Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-skm99 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T18:41:09.462Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

12 - Applications of Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy in Geomicrobiology

from Part IV - Spectroscopy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 July 2019

By
Janice P. L. Kenney  and
András Gorzsás
Edited by
Janice P. L. Kenney ,
Harish Veeramani  and
Daniel S. Alessi
Janice P. L. Kenney
Affiliation:
MacEwan University, Edmonton
Harish Veeramani
Affiliation:
Carleton University, Ottawa
Daniel S. Alessi
Affiliation:
University of Alberta
Get access

Summary

Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a technique that measures the molecular-level vibrations in a material, such as a bacterial biofilm, to get a better understanding of the chemistry of the system. This technique is best used to observe changes in a system, e.g., how bacteria protonate and deprotonate as a function of pH or how contaminants sorb to minerals/bacteria, or for tracking the precipitation of a mineral or the breakdown of a contaminant in a system. It can also be used to identify the presence of a specific contaminant in a system, e.g., the presence of bacteria on an antimicrobial surface or the presence of pesticides in water. Thewill outline the different ways in which FTIR spectroscopy may be used to analyze a variety of samples in geomicrobiology. The techniques and their applicability are detailed, from individual sample recording (via diffuse reflectance measurements) to continuous monitoring of systems (using attenuated total reflectance measurements) and spatially resolved microspectroscopic analysis (either as imaging or as determining the positions for point sampling in a heterogeneous sample), and a general strategy for data handling is given, including the basics of some multivariate techniques. We will explain how to get the best possible data using each FTIR spectroscopic method, as well as how to best treat your data before analysis. Additionally, this chapter deals with understanding how to identify the representative FTIR bands for bacteria, and how those bands can change as a function of pH.

Type
Chapter
Information
Analytical Geomicrobiology
A Handbook of Instrumental Techniques
 , pp. 288 - 313
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

12.8 References

Alam, S.M., Cossio, M., Robinson, L., et al. (2016) Removal of organic acids from water using biochar and petroleum coke, Environmental Technology & Innovation, v. 6, pp. 141–151.Google Scholar
Alessi, D.S., Lezama-Pacheco, J.S., Stubbs, J.E., et al. (2014) The product of microbial uranium reduction includes multiple species with U(IV)–phosphate coordination, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 131, pp. 115–127.Google Scholar
Amarie, S., Keilmann, F., Zaslansky, P., Griesshaber, E. (2012) Nano-FTIR chemical mapping of minerals in biological materials, Proceedings of Microscopy & Microanalysis, v. 18, pp. 32–33.Google Scholar
Baker, M.J., Trevisan, J., Bassan, P., et al. (2014) Using Fourier transform IR spectroscopy to analyze biological materials, Nature Protocols, v. 9, pp. 1771–1791.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benning, L.G., Phoenix, V.R., Yee, N., Tobin, M.J. (2004) Molecular characterization of cyanobacterial silicification using synchrotron infrared micro-spectroscopy, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 68, p. 729.Google Scholar
Bertie, J.E, (2002) Optical Constants. In Handbook of Vibrational Spectroscopy (Eds. Chalmers, J.M., Griffiths, P.R.), John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Bonhomme, S., Cuer, A., Delort, A-M., et al. (2003) Environmental biodegradation of polyethylene, Polymer Degradation and Stability, v 81, pp. 441–452.Google Scholar
Borer, P., Hug, S.J., Sulzberger, B., Kraemer, S.M., Kretzschmar, R. (2009) ATR-FTIR spectroscopic study of the adsorption of desferrioxamine B and aerobactin to the surface of lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH), Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 73, pp. 4661–4672.Google Scholar
