB, Saper, CB, Schiff, N, Plum, F. Plum and Posner’s Diagnosis of stupor and coma. Oxford University Press, New York, 2007.Google Scholar
181.Parvizi, J, Damasio, AR. Neuroanatomical correlates of brainstem coma. Brain 2003;126:15241536.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
182.Ingvar, DH, Sourander, P. Destruction of the reticular core of the brain stem. Arch Neurol 1970;23:18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
183.Chase, T, Moretti, L, Prensky, A. Clinical and electroencephalographic manifestations of vascular lesions of the pons. Neurology 1968;18:357368.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
184.Autret, A, Laffont, F, de Toffol, B, Cathala, H-P. A syndrome of REM and non-REM sleep reduction and lateral gaze paresis after medial tegmental pontine stroke. Arch Neurol 1988;45:12361242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
185.Thomke, F. Disorders of ocular motility. In Urban, PP, Caplan, LR (eds.), Brainstem disorders. Springer, Berlin, 2011, pp. 105138.Google Scholar
186.Trojanowski, J, Wray, S. Vertical gaze ophthalmoplegia: selective paralysis of downgaze. Neurology 1980;30:605610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
187.Buttner-Ennever, J, Buttner, U, Cohen, B, Baumgartner, G. Vertical gaze paralysis and the rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus. Brain 1982;105:125149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
188.Pierrot-Deseilligny, C, Chain, F, Gray, F et al. Parinaud’s syndrome. Electro-oculographic and anatomical analysis of six vascular cases with deductions about vertical gaze organization in the premotor structures. Brain 1982;105:667696.Google Scholar
189.Smith, M, Laguna, J. Upward gaze paralysis following unilateral pretectal infarction. Arch Neurol 1981;38:127129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
190.Thames, PB, Trobe, J, Ballinger, WE. Upgaze paralysis caused by lesions of the periaqueductal grey matter. Arch Neurol 1984;41:437440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
191.Pedersen, R, Troost, BT. Abnormalities of gaze in cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 1981;12:251254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
192.Christoff, N. A clinicopathological study of vertical eye movements. Arch Neurol 1974;31:18CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
193.Pasik, P, Pasik, T, Bender, M. The pretectal syndrome in monkeys. I Disturbance of gaze and body posture. Brain 1969;92:521534.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
194.Halmalgyi, GM, Evans, W, Hallinan, J. Failure of downward gaze. Arch Neurol 1978;35:2226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
195.Jacobs, L, Anderson, P, Bender, M. The lesions producing paralysis of downward but not upward gaze. Arch Neurol 1973;28:319323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
196.Jacobs, L, Heffner, RR, Newman, RP. Selective paralysis of downward gaze caused by bilateral lesions of the mesencephalic periaqueductal grey matter. Neurology 1985;35:516521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
197.Hommel, M, Bogousslavsky, J. The spectrum of vertical gaze palsy following unilateral brainstem stroke. Neurology 1991; 41:12291234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
198.Ford, CS, Schwartze, GM, Weaver, RG, Troost, BT. Monocular elevation paresis caused by an ipsilateral lesion. Neurology 1984;34:12641267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
199.Bogousslavsky, J, Regli, F. Upgaze palsy and monocular paresis of downgaze from ipsilateral thalamo-mesencephalic infarction: a vertical one-and-a-half syndrome. J Neurol 1984;231:4345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
200.Deleu, D, Buisseret, T, Ebinger, G. Vertical one-and-a-half syndrome with supranuclear downgaze paralysis with monocular elevation palsy. Arch Neurol 1989;46:13611363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
201.Deleu, D, Imam, YZB, Mesraoua, B, Salem, KY. Vertical one-and-a-half syndrome with contralesional pseudo-abducens palsy in a patient with thalamomesencephalic stroke. J Neurol Sci 2012; 312:180183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
