Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-qxdb6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T14:37:37.083Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

8 - Consonants

from Part II - The Spanish Sound System

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 August 2018

Kimberly L. Geeslin
Affiliation:
Indiana University
Get access

Summary

This chapter offers an overview of the consonants of Spanish, focusing on the main phonemes, both in terms of the dialectal variation and phonological processes that affect them. The topic of Spanish consonants is vast and has given rise to many studies from different perspectives, from generative phonology to Optimality Theory approaches. Given this breadth, this chapter offers a survey of the topics that have been more widely explored in the literature, focusing on recent advances and contributions to these discussions from studies employing instrumental methodologies. In revising previous assumptions and accounts of phonological processes in Spanish, I will emphasize the fact that phonological variation is at the core of many recent studies and advances in phonology, and the role it plays in building our assumptions and advancing phonological theory. The aim is to bring to the forefront the impact that phonetically-informed approaches to sound variation and change have had on phonological representations and models. Some of the processes discussed include spirantization and voicing of stops, assimilation of place of articulation and of voicing, weakening of coda consonants, and other cases of neutralization, emphasizing new venues for further research regarding these topics
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aguilar, L. (1997). De la vocal a la consonante. Santiago de Compostela: Universidad de Santiago de Compostela.Google Scholar
Alarcos Llorach, E. (1965). Fonología española. Madrid: Gredos.Google Scholar
Alba, O. (1982). Función del acento en el proceso de elisión de la /s/ en la República Dominicana. In Alba, O. (ed.), El español del Caribe: Ponencias del VI Simposio de Dialectología. Santiago: Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, pp. 1726.Google Scholar
Alba, O. (1990). Variación fonética y diversidad social en el español dominicano de Santiago. Santiago: Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra.Google Scholar
Alba, O. (2004). Cómo hablamos los dominicanos: Un enfoque sociolingüístico. Santo Domingo: Grupo León Jimenes.Google Scholar
Amastae, J. (1989). The Intersection of s-Aspiration/Deletion and Spirantization in Honduran Spanish. Language Variation and Change, 1, 169183.Google Scholar
Baković, E. (1997). Strong Onsets and Spanish Fortition. In Giordano, C. and Ardron, D. (eds.), Proceedings of the 6th Student Conference in Linguistics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Working Papers in Linguistics, pp. 2139.Google Scholar
Baković, E. (2000). Nasal Place Neutralization in Spanish. In Minnic Fox, M., Williams, A., and Kaiser, E. (eds.), Proceedings of the 24th Annual Penn Linguistics Colloquium. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania, pp. 112.Google Scholar
Balam, O. (2013). Overt Language Attitudes and Linguistic Identities among Multilingual Speakers in Northern Belize. Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics, 6 (2), 247277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beaton, M. (2015). Coda Liquid Production and Perception in Puerto Rican Spanish (Doctoral dissertation). The Ohio State University.Google Scholar
Blecua, B. (2001). Las vibrantes del español: Manifestaciones acústicas y procesos fonéticos (Doctoral dissertation). Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.Google Scholar
Boomershine, A. (2006). Perceiving and Processing Dialectal Variation in Spanish: An Exemplar Theory Approach. In Klee, C. and Face, T. (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 8th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, pp. 5872.Google Scholar
Bradley, T. G. (1999). Assibilation in Ecuadorian Spanish: A Phonology-Phonetics Account. In Authier, M., Bullock, B., and Reed, L. (eds.), Formal Perspectives on Romance Linguistics. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins, pp. 5771.Google Scholar
Bradley, T. G. (2004). Gestural Timing and Rhotic Variation in Spanish Codas. In Face, T. (ed.), Laboratory Approaches to Spanish Phonology. Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 197224.Google Scholar
Bradley, T. G. (2005). Sibilant Voicing in Highland Ecuadorian Spanish. Lingua(gem), 2, 942.Google Scholar
Bradley, T. G. and Delforge, A. M. (2006). Systemic Contrast and the Diachrony of Spanish Sibilant Voicing. In Gess, R. and Arteaga, D. (eds.), Historical Romance Linguistics: Retrospective and Perspectives. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins, pp. 1952.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Browman, C. and Goldstein, L. (1989). Articulatory Gestures as Phonological Units. Phonology, 6, 201252.Google Scholar
Brown, E. (2005). New Mexican Spanish: Insight into the Variable Reduction of “la ehe inihial” (/s-/). Hispania, 88, 813824.Google Scholar
Brown, E. L. and Torres Cacoullos, R. (2002). ¿Qué le vamoh aher?: Taking the Syllable out of Spanish /s/ Reduction. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics: Papers from NWAV 30, 8 (3), 1732.Google Scholar
Bybee, J. (2001). Phonology and Language Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Campos-Astorkiza, R. (2014). Sibilant Voicing Assimilation in Peninsular Spanish as Gestural Blending. In Côte, M. H. and Mathieu, E. (eds.), Variation within and across Romance Languages. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins, pp. 1738.Google Scholar
Campos-Astorkiza, R. (2015). Segmental and Prosodic Conditionings on Gradient Voicing Assimilation in Spanish. In Klassen, R., Liceras, J., and Valenzuela, E. (eds.), Hispanic Linguistics at the Crossroads: Theoretical Linguistics, Language Acquisition and Language Contact. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins, pp. 127144.Google Scholar
Canfield, D. Lincoln. (1981). Spanish Pronunciation in the Americas. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Carrasco, P., Hualde, J. I., and Simonet, M. (2012). Dialectal Differences in Spanish Voiced Obstruent Allophony: Costa Rican versus Iberian Spanish. Phonetica, 69, 149179.Google Scholar
Carvalho, A. M. (2006). Spanish (s) Aspiration as a Prestige Marker on the Uruguayan– Brazilian Border. Spanish in Context, 3, 85114.Google Scholar
Chang, C. B. (2008). Variation in Palatal Production in Buenos Aires Spanish. In Westmoreland, M. and Thomas, J. A. (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, pp. 5463.Google Scholar
Chappell, W. (2013). Social and Linguistic Factors Conditioning the Glottal Stop in Nicaraguan Spanish (Doctoral dissertation). The Ohio State University.Google Scholar
Chappell, W. (2014). Reanalyses and Hypercorrection among Extreme /s/-Reducers. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics, 20 (2), Article 5.Google Scholar
Colantoni, L. (2001). Mergers, Chain Shifts and Dissimilatory Processes: Palatals and Rhotics in Argentine Spanish (Doctoral dissertation). University of Minnesota.Google Scholar
Cole, J., Hualde, J. I., and Iskarous, K. (1999). Effects of Prosodic Context on /g/ Lenition in Spanish. In Fujimura, O., Joseph, B. D., and Palek, B. (eds.), Proceedings of the 4th International Linguistics and Phonetics Conference. Prague: The Karolinium Press, pp. 575589.Google Scholar
Colina, S. (2016). On Onset Clusters in Spanish: Voiced Obstruent Underspecification and /f/. In Núñez Cedeño, R. A. (ed.), The Syllable and Stress: Studies in Honor of James W. Harris. Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 107137.Google Scholar