Carabante, I., Grahn, M., Holmgren, A., Kumpiene, J., Hedlund, J. (2009) Adsorption of As (V) on iron oxide nanoparticle films studied by in situ ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, v. 346, pp. 106–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chalmers, J.M., Griffiths, P.R. (2002) Handbook of Vibrational Spectroscopy (Eds. Chalmers, J.M.,Griffiths, P.R.), John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Chan, K.L.A., Kazarian, S.G. (2007) Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared imaging with variable angles of incidence: a three-dimensional profiling of heterogeneous materials, Applied Spectroscopy, v. 61, pp. 48–54.Google Scholar
de Juan, A., Maeder, M., Hancewicz, T., Duponchel, L., Tauler, R. (2009), Chemometric Tools for Image Analysis. In Infrared and Raman Spectroscopic Imaging (Eds. Salzer, R., Siesler, HW), Ch. 2, 65–106, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.Google Scholar
Driver, T., Bajhaiya, A.K., Allwood, J.W., et al. (2015), Metabolic responses of eukaryotic microalgae to environmental stress limit the ability of FT-IR spectroscopy for species identification, Algal Research, v. 11, pp. 148–155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dziuba, B., Babuchowski, A., Nałęcz, D., Niklewicz, M. (2007) Identification of lactic acid bacteria using FTIR spectroscopy and cluster analysis, International Dairy Journal, v. 17, pp. 183–189.Google Scholar
Eilers, P.H. (2004) Parametric time warping, Analytical Chemistry, v. 76 (2), pp. 404–411.Google Scholar
Elzinga, E.J., Huang, J-H., Chorover, J., Kretzschmar, R. (2012) ATR-FTIR spectroscopy study of the influence of pH and contact time on the adhesion of Shewanella putrefaciens bacterial cells to the surface of hematite, Environmental Science & Technology, v. 46, pp. 12848−12855.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elzinga, E.J., Kretzschmar, R. (2013) In situ ATR-FTIR spectroscopic analysis of the co-adsorption of orthophosphate and Cd(II) onto hematite, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 117, pp. 53–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Felten, J., Hall, H., Jaumot, J., et al. (2015) Vibrational spectroscopic image analysis of biological material using multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS), Nature Protocols, v. 10, pp. 217–240.Google Scholar
Gallé, T., Van Lagen, B., Kurtenbach, A., Bierl, R. (2004) An FTIR-DRIFT study on river sediment particle structure:  Implications for biofilm dynamics and pollutant binding, Environmental Science & Technology, v. 38, pp. 4496–4502.Google Scholar
Gillgren, T., Gorzsás, A. (2016) A one-pot set-up for real-time reaction monitoring by FTIR spectroscopy, Wood Science and Technology, v. 50, pp. 567–580.Google Scholar
Gorzsás, A., Sundberg, B. (2014) Chemical Fingerprinting of Arabidopsis Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopic Approaches. In Arabidopsis Protocols (Eds. Sanchez-Serrano, J.J., Salinas, J.), Humana Press.Google Scholar
Grahn, H.F., Geladi, P. (2007) Techniques and Applications of Hyperspectral Image Analysis (Eds. Grahn, H.F., Geladi, P.). John Wiley and Sons Ltd.Google Scholar
Griffiths, P.R. (2002) Introduction to Vibrational Spectroscopy. In Handbook of Vibrational Spectroscopy (Eds.Chalmers, J.M., Griffiths, P.R.), John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Haberhauer, G., Rafferty, B., Strebl, F., Gerzabek, M.H. (1998) Comparison of the composition of forest soil litter derived from three different sites at various decompositional stages using FTIR spectroscopy, Geoderma, pp. 331–342.Google Scholar
Hagvall, K., Persson, P., Karlsson, T. (2014) Spectroscopic characterization of the coordination chemistry and hydrolysis of gallium(III) in the presence of aquatic organic matter, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 146, pp. 76–89.Google Scholar
Hagvall, K., Persson, P., Karlsson, T. (2015) Speciation of aluminum in soils and stream waters: the importance of organic matter, Chemical Geology, v. 417, pp. 32–43.Google Scholar
Hamilton, M.L., Perston, B.B., Harland, P.W., et al. (2005) Grazing-angle fiber-optic IRRAS for in situ cleaning validation, Organic Process Research & Development, v. 9, pp. 337–343.Google Scholar
Hazen, T.C., Dubinsky, E.A., DeSantis, T.Z., et al. (2010) Deep-sea oil plume enriches psychrophilic oil-degrading bacteria, Science, v. 330, p. 6001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holman, H-Y.N., Miles, R., Hao, Z., et al. (2009) Real-time chemical imaging of bacterial activity in biofilms using open-channel microfluidics and synchrotron FTIR spectromicroscopy, Analytical Chemistry, v. 81, pp. 8564–8570.Google Scholar
Holman, H-Y.N., Perry, D.L., Martin, M.C., et al. (1999) Real-time characterization of biogeochemical reduction of Cr(VI) on basalt surfaces by SR-FTIR imaging, Geomicrobiology Journal, v. 16, pp. 307–324.Google Scholar
Huang, W., Liu, Z. (2013) Biosorption of Cd(II)/Pb(II) from aqueous solution by biosurfactant-producing bacteria: Isotherm kinetic characteristic and mechanism studies, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, v. 105, pp. 113–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaumot, J., Gargallo, R., de Juan, A., Tauler, R. (2005) A graphical user-friendly interface for MCR-ALS: A new tool for multivariate curve resolution in MATLAB, Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, v. 76, pp. 101–110.Google Scholar
Ji, J., Ge, Y., Balsam, W., Damuth, J.E., Chen, J. (2009) Rapid identification of dolomite using a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR): A fast method for identifying Heinrich events in IODP Site U1308, Marine Geology, v. 258, pp. 60–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, W., Saxena, A., Song, B., et al. (2004) Elucidation of functional groups on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial surfaces using infrared spectroscopy, Langmuir, v. 20, pp. 11433–11442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnston, C.P., Chrysochoou, M. (2012) Investigation of chromate coordination on ferrihydrite by in situ ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and theoretical frequency calculations, Environmental Science & Technology, v. 46, pp. 5851–5858.Google Scholar
Kamnev, A.A. (2008) FTIR spectroscopic studies of bacterial cellular responses to environmental factors, plant-bacterial interactions and signalling, Spectroscopy, v. 22, pp. 83–95.Google Scholar
Kamnev, A.A., Tugarova, A.V., Antonyuk, L.P., et al. (2006) Instrumental analysis of bacterial cells using vibrational and emission Mossbauer spectroscopic techniques, Analytica Chimica Acta, v. 573–574, pp. 445–452.Google Scholar
Kang, S-Y., Bremer, P.J., Kim, K-W., McQuillan, A.J. (2006) Monitoring metal ion binding in single-layer Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms using ATR−IR spectroscopy, Langmuir, v. 22, pp. 286–291.Google Scholar
Kang, S., Xing, B. (2007) Adsorption of dicarboxylic acids by clay minerals as examined by in situ ATR-FTIR and ex situ DRIFT, Langmuir, v. 23, pp. 7024–7031.Google Scholar
Kenney, J.P.L., Ellis, T., Nicol, F.S., Porter, A., Weiss, D.J., (2018) The effect of bacterial growth phase and culture concentration on uranium removal from aqueous solution, Chemical Geology, v. 482, pp. 61–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenney, J.P.L., Fein, J.B. (2011) Importance of extracellular polysaccharides in proton and Cd binding to bacteria: a comparative study, Chemical Geology, v. 286 (3–4), pp. 109–117.Google Scholar
Kong, J., Yu, S. (2007) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis of protein secondary structures,Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica, v. 39, pp. 549–559.Google Scholar
Krumina, L., Kenney, J.P.L., Loring, J., Persson, P. (2016) Desorption mechanisms of phosphate from iron oxide nanoparticle, Chemical Geology, v. 427, pp. 54–64.Google Scholar
Kubicki, J.D., Itoh, M.J., Schroeter, L.M., Apitz, S.E. (1997) Bonding mechanisms of salicylic acid adsorbed onto illite clay:  An ATR−FTIR and molecular orbital study, Environmental Science & Technology, v. 31, pp. 1151–1156.Google Scholar
Lasch, P., Naumann, D. (2006) Spatial resolution in infrared microspectroscopic imaging of tissues, Biochimica Biophysica Acta, v. 1758, pp. 814–829.Google Scholar
Leone, L. et al. (2007) Modeling the acid-base properties of bacterial surfaces: A combined spectroscopic and potentiometric study of the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Environmental Science & Technology, v.41 (18), pp. 6465–6471.Google Scholar
Liu, Y.X., Alessi, D.S., Owttrim, G.W., et al. (2016) Cell surface properties of cyanobacterium Synechococcus: Influences of nitrogen source, growth phase and N:P ratios, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v 187, pp. 179–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loring, J.S., Sandström, M.H., Noren, K., Persson, P. (2009) Rethinking arsenate coordination at the surface of goethite, Chemistry – A European Journal, v. 15, pp. 5063–5072.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madejová, J. (2003) FTIR techniques in clay mineral studies, Vibrational Spectroscopy, v. 31, pp. 1–10.Google Scholar
Manning, B.A., Goldberg, S. (1996) Modeling competitive adsorption of arsenate with phosphate and molybdate on oxide minerals, Science Society of America Journal, v. 60, pp. 121–131.Google Scholar
Marcotte, L., Kegelaer, G., Sandt, C., Barbeau, J., LaXeur, M. (2007) An alternative infrared spectroscopy assay for the quantification of polysaccharides in bacterial samples, Analytical Biochemistry, v. 361, pp. 7–14.Google Scholar
Mariey, L., Signolle, J.P., Amiel, C., Travert, J. (2001) Discrimination, classification, identification of microorganisms using FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics, Vibrational Spectroscopy, v. 26, pp. 151–159.Google Scholar
Meyer-Jacob, C., Vogel, H., Boxberg, F., et al. (2014) Independent measurement of biogenic silica in sediments by FTIR spectroscopy and PLS regression, Journal of Paleolimnology, v.52, pp. 245–255.Google Scholar
Mirabella, F.M. (1983) Strength of interaction and penetration of infrared radiation for polymer films in internal reflection spectroscopy, Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition, v. 21, pp. 2403–2417.Google Scholar
Mohorčič, M., Jerman, I., Zorko, M., et al. (2010) Surface with antimicrobial activity obtained through silane coating with covalently bound polymyxin B, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, v. 21, p. 2775.Google Scholar
Movasaghi, Z., Rehman, S., ur Rehman, I. (2008) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of biological tissues, Applied Spectroscopy Reviews, v. 43, pp. 134–179.Google Scholar
Noda, I., Ozaki, Y. (2005) Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy. In Applications in Vibrational and Optical Spectroscopy. John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Ojeda, J.J., Romero-Gonzalez, M.E., Pouran, H.M., Banwart, S.A. (2008) In situ monitoring of the biofilm formation of Pseudomonas putida on hematite using flow-cell ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to investigate the formation of inner-sphere bonds between the bacteria and the mineral, Mineralogical Magazine, v. 72, pp. 101–106.Google Scholar
Omoike, A., Chorover, J. (2004) Spectroscopic study of extracellular polymeric substances from Bacillus subtilis: Aqueous chemistry and adsorption effects, Biomacromolecules, v. 5, pp. 1219–1230.Google Scholar
Omoike, A., Chorover, J., Kwon, K.D., Kubicki, J.D. (2004) Adhesion of bacterial exopolymers to r-FeOOH: Inner-sphere complexation of phosphodiester groups, Langmuir, v. 20, pp. 11108–11114.Google Scholar
Papageorgiou, S.K., Kouvelos, E.P., Favvas, E.P., et al. (2010) Metal–carboxylate interactions in metal–alginate complexes studied with FTIR spectroscopy, Carbohydrate Research, v. 345, pp. 469–473.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parikh, S.J., Chorover, J. (2006) ATR-FTIR spectroscopy reveals bond formation during bacterial adhesion to iron oxide, Langmuir, v 22, pp. 8492–8500.Google Scholar
Parikh, S.J., Mukome, F.N.D., Zhang, X. (2014) ATR-FTIR spectroscopic evidence for biomolecular phosphorus and carboxyl groups facilitating bacterial adhesion to iron oxides, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, v. 119, pp. 38–46.Google Scholar
Peak, D., Ford, R.G., Sparks, D.L. (1999) An in situ ATR-FTIR investigation of sulfate bonding mechanisms on goethite, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, v. 218, pp. 289–299.Google Scholar
Pisapia, C., Jamme, F., Duponchel, L., Ménez, B. (2018) Tracking hidden organic carbon in rocks using chemometrics and hyperspectral imaging,Scientific Reports, v. 8, p. 2396.Google Scholar
Poggenburg, C., Mikutta, R., Schippers, A., Dohrmann, R., Guggenberger, G. (2018) Impact of natural organic matter coatings on the microbial reduction of iron oxides, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 224, pp. 223–248.Google Scholar
Quilès, F., Humbert, F., Delille, A. (2010) Analysis of changes in attenuated total reflection FTIR fingerprints of Pseudomonas fluorescens from planktonic state to nascent biofilm state, Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, v. 75, pp. 610–616.Google Scholar
Reig, F.B., Adelantado, G.J.V., Moreno, M.C.M.M. (2002) FTIR quantitative analysis of calcium carbonate (calcite) and silica (quartz) mixtures using the constant ratio method. Application to geological samples, Talanta, v. 58, pp. 811–821.Google Scholar
Rong, X., Huang, Q., He, X., et al. (2008) Interaction of Pseudomonas putida with kaolinite and montmorillonite: A combination study by equilibrium adsorption, ITC, SEM and FTIR, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, v. 64, pp. 49–55.Google Scholar
Rosen, P., Persson, P. (2006) Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIRS), a new method to infer past changes in tree-line position and TOC using lake sediment. Journal of Paleolimnology, v. 35, pp. 913–923.Google Scholar
Rosen, P., Vogel, H., Cunningham, L., et al. (2010) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, a new method for rapid determination of total organic and inorganic carbon and biogenic silica concentration in lake sediments. Journal of Paleolimnology, v. 43 (2), pp. 247–259.Google Scholar
Salzer, R., Siesler, H.W. (2009) Infrared and Raman Spectroscopic Imaging, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.Google Scholar
Sar, P., Kazy, S.K, Asthana, R.K., Singh, S.P. (1999) Metal adsorption and desorption by lyophilized Pseudomonas aeruginosa, International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, v. 44, pp. 101–110.Google Scholar
Schmitt, J., Flemming, H.C. (1998) FTIR-spectroscopy in microbial and material analysis, International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, v. 41, pp. 1–11.Google Scholar
Schmitt, J., Nivens, D., White, D.C., Flemming, H.C. (1995) Changes of biofilm properties in response to sorbed substances – an FTIR-ATR study, Water Science and Technology, v. 32, pp. 149–155.Google Scholar
Shopska, M., Cherkezova-Zheleva, Z.P., Paneva, D.G., et al. (2013) Biogenic iron compounds: XRD, Mossbauer and FTIR study, Central European Journal of Chemistry, v. 11, pp. 215–227.Google Scholar
Stenlund, H., Gorzsás, A., Persson, P., Sundberg, B., Trygg, J. (2008) Orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis modeling on in situ FT-IR spectral imaging of liver tissue for identifying sources of variability, Analytical Chemistry, 80 (18), pp. 6898–6906.Google Scholar
Suci, P.A., Mittelman, M.W., Yu, F.P., Geesey, G.G. (1994) Investigation of ciprofloxacin penetration into Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, v. 38, pp. 2125–2133.Google Scholar
Tapper, R. (1998) The use of biocides for the control of marine biofilms, PhD thesis, University of Portsmouth, UK.Google Scholar
Trygg, J., Wold, S. (2002) Orthogonal projections to latent structures (O-PLS), Journal of Chemometrics, v. 16, pp. 119–128.Google Scholar
Ueshima, M., Ginn, R.R., Haack, E.A., Szymanowski, J.E.S., Fein, J.B., 2008. Cd adsorption onto Pseudomonas putida in the presence and absence of extracellular polymeric substances. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 24, pp. 5885–5895.Google Scholar
ur Rehman, I., Movasaghi, Z., Rehman, S. (2013) Vibrational Spectroscopy for Tissue Analysis. Series in Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, CRC Press.Google Scholar
Vaculíková, L., Plevová, E. (2005) Identification of clay minerals and micas in sedimentary rocks, Acta Geodynamica et Geomaterialia, v. 2, pp. 167–175.Google Scholar
Vogel, H., Rosén, P., Wagner, B., Melles, M., Persson, P. (2008) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, a new cost-effective tool for quantitative analysis of biogeochemical properties in long sediment records, Journal of Paleolimnology, v. 40, pp. 689–702.Google Scholar
Wang, H., Hollywood, K., Jarvis, R.M., Lloyd, J.R., Goodacre, R. (2010) Phenotypic characterisation of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 under aerobic and anaerobic growth conditions by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography analyses, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 76, pp. 6266–6276.Google Scholar
Wei, X., Fang, L., Cai, P., et al. (2011) Influence of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on Cd adsorption by bacteria, Environmental Pollution, v. 159, pp. 1369–1374.Google Scholar
Yao, J-W., Xiao, Y., Lin, F. (2012) The effect of various pH, ionic strength and temperature on papain hydrolysis of salivary film, European Journal of Oral Sciences, v. 120, pp. 140–146.Google Scholar
Yoon, T.H., Johnson, S.B., Musgrave, C.B., Brown Jr, G.E., (2004) Adsorption of organic matter at mineral/water interfaces: I. ATR-FTIR spectroscopic and quantum chemical study of oxalate adsorbed at boehmite/water and corundum/water interfaces, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 68, pp. 4505–4518.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×