202.Fisher, CM. Clinical syndromes in cerebral hemorrhage. In Fields, WS (ed.), Pathogenesis and treatment of cerebrovascular disease. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield IL, 1961, pp. 318338.Google Scholar
203.Sharpe, JA, Hoyt, WF, Rosenberg, MA. Convergence evoked nystagmus: congenital and acquired forms. Arch Neurol 1975;32:191194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
204.Oliva, A, Rosenberg, ML. Convergence-evoked nystagmus. Neurology 1990;40:161162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
205.Collier, J. Nuclear ophthalmoplegia with especial reference to retraction of the lids and ptosis and to lesions of the posterior commissure. Brain 1927;50:488498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
206.Warwick, R. Representation of the extraocular muscles in the oculomotor nuclei of the monkey. J Comp Neurol 1953;98:449503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
207.Tatemichi, TK, Steinke, W, Duncan, C et al. Paramedian thalamo-peduncular infarction: clinical syndromes and magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol 1992;32:167171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
208.Growden, J, Winkler, G, Wray, S. Midbrain ptosis. Arch Neurol 1974;30:179181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
209.Nadeau, SE, Trobe, JD. Pupil sparing in oculomotor palsy: a brief review. Ann Neurol 1983;13:143148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
210.Ksiazek, SM, Repka, MX, Maguire, A et al. Divisional oculomotor paresis caused by intrinsic brainstem disease. Ann Neurol 1989;26:714718.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
211.Hriso, E, Masdeu, JC, Miller, A. Monocular elevation weakness and ptosis: an oculomotor fascicular syndrome? J Clin Neuroophthalmol 1991;11:111113.Google ScholarPubMed
212.Castro, O, Johnson, LN, Mamourian, AC. Isolated inferior oblique paresis from brain-stem infarction: perspective on oculomotor fascicular organization in ventral midbrain tegmentum. Arch Neurol 1990;47:235237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
213.Bogousslavsky, J, Regli, F. Atteinte intra-axiale du nerf moteur oculaire commun dans les infarctus mesencephaliques. Rev Neurol 1984;140:263270.Google Scholar
214.Guy, JR, Day, AL, Mickle, JP, Schatz, NJ. Contralateral trochlear nerve paresis and ipsilateral Horners syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 1989;107; 7376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
215.Vanooteghem, P, Dehaene, I, Van Zandycke, M, Casselman, J. Combined trochlear nerve palsy and internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Arch Neurol 1992;49:108109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
216.Thurtell, M, Halmagyi, M. Complete optalmoplegia. An unusual sign of bilateral paramedian midbrain-thalamic infarction. Stroke 2008;39:13551357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
217.Selhorst, J, Hoyt, W, Feinsod M et al. Midbrain corectopia. Arch Neurol 1976;33:193195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
218.Fisher, CM. Oval pupils. Arch Neurol 1980;37:502503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
219.McKee, AC, Levine, DN, Kowall, NW et al. Peduncular hallucinosis associated with isolated infarction of the substantia nigra pars reticulata. Ann Neurol 1990;27:500504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
220.Lim, AS, Moro, E, Lozano, AM et al. Selective enhancement of rapid eye movement sleep by deep brain stimulation of the human pons. Ann Neurol 2009;66(1):110114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
221.Bogousslavsky, J, Caplan, LR. Vertebrobasilar occlusive disease: review of selected aspects. 3. Thalamic infarcts. Cerebrovasc Dis 1993;3:193205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
222.Speddie, LJ, Heilman, KM. Anterograde memory deficit for visuospatial material after infarction of the right thalamus. Arch Neurol 1983;40:183186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
223.Goldenberg, G, Wimmer, A, Maly, J. Amnestic syndrome with a unilateral thalamic lesion: a case report. J Neurol 1983;229:7986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
224.Bogousslavsky, J, Regli, F, Assal, G. The syndrome of tubero-thalamic artery territory infarction. Stroke 1986;17:434441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
225.Perren, F, Clarke, S, Bogousslavsky, J. The syndrome of combined polar and paramedian thalamic infarction. Arch Neurol 2005;62:12121216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
226.Schmahmann, JD. Vascular syndromes of the thalamus. Stroke 2003;34:22642278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
227.Guberman, A, Stuss, D. The syndrome of bilateral paramedian thalamic infarction. Neurology 1983;33:540546.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
228.Schott, B, Mauguiere, F, Laurent, B et al. L’amnesie thalamique. Rev Neurol 1980;136:105112.Google Scholar
229.Stuss, DT, Guberman, A, Nelson, R, La Rochele, S. The neuropsychology of paramedian thalamic infarction. Brain Cogn 1988;8:348378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
230.Malamut, BL, Graff-Radford, N, Chawluck, J et al. Memory in a case of bilateral thalamic infarction. Neurology 1992;42:163169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
231.Ghoshal, S, Gokhale, S, Rebovich, G, Caplan, LR. The neurology of decreased activity: abulia. Rev Neurol Dis 2011;8:e5567.Google ScholarPubMed
232.Amarenco, P, Caplan, LR, Pessin, MS. Vertebrobasilar occlusive disease. In Barnett, HJM, Mohr, JP, Stein, BM, Yatsu, FM.(eds.), Stroke: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management, 3rd edition. Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1998, pp. 513597.Google Scholar
233.Whittier, J. Ballism and the subthalamic nucleus. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1947;58:672692.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
234.Castaigne, P, Lhermitte, F, Buge, A et al. Paramedian thalamic and midbrain infarcts: clinical and neuropathological study. Ann Neurol 1981;10:127148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
235.Fields, WS, Ratinov, G, Weibel, J, Campos, RJ. Survival following basilar artery occlusion. Arch Neurol 1966; 15:463471.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
236.Moscow, NP, Newton, TH. Angiographic implications in diagnosis and prognosis of basilar artery occlusion. AJR 1973;119:597603.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
237.Caplan, LR. Occlusion of the vertebral or basilar artery. Follow up analysis of some patients with benign outcome. Stroke 1979;10:277282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
238.Asplund, K, Wester, PO, Fodstad, H, Liliequist, B. Long time survival after vertebral/basilar occlusion. Stroke 1980;11:304.Google Scholar
239. LaBauge, R, Pages, M, Blard, JM. Survie prolongee après occlusion du tronc basilaire. 4 cas. Rev Neurol 1989;145:789794.Google Scholar
240.Moufarrij, NA, Liitle, JR, Furlan, AJ et al. Basilar and distal vertebral artery stenosis: long-term follow-up. Stroke 1986;17:938942.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
241.Caplan, LR, Han, W, Pessin, MS et al. Acute mortality and morbidity of posterior circulation infarcts: The New England Medical Center Posterior Circulation Registry. Neurology 1994;44 (Suppl 2):A327.Google Scholar
242.Searls, DE, Pazdera, L, Korbel, E, Vysata, O, Caplan, LR. Symptoms and signs of posterior circulation ischemia in the New England Medical Center Posterior Circulation Registry. Arch Neurol 2012;69:346351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
243.Puetz, V, Sylaja, PN, Shelagh, B. et al. Extent of hypoattenuation on CT angiography source images predicts functional outcome in patients with basilar artery occlusion. Stroke 2008, 39:24852490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
244.Tei, H, Uchiyama, S, Usui, T, Ohara, K. Posterior circulation ASPECTS on diffusion-weighted MRI can be a powerful marker for predicting functional outcome. J Neurol. 2010; 257(5):767773.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
245.Schulte-Altedorneburg, G, Droste, DW, Popa, V et al. Visualization of the basilar artery by transcranial color-coded duplex sonography. Comparison with postmortem results. Stroke 2000;31:11231127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
246.Feldmann, E, Wilterdink, JL, Kosinski, A et al. The Stroke Outcomes and Neuroimaging of Intracranial Atherosclerosis (SONIA) Trial. Neurology 2007;68(24): 20992106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
247.Lindsberg, P, Soinne, L, Tatlisumak, T et al. Long-term outcome after intravenous thrombolysis of basilar artery occlusion. JAMA 2004;292:18621866.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
248.Bhatia, R, Hill, M, Shobha, N et al. Low rates of acute recanalization with intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in ischemic stroke. Stroke 2010;41:22542258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
249.Pagola, J, Ribo, M, Alvarez_Sabin, J et al. Thrombolysis in anterior versus posterior circulation strokes: timing of recanalization, ischemic tolerance, and other differences. J Neuroimaging 2011;21:108112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
250.Sairanen, T, Strbian, D, Soinne, L et al. for the Helsinki Stroke Thrombolysis Registry (HSTR) Group. Intravenous thrombolysis of basilar artery occlusion. Predictors of recanalization and outcome. Stroke 2011;42:21752179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
251.Mendonça, N, Rodriguez-Luna, D, Rubiera, M et al. Predictors of tissue-type plasminogen activator nonresponders according to location of vessel occlusion. Stroke 2012;43:417421.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
252.Strbian, D, Sairanen, T, Silvennoinen, H, Salonen, O, Kaste, M, Lindsberg, P. Thrombolysis of basilar artery occlusion: impact of baseline ischemia and time. Ann Neurol 2013;73(6):688694.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
253.Miyagi, T, Koga, M, Shiokawa, Y et al. Intravenous Alteplase at 0.6 mg/kg for acute stroke patients with basilar artery occlusion: The Stroke Acute management with Urgent Risk Factor Assessment and Improvement (SAMURAI) Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator Registry. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2013;22(7):10981106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
254.Hacke, W, Zeumer, H, Ferbert, A, Bruckmann, H, del Zoppo, G. Intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy improves outcome in patients with acute vertebrobasilar occlusive disease. Stroke 1988;19:12161222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
255.Mobius, E, Berg-Dammer, E, Kuhne, D, Nahser, HC. Local thrombolytic therapy in acute basilar artery occlusion. Experience with 18 patients. In Hacke, W, del Zoppo, GJ, Hirschberg, M (eds.), Thrombolytic therapy in acute ischemic stroke. Springer, Heidelberg, 1991, pp. 213215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
256.Brandt, T, von Kummer, R, Muller-Kuppers, M, Hacke, W. Thrombolytic therapy of acute basilar artery occlusion. Variables affecting recanalization and outcome. Stroke 1996:27:875881.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
257.Wijdicks, EFM, Nichols, DA, Thielen, KR et al. Intra-arterial thrombolysis in acute basilar artery thromboembolism: the initial Mayo Clinic experience. Mayo Clin Proc 1997;72:10051013.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
258.Cross, DT, Moran, CJ, Akins, PT, Angtuaco, E, Diringer, MN. Relationship between clot location and outcome after basilar artery thrombosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1997;18:12211228.Google Scholar
259.Mitchell, PJ, Gerraty, RP, Donnan, GA et al. Thrombolysis in the vertebrobasilar circulation: the Australian Urokinase Stroke Trial. Cerebrovasc Dis 1997;7:9499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
260.Egan, R, Clark, W, Lutsep, H, Nesbit, G, Barnwell, S, Kellogg, J. Efficacy of intraarterial thrombolysis of basilar artery stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 1999;8:2227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
261.Eckert, B, Kucinski, T, Pfeiffer, G, Groden, C, Zeumer, H. Endovascular therapy of acute vertebrobasilar occlusion: early treatment onset as the most important factor. Cerebrovasc Dis 2002;14:4250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
262.Jung, S, Mono, M-L, Fischer, U et al. Three-month and long term outcomes and their predictors in acute basilar artery occlusion treated with intra-arterial thrombolysis. Stroke 2011;42:19461951.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
263.Karameshev, A, Arnold, M, Schroth, G et al. Diffusion-weighted MRI helps predict outcome in basilar artery occlusion patients treated with intra-arterial thrombolysis. Cerebrovasc Dis 2011;32:393400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
264.Macleod, MR, Davis, SM, Mitchell, PJ et al. Results of a multicentre randomized controlled trial of intra-arterial urokinase in the treatment of acute posterior circulation ischaemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 2005;20:1217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
265.Lindsberg, PJ, Mattle, HP. Therapy of basilar artery occlusion. A systematic analysis comparing intra-arterial and intravenous thrombolysis. Stroke 2006;37:922928.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
266.Barlinn, K, Becker, U, Puetz, V et al. Combined treaqtment with intravenous abciximab and intraarterial tPA yields high recanalization rate in patients with acute basilar artery occlusion. J Neuroimaging 2012;22:167171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
267.Nagel, S, Schellinger, PD, Hartmann, M et al. Therapy of acute basilar occlusion. Intraarterial thrombolysis alone vs bridging therapy. Stroke 2009;40:140146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
268.Vergouwen, MDI, Compter, A, Tanne, D et al. Outcomes of basilar artery occlusion in patients aged 75 years or older in Basilar Artery International Cooperation Study. J Neurol 2012;259:23412346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
269.Vergouwen, MDI, Algra, A, Pfefferkorn, T et al. on behalf of the Basilar Artery International Cooperation Study (BASICS) Study group. Time is brain(stem) in basilar artery occlusion. Stroke 2012;43:30033006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
270.Mayer, TE, Hamann, GF, Brueckmann, HJ. Treatment of basilar artery embolism with a mechanical extraction device. Stroke 2002;33:22322235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
271.Pfefferkorn, T, Mayer, TE, Opherk, C et al. Steged escalation therapy in acute basilar artery occlusion. Intravenous thrombolysis and on-demand consecutive endovascular mechanical thrombectomy: preliniary experience in 16 cases. Stroke 2008; 39:14961500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
272.Roth, C, Mielke, A, Siekmann, R, Ferbert, A. First experiences with a new device for mechanical thrombectomy in acute basilar artery occlusion. Cerebrovasc Dis 2011;32:2834.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
273.Ottomeyer, C, Zeller, J, Fesl, G et al. Multimodal recanalization therapy in acute basilar artery occlusion. Stroke 2012;43:21302135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
274.Dávalos, A, Pereira, VM, Chapot R et al. by the Solitaire Group. Retrospective multicenter study of Solitaire FR for revascularization in the treatment of acute stroke. Stroke 2012;43:26992705.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
275.de Rueda, ME, Parilla, G, Zamarro, J, Garcia-Villalba, B, Hernández, F, Moreno, A. Treatment of acute vertebrobasilar occlusion using thrombectomy with stent retrievers: initial experience with 18 patients. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013; 15.Google Scholar
276.Caplan, LR, Sergay, S. Positional cerebral ischemia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1976;39:385391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
277.Ogata, J, Yutani, C, Otsubo, R, Yamanishi, H, Naritomi, H, Yamaguchi, T, Minematsu, K. Heart and vessel pathology underlying brain infarction in 142 stroke patients. Ann Neurol 2008;63:770781.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
278.Chimowitz, MI, Kokkinos, J, Strong, J et al. for the Warfarin-Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease Study Group. Warfarin-Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease Study. Neurology 1995;45: 14881493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
279.Chimowitz, MI, Lynn, MJ, Howlett-Smith, H et al. Comparison of warfarin and aspirin for symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:13051316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
280.Kasner, SE, Lynn, MJ, Chimowitz, MB et al. for the Warfarin Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease (WASID) Trial Investigators. Warfarin vs aspirin for symptomatic intracranial stenosis: subgroup analyses from WASID. Neurology 2006;67:12751278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
281.Koroshetz, W. Warfarin, aspirin, and intracranial vascular disease. N Engl J Med 2005;352:13681370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
282.Sundt, TM, Smith, HC, Campbell, JK et al. Transluminal angioplasty for basilar artery stenosis. Mayo Clin Proc 1980;55:673680.Google ScholarPubMed
283.Piepgras, DG, Sundt, TM, Forbes, GS, Smith, HC. Balloon catheter transluminal angioplasty for vertebrobasilar ischemia. In Berguer, R, Bauer, R (eds.), Vertebrobasilar arterial occlusive disease. Raven Press, New York, 1984, pp. 215224.Google Scholar
284.Gress, DR, Smith, WS, Dowd, CF et al. Angioplasty for intracranial symptomatic vertebrobasilar ischemia. Neurosurgery 2002;51:2327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
285.Meyers, PM, Schumacher, HC, Tanji, K, Higashida, R, Caplan, LR. Use of stents to treat intracranial cerebrovascular disease. Annu Rev Med 2007;58:107122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
286.Gomez, CR, Misra, VK, Liu, MW et al. Elective stenting of symptomatic basilar artery stenosis. Stroke 2000;31:9599.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
287.Yu, W, Smith, WS, Singh, V et al. Long-term outcome of endovascular stenting for symptomatic basilar artery stenosis. Neurology 2005; 64:10551057.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
288.Kessler, IM, Mounayer, C, Piotin, M et al. The use of balloon-expandable stents in the treatment of intracranial arterial diseases: a 5 year single-center experience. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005; 26: 23422348.Google ScholarPubMed
289.Henkes, H, Miloslavaski, E, Lowens, S et al. Treatment of intracranial atherosclerotic stenoses with balloon dilatation and self-expanding stent deployment (WingSpan). Neuroradiology 2005; 47: 222228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
290.Bose, A, Hartmann, M, Henkes, H et al. A novel, self-expanding nitinol stent in medically refractory intracranial atherosclerotic stenoses. The Wingspan Study. Stroke 2007;38:15311537.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
291.Groschel, K, Schnaudigel, S, Pilgram, SM, Wasser, K, Kastrup, A. A systematic review on outcome after stenting for intracranial atherosclerosis. Stroke 2009;40:e340e347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
292.Chimowitz, MI, Lynn, MJ, Derdeyn, CP et al. for the SAMMPRIS Investiagtors. Stenting versus Aggressive Medical Therapy for intracranial Arterial Stenosis. N Engl J Med 2011;365:9931003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
293.Fiorella, D, Derdeyn, CP, Lynn, MJ et al. for the SAMMPRIS Trial Investigators. Detailed analysis of periprocedural strokes in patients undergoing intracranial stenting in Stenting and Aggressive Medical Management for Preventing Recurrent Stroke in Intracranial Stenosis (SAMMPRIS). Stroke 2012;43:26822688.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
294.Derdeyn, CP, Fiorella, D, Lynn, MJ et al. for the Stenting and Aggressive Medical Management for Preventing Recurrent Stroke in Intracranial Stenosis Trial Investigators. Mechanisms of stroke after intracranial angioplasty and stenting in the SAMMPRIS Trial. Neurosurgery 2013;72: 777795.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
295.Jiang, WJ, Srivastava, T, Gao, F, Du, B, Dong, KH, Xu, XT. Perforator stroke after elective stenting of symptomatic intracranial stenosis. Neurology 2006;66:18681872.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
296.Jiang, W-J, Du, B, Hon, SF et al. Do patients with basilar or vertebral artery stenosis have a higher stroke incidence poststenting. J Neurointervent Surg 2010;2:5054.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Basilar artery
  • Louis R. Caplan
  • Book: Vertebrobasilar Ischemia and Hemorrhage
  • Online publication: 05 May 2015
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139019453.010
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Basilar artery
  • Louis R. Caplan
  • Book: Vertebrobasilar Ischemia and Hemorrhage
  • Online publication: 05 May 2015
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139019453.010
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Basilar artery
  • Louis R. Caplan
  • Book: Vertebrobasilar Ischemia and Hemorrhage
  • Online publication: 05 May 2015
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139019453.010
Available formats
×