Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 4
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
December 2017
Print publication year:
2017
Online ISBN:
9781108332859

Book description

Many countries in the Arab world have incorporated Islam into their state- and nation-building projects, naming it the 'religion of the state'. Regulating Islam offers an empirically rich account of how and why two contemporary Arab states, Morocco and Tunisia, have sought to regulate religious institutions and discourse. Drawing on a range of previously unexamined sources, Sarah J. Feuer traces and analyzes the efforts of Moroccan and Tunisian policymakers to regulate Islamic education as part of the respective regimes' broader survival strategies since their independence from French rule in 1956. Out of the comparative case study emerges a compelling theory to account for the complexities of religion-state dynamics across the Arab world today, highlighting the combined effect of ideological, political, and institutional factors on religious regulation in North Africa and the Middle East. The book makes an important and timely contribution to the on-going scholarly and policy debates concerning religion, politics, and authoritarian governance in the post-uprisings Arab landscape.

Reviews

‘The apposite institutionalization of religion poses a political quandary for many states in the Arab world. Regulating Islam deftly explores a cocktail of three factors: ideology, political opponent profile, and institutional endowment that interact to shape the state's stance on religion. Tracing the evolution in state policy on religious education in Morocco and Tunisia over the past 60 years, Feuer accounts for the variation found in these policies across time and case, explains paradoxical outcomes (e.g. traditionally-minded states that choose to reduce state support for religion) and introduces new concepts such as ‘identity bargaining' where political leaders, faced with daunting political and resource constraints, ‘split the difference' between linguistic and religious dimensions of identity, and ultimately privilege an emphasis on Islam in the state educational system. An enlightening contribution to the politics of religion in the Arab world and beyond.'

Eva Bellin - Myra and Robert Kraft Professor of Arab Politics, Crown Center for Middle East Studies, Brandeis University, Massachusetts

‘Sarah J. Feuer combines theoretical sophistication with extensive fieldwork in Morocco and Tunisia to bring new insight into how governments regulate religion in general and religious education in particular. First she demonstrates that existing theories, while providing insight, fail to fully explain Tunisia and Morocco. She then weaves an intricate yet accessible and understandable theory based on the interaction between a government's ideology, its institutional strength, and the nature of its opposition to explain how governments formulate religion policy. This thoughtful and insightful book will influence how we think about religion policy well beyond Morocco and Tunisia.'

Jonathan Fox - Yehuda Avner Professor of Religion and Politics, Bar Ilan University, Israel