Cressey, W. (1978). Spanish Phonology: A Generative Approach. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Dalbor, J. B. (1980). Observations on Present Day ceceo and seseo in Southern Spain. Hispania, 63 (1), 519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delgado-Díaz, G. and Galarza, I.. (2015). ¿Que comiste [x]amón? A Closer Look at the Neutralization of /h/ and Posterior /r/ in Puerto Rican Spanish. In Willis, E. W., Butragueño, P. Martín, and Zendejas, E. Herrera (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 6th Conference of Laboratory Approaches to Romance Phonology. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, pp. 7082.Google Scholar
Eddington, D. (2011). What are the Contextual Phonetic Variants of /β ð ɣ/ in Colloquial Spanish? Probus, 23, 119.Google Scholar
Erker, D. (2010). A Subsegmental Approach to Coda /s/ Weakening in Dominican Spanish. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 203, 926.Google Scholar
Face, T. (2008). Guide to the Phonetic Symbols of Spanish. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla.Google Scholar
File-Muriel, R. (2009). The Role of Lexical Frequency in the Weakening of Syllable-Final Lexical /s/ in the Spanish of Barranquilla, Colombia. Hispania, 92, 348360.Google Scholar
Fontanella de Weinberg, M. B. (1995). El rehilamiento bonaerense del siglo XIX, nuevamente considerado. Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica, 43 (1), 115.Google Scholar
García, C. (2015). Production and Perception of Intervocalic Sibilant Voicing in Highland Ecuadorian Spanish (Doctoral dissertation). The Ohio State University.Google Scholar
Gerfen, C. (2002). Andalusian Codas. Probus, 14 (2), 303333.Google Scholar
Goldsmith, J. (1981). Subsegmentals in Spanish Phonology: An Autosegmental Approach. In Napoli, D. (ed.), Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, pp. 116.Google Scholar
Gómez, R. and Molina-Martos, I. (2013). Variación yeísta en el mundo hispánico. Madrid: Iberoamericana.Google Scholar
González, C. (2002). Phonetic Variation in Voiced Obstruents in North–Central Peninsular Spanish. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 32, 1731.Google Scholar
González, C. (2006). Efecto de la posición en la oración y la frecuencia léxica en /d/ final en español del País Vasco. In Face, T. and Klee, C. (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 8th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, pp. 89102.Google Scholar
Gonzalez, C. (2014). Prevocalic Fronting in Chilean and Proto-Romance. In Côte, M. H. and Mathieu, E. (eds.), Variation within and across Romance Languages. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins, pp. 277295.Google Scholar
Guitart, J. M. (1976). Markedness in a Cuban Dialect of Spanish. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Harris, J. W. (1969). Spanish Phonology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Harris, J. W. (1983). Syllable Structure and Stress in Spanish. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Harris, J. W. (1984a). La espirantización en castellano y la representación fonológica autosegmental. In Departament de Filologia Hispànica (ed.), Estudis Gramaticals 1. Working Papers in Linguistics. Barcelona: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, pp. 149167.Google Scholar
Harris, J. W. (1984b). Autosegmental Phonology, Lexical Phonology, and Spanish Nasals. In Aronoff, M. and Oehrle, R. (eds.), Language Sound Structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 6782.Google Scholar
Harris, J. W. and Kaisse, E. (1999). Palatal Vowels, Glides and Obstruents in Argentinian Spanish. Phonology, 16, 117190.Google Scholar
Hernández-Campoy, J. M. and Villena Ponsoda, J. A. (2009). Standardness and Nonstandardness in Spain: Dialect Attrition and Revitalization of Regional Dialects of Spanish. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 196–197, 181214.Google Scholar
Hualde, J. I. (1989a). Procesos consonánticos y estructuras geométricas en español. Lingüística ALFAL, 1, 744.Google Scholar
Hualde, J. I. 1989b. Delinking Processes in Romance. In Kirschner, C. and DeCesaris, J. A. (eds.), Studies in Romance Linguistics: Selected Proceedings from the 17th Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins, pp. 177193.Google Scholar
Hualde, J. I. 1997. Spanish /i/ and Related Sounds: An Exercise in Phonemic Analysis. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, 27 (2), 6179.Google Scholar
Hualde, J. I. (2004). Quasi-Phonemic Contrasts in Spanish. In Chand, V., Kelleher, A., Rodríguez, A., and Schmeiser, B. (eds.), Proceedings of the 23rd West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, pp. 374398.Google Scholar
Hualde, J. I. (2005). The Sounds of Spanish. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hualde, J. I., Simonet, M., and Nadeu, M. (2011). Consonant Lenition and Phonological Recategorization. Laboratory Phonology, 2 (2), 301329.Google Scholar
Jiménez Sabater, M. (1975). Más datos sobre el español en la República Dominicana. Santo Domingo: Ediciones Intec.Google Scholar
Keating, P. (1988). Underspecification in Phonetics. Phonology, 5, 275292.Google Scholar
King, C. (2009). Language Attitudes toward Devoicing among Young Adults in Buenos Aires (Honors thesis). The Ohio State University.Google Scholar
Kochetov, A. and Colantoni, L. (2011). Spanish Nasal Assimilation Revisited: A Cross-Dialect Electropalatographic Study. Laboratory Phonology, 2, 487523.Google Scholar
Ladefoged, P. and Johnson, K.. (2014). A Course in Phonetics (7th edn). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.Google Scholar
Ladefoged, P. and Maddieson, I.. (1996). The Sounds of the World’s Languages. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Lenz, R. (1940). El español en Chile. Buenos Aires: Imprenta de la Universidad de Buenos Aires.Google Scholar
Lewis, A. M. (2001). Weakening of Intervocalic /p,t,k/ in Two Spanish Dialects: Toward the Quantification of Lenition Processes (Doctoral dissertation). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.Google Scholar
Lipski, J. (1985). The Spanish of Equatorial Guinea: The Dialect of Malabo and its Implications for Spanish Dialectology. Tübingen: M. Niemeyer.Google Scholar
Lipski, J. (1994). Latin American Spanish. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Lopez Alonzo, K. (2016). La producción de las róticas en el español de Bluefields, Nicaragua, una comunidad multilingüe en situación de contacto (Doctoral dissertation). The Ohio State University.Google Scholar
López Morales, H. (1983). Lateralización de /-r/ en el español de Puerto Rico. In Philologia Hispanensia in honorem Manuel Alvar. Madrid: Gredos, pp. 387398.Google Scholar
Lozano, M. C. (1979). Stop and Spirant Alternations: Fortition and Spirantization Processes in Spanish Phonology (Doctoral dissertation). Indiana University.Google Scholar
Martín Butragueño, P. (2013). Estructura del yeísmo en la geografía fónica de México. In Gómez, R. and Molina-Martos, I. (eds.), Variación yeísta en el mundo hispánico. Madrid: Iberoamericana, pp. 168206.Google Scholar
Martínez Celdrán, E. (2009). Sonorización de las oclusivas sordas de una hablante murciana: Problemas que plantea. Estudios de Fonética Experimental, 28, 253271.Google Scholar
Martínez Celdrán, E. (2013). Caracterización acústica de las aproximantes espirantes en español. Estudios de Fonética Experimental, 32, 1135.Google Scholar
Martínez Celdrán, E. and Fernández Planas, A. M. (2007). Manual de fonética española. Barcelona: Ariel Lingüística.Google Scholar
Martínez-Celdrán, E., Fernández-Planas, A. M., and Carrera-Sabaté, J. (2003). Spanish. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2), 255260.Google Scholar
Martínez-Gil, F. (1991). The Insert/Delete Parameter, Redundancy Rules, and Neutralization Processes in Spanish. In Campos, H. and Martínez-Gil, F. (eds.), Current Studies in Spanish Linguistics. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, pp. 495571.Google Scholar
Martínez-Gil, F. (2003). Resolving Rule-Ordering Paradoxes of Serial Derivations: An Optimality Theoretical Account of the Interaction of Spirantization and Voicing Assimilation in Peninsular Spanish. In Kempchinsky, P. and Piñeros, C. E. (eds.), Theory, Practice and Acquisition. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, pp. 4067.Google Scholar
Martínez-Gil, F. (2012). Main Phonological Processes. In Hualde, J. I., Olarrea, A., and O’Rourke, E. (eds.), The Handbook of Spanish Linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 111132.Google Scholar
Mascaró, J. (1991). Iberian Spirantization and Continuant Spreading. Catalan Working Papers in Linguistics, 1, 167179.Google Scholar
Michnowicz, J. (2008). Final Nasal Variation in Merida, Yucatan. Spanish in Context, 5 (2), 278303.Google Scholar
Michnowicz, J. (2009). Intervocalic Voiced Stops in Yucatan Spanish: A Case of Contact Induced Language Change? In Lacorte, M. and Leeman, J. (eds.), Español en Estados Unidos y en otros contextos de contacto: Sociolingüística, ideología y pedagogía. Madrid: Iberoamericana, pp. 6784.Google Scholar
Michnowicz, J. (2011). Dialect Standardization in Merida, Yucatan: The Case of /bdg/. Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana, 18, 191212.Google Scholar
Moreno de Alba, J. G. (1994). La pronunciación del español en México. Mexico City: El Colegio de México, Serie de Estudios de Dialectología Mexicana.Google Scholar
Moreno-Fernández, F. (2009). La lengua española en sus geografías. Madrid: Arco/Libros.Google Scholar
Morgan, T. A. (1998). The Linguistic Parameters of /s/-Insertion in Dominican Spanish: A Case Study in Qualitative Hypercorrection. In Gutierrez-Rexach, J. and del Valle, J. (eds.), Proceedings of the 1st Hispanic Linguistics Colloquium. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University, pp. 7996.Google Scholar
Morgan, T. (2010). Sonidos en contexto. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Nadeu, M. and Hualde, J. I. (2015). Biomechanically-Conditioned Variation at the Origin of Diachronic Intervocalic Voicing. Language and Speech, 58 (3), 351370.Google Scholar
Navarro Tomás, T. (1948). El español en Puerto Rico. San Juan: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico.Google Scholar
Navarro Tomás, T. (1977). Manual de pronunciación española (19th edn). Madrid: CSIC, Instituto “Miguel de Cervantes.”Google Scholar
O’Brien, V. (2013). Rhotic Production and Contrast in Equatorian Guinean Spanish (M.A. paper). The Ohio State UniversityGoogle Scholar
O’Rourke, E. and Fafulas, S. (2015). Spanish in Contact in the Peruvian Amazon: An Examination of Intervocalic Voiced Stops. In Willis, E. et al. (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Laboratory Approaches to Romance Phonology. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, pp. 145162.Google Scholar
Oroz, R. (1966). La lengua castellana en Chile. Santiago de Chile: Imprenta de la Universidad de Chile.Google Scholar
Ortega-Llebaria, M. (2004). Interplay between Phonetic and Inventory Constraints in the Degree of Spirantization of Voiced Stops: Comparing Intervocalic / b/ and Intervocalic /g/ in Spanish and English. In Face, T. (ed.), Laboratory Approaches to Spanish Phonology. Berlin and New York: De Gruyter, pp. 237253.Google Scholar
Parrell, B. (2012). The Role of Gestural Phasing in Western Andalusian Spanish Aspiration. Journal of Phonetics, 40 (1), 3745.Google Scholar
Penny, R. (2000). Variation and Change in Spanish. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Piñeros, C. E. (2002). Markedness and Laziness in Spanish Obstruents. Lingua, 112, 379413.Google Scholar
Piñeros, C. E. (2006). The Phonology of Nasal Consonants in Five Spanish Dialects. In Martínez-Gil, F. and Colina, S. (eds.), Optimality-Theoretic Studies in Spanish Phonology. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 146171.Google Scholar
Quesado Pacheco, M. A. (ed.) (2010). El español hablado en América Central. Madrid: Iberoamericana.Google Scholar
Quilis, A. (1993). Tratado de fonología y fonética españolas. Madrid: Gredos.Google Scholar
Ramos-Pellicia, M. F. (2007). Lorain Puerto Rican Spanish and “r” in Three Generations. In Holmquist, J., Lorenzino, A., and Sayahi, L. (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, pp. 5360.Google Scholar
Ramsammy, M. (2011). An Acoustic Investigation of Nasal Place Neutralisation in Spanish: Default Place Assignment and Phonetic Underspecification. In Herschensohn, J. (ed.), Romance Linguistics 2010. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 3348.Google Scholar
Ramsammy, M. (2013). Word-Final Nasal Velarisation in Spanish. Journal of Linguistics, 49, 215255.Google Scholar
Rohena-Madrazo, M. (2011). Sociophonetic Variation in the Production and Perception of Obstruent Voicing in Buenos Aires Spanish (Doctoral dissertation). New York University.Google Scholar
Rohena-Madrazo, M. (2015). Diagnosing the Completion of a Sound Change: Phonetic and Phonological Evidence for /ʃ/ in Buenos Aires Spanish. Language Variation and Change, 27, 287317.Google Scholar
Schmidt, L. B. (2011). Acquisition of Dialectal Variation in a Second Language: L2 Perception of Aspiration of Spanish /s/ (Doctoral dissertation). Indiana University.Google Scholar
Schmidt, L. B. (2013). Regional Variation in the Perception of Sociophonetic Variants of Spanish /s/. In Beaudrie, S. and Carvalho, A. (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, pp. 189202.Google Scholar
Schmidt, L. B. and Willis, E. (2011). Voicing Assimilation of Spanish /s/ in Mexico City. In Alvord, S. (ed.), Selected Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Laboratory Approaches to Romance Phonology. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, pp. 120.Google Scholar
Simonet, M., Rohena-Madrazo, M., and Paz, M. (2008). Preliminary Evidence of Incomplete Neutralization of Coda Liquids in Puerto Rican Spanish. In Colantoni, L. and Steele, J. (eds.), Laboratory Approaches to Spanish Phonology III. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, pp. 7286.Google Scholar
Terrell, T. D. (1979). Final /s/ in Cuban Spanish. Hispania, 62, 599612.Google Scholar
Terrell, T. (1986). La desaparición de /s/ posnuclear a nivel léxico en el habla dominicana. In Núñez Cedeño, R., Páez Urdaneta, I., and Guitart, J. (eds.), Estudios sobre la fonología del español del Caribe. Caracas: La Casa de Bello, pp. 117134.Google Scholar
Torreira, F. (2012). Investigating the Nature of Aspirated Stops in Western Andalusian Spanish. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42, 4963.Google Scholar
Torreira, F. and Ernestus, M. (2011). Realization of Voiceless Stops and Vowels in Conversational French and Spanish. Laboratory Phonology, 2 (2), 331353.Google Scholar
Torreira, F. and Ernestus, M. (2012). Weakening of Intervocalic /s/ in the Nijmegen Corpus of Casual Spanish. Phonetica, 69, 124148.Google Scholar
Whitley, M. S. (1995). Spanish Glides, Hiatus, and Conjunction Lowering. Hispanic Linguistics, 6/7, 355385.Google Scholar
Willis, E. (2007). An Acoustic Study of the “Pre-Aspirated Trill” in Narrative Cibaeño Dominican Spanish. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37, 3349.Google Scholar
Wolf, C. and Jiménez, E. (1979). El ensordecimiento del yeísmo porteño. In Barrenechea, A. M., (ed.), Estudios lingüísticos y dialectológicos. Buenos Aires: Hachette, pp. 115145.Google Scholar
Zampaulo, A. (2013). When Synchrony Meets Diachrony: (Alveolo)palatal Sound Patterns in Spanish and other Romance Languages (Doctoral dissertation). The Ohio State University.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×