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
×

Contents

Bibliography

Publications

Abdel Moula, Mahmoud. “L'université zaytounienne et la société tunisienne.” Doctoral Dissertation, La Sorbonne: Paris, France, 1967.
Abdesselem, Ahmed. “Tunisia.” Yearbook on Education. Geneva: International Bureau of Education, 1959.
Abun-Naser, Jamil. “The Salafiyya Movement in Morocco: The Religious Bases of the Moroccan Nationalist Movement.” St. Anthony's Papers 16 (1963): 90105.
Adam, André. “Chronique Sociale et Culturelle: Maroc.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 3 (1964): 194219.
Adam, André. “Chronique Sociale et Culturelle: Maroc.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 4 (1965): 239–67.
Adam, André. “Chronique Sociale et Culturelle: Maroc.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 5 (1966): 322–34.
Al-Ashhab, Muhammad. “al-Maghreb Yuqar Khitat al-Islah al-Taʿlim wa Istratejiyya li-l-Tanmiyya fi-l-Sahra [Morocco Announces an Education Reform Plan and Development Strategy in the Sahara].” Al-Hayat, February 8, 2016.
al-Awqaf al-Tunisiyya Tanfi Naytiha Tawhid Khutbat al-Jumʿa [Tunisian Ministry of Endowments Denies Intention to Unify Friday Sermons].” Al-Sharq, February 3, 2014.
Al-Jazairy, Muhammad. “Salafism in Tunisia: A Brief History.” Asharq al-Awsat (English Edition), August 5, 2012.
al-Qudaʾ al-Tunisi Yuqar bi-Istiqlaliat Jamʿa al-Zaytuna ʿan Hukumat al-Jebali, [Tunisian Judiciary Recognizes Independence of the Zaytuna Mosque under the Jebali Government].” France 24, August 18, 2012.
Anderson, Betty S.Writing the Nation: Textbooks of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 21 (2001): 114.
Ayachi, Mokhtar. Écoles et Société en Tunisie 1930–1958. Tunis: Cahiers du Centre d'Études et de Recherches Economiques et Sociales, 2003.
Bahi, Sonia. “Attaque de Sousse: Les Dix Mesures Prises par le Gouvernement,” Webdo.Tn, June 27, 2015.
Bank, Andre, Richter, Thomas, and Sunik, Anna, “Long-term Monarchical Survival in the Middle East: A Configurational Comparison, 1945–2012,” Democratization 22 (2015): 179200.
Baskan, Birol. “The State in the Pulpit: State Incorporation of Religious Institutions in the Middle East.” Politics and Religion 4 (2011): 136–53.
Baskan, Birol. “State Secularization and Religious Resurgence: Diverging Fates of Secularism in Turkey and Iran.” Politics and Religion 27 (2014): 2850.
Beck, Colin J.State Building as a Source of Islamic Political Organization.” Sociological Forum 24 (2009): 337–56.
Ben Abdeljelil, Moncef. “al-Taʿlim al-Dini bi-Jamiʿat al-Zaytuna Hadiran [Religious Education in the Modern Zaytuna University].” In Kayfa Yudarris al-Din al-Yawm? [How Do We Teach Religion Today?]. Casablanca: King Abdul-Aziz Al Saoud Foundation for Islamic Studies and Human Sciences, 2004.
Ben Bouazza, Bouazza. “Ex-Tunisian Leader Habib Bourguiba Dies,” The Washington Post, April 7, 2000.
Ben Dhiaf, Issa. “Chronique Politique: Tunisie.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 15 (1976): 381408.
Ben Dhiaf, Issa. “Chronique Politique: Tunisie.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 17 (1978): 411–32.
Ben Dhiaf, Issa. “Chronique Politique: Tunisie.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 19 (1980): 577601.
Ben Dhiaf, Issa. “Chronique Politique: Tunisie.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 20 (1981): 583627.
Buehler, Matt. “The Threat to ‘Un-moderate’: Moroccan Islamists and the Arab Spring.” Middle East Law and Governance 5, no. 3 (2013): 231–57.
Bouzoubaa, Khadija. “Renover le préscolaire coranique au maroc.” In Tradition et Innovation dans l’Éducation Préscolaire, edited by Rayna, Sylvie and Brougère, Gilles. Paris: INRP-CRESAS, 2000, 119.
Bras, Jean-Philippe. “Chronique Politique: Tunisie.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 23 (1984): 957–92.
Brouksy, Omar. “La fausse réforme de l'éducation islamique enseignée aux enfants marocains,” Le Monde, July 15, 2016.
Brouksy, Omar. “Le Maroc enterre trente ans d'arabisation pour retourner au français,” Le Monde, February 19, 2016.
Brown, Carl L.Tunisia: Education, 'Cultural Unity,’ and the Future.” In Man, State, and Society in the Contemporary Maghrib, edited by Zartman, William I.. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1973.
Burke III, Edmund. Prelude to Protectorate in Morocco: Precolonial Protest and Resistance, 1860–1912. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1976.
Camau, Michel. “Le Discours Politique de Légitimité des Elites Tunisiennes.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 10 (1971): 2568.
Camau, Michel. “Chronique Politique: Tunisie.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 12 (1973): 411–36.
Camau, Michel, and Geisser, Vincent, eds. Habib Bourguiba, la Trace et l'Héritage. Paris: Karthala, 2004.
Casanova, Jose. Public Religions in the Modern World. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press, 1994.
Charfi, Mohamed. “Interview.” Jeune Afrique, April 30, 1990.
Charfi, Mohamed. Islam and Liberty: The Historical Misunderstanding. London: Zed Books, 2005.
Charfi, Mohamed, and Redissi, Hamadi. “Teaching Tolerance and Open-Minded Approaches to Understanding Sacred Texts.” In International Perspectives on the Goals of Universal Basic and Secondary Education, edited by Cohen, Joel E. and Malin, Martin E.. New York: Routledge, 2010.
Charrad, Mounira. “Policy Shifts: State, Islam and Gender in Tunisia, 1930s–1990s.” Social Politics 4, no. 2 (1997): 284319.
Charrad, Mounira. States and Women's Rights: The Making of Postcolonial Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2001.
Chekroun, Mohamed. “Système d'Enseignement et Education Religieuse au Maroc,” Vol. 22. Série Colloques et Séminaires. Rabat: Publications de la Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines, 1992.
Chennoufi, Ali. “Etudes: l'Enseignement au Maghreb.” Revue Maghreb Machrek 78 (1977): 61–9.
Cohen, David K., and Moffitt, Susan L., eds. The Ordeal of Equality: Did Federal Regulation Fix the Schools? Cambridge, MA: President and Fellows of Harvard College, 2009.
Communiqué du ‘Mouvement de La Tendance Islamique’.” Le Maghreb, June 13, 1981.
Cremin, Lawrence. American Education, the National Experience: 1783–1876. New York: Harper & Row, 1980.
Dahmani, Abdelaziz, and Belhassen, Souhayr. “Interview with Mohamed Mzali.” Jeune Afrique, May 30, 1979.
Dahmani, Frida. “Tunisie: Fermeture des Ecoles Coraniques ne Bénéficiant pas d'Autorisation,” Jeune Afrique, February 2, 2016.
Damis, John. “The Origins and Significance of the Free School Movement in Morocco, 1919–1931.” Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de La Méditerranée 19 (1975): 7599.
Daoud, Zakya. “Chronique Tunisienne.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 28 (1989): 679712.
De Saenger, Béatrice. “Chronique Politique: Tunisie.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 9 (1970): 271–8.
De Saenger, Béatrice. “Chronique Politique: Tunisie.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 11 (1972): 331–40.
Eickelman, Dale F.The Art of Memory: Islamic Education and Its Social Reproduction.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 20, no. 4 (1978): 485516.
Eickelman, Dale F. “Madrassas in Morocco: Their Vanishing Public Role.” In Schooling Islam: The Culture and Politics of Modern Muslim Education, edited by Hefner, Robert W. and Zaman, Muhammad Qasim. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007.
Elahmadi, Mohsine. La Monarchie et l'Islam. Casablanca: Ittissalat Salon, 2006.
El Ayadi, Mohammed. “De L'Enseignement Religieux.” Prologues: Revue Maghrébine du Livre 21 (2001): 3244.
El Ayadi, Mohammed. “Entre Islam et Islamisme: La Religion Dans L'école Publique Marocaine.” Revue Internationale d’Éducation de Sèvres 36 (2004): 111–21.
El Katiri, Mohammed. “The Institutionalisation of Religious Affairs: Religious Reform in Morocco.” Journal of North African Studies 18, no. 1 (2013): 5369.
El Mansour, Mohamed. “Salafis and Modernists in the Moroccan Nationalist Movement.” In Islamism and Secularism in North Africa, edited by Ruedy, John, 5371. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994.
Ennaji, Moha. Multilingualism, Cultural Identity, and Education in Morocco. New York: Springer, 2005.
Entelis, John P. Comparative Politics of North Africa. Syracuse, NY: University of Syracuse Press, 1980.
Felk, Abdellatif. “Idéal Éthique et Discours d'Orthodoxie dans l'Enseignement Marocain.” Bulletin Economique et Social du Maroc 157 (1986): 170–8.
Fetzer, Joel, and Soper, J. Christopher. Muslims and the State in Britain, France and Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Fougère, Louis. “La Constitution Marocaine du 7 Décembre 1962.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 1 (1962): 155–65.
Fox, Jonathan. A World Survey of Religion and the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Frégosi, Franck and Zeghal, Malika. “Religion et Politique Au Maghreb: Les Exemples Tunisien et Marocain.” Institut Français Des Relations Internationales, Policy Paper, 11 (2005): 151.
Fuller, Graham. The Future of Political Islam. New York: Palgrave, 2003.
Gause III, F. Gregory. “Kings for All Seasons: How the Middle East's Monarchies Survived the Arab Spring.” Brookings Doha Center, Analysis Paper 8 (2013): 133.
Geertz, Clifford. Islam Observed: Religious Developments in Morocco and Indonesia. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1971.
Geisser, Vincent, and Gobe, Éric. “Tunisie: Consolidation Autoritaire et Processus Électoraux.” L'Année du Maghreb 2004, CNRS Editions, 1 (2006): 323–60.
Gharbi, Ayman. “Tunisie: Mosquées Hors de Contrôle, Radicalisation en Prison et Port du Niqab: Les Mesures de Othman Batikh Contre le Terrorisme,” HuffPost Tunisie, March 31, 2015.
Gill, Anthony. “Rendering Unto Caesar? Religious Competition and Catholic Political Strategy in Latin America, 1962–79.” American Journal of Political Science 38 (1994): 403–25.
Gill, Anthony. Rendering Unto Caesar: The Catholic Church and the State in Latin America. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1998.
Gill, Anthony. The Political Origins of Religious Liberty. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Gourdon, J.Chronique Politique: Maroc.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 10 (1971): 322–34.
Granai, Georges and Adam, André. “Chronique Sociale et Culturelle, Algerie-Maroc-Tunisie.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 1 (1962): 539–85.
Haykel, Bernard, Hegghammer, Thomas, and Lacroix, Stephane. Saudi Arabia in Transition: Insights on Social, Political, Economic and Religious Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
Hefner, Robert W. and Zaman, Muhammad Qasim, eds. Schooling Islam: The Culture and Politics of Modern Muslim Education. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007.
Herb, Michael. “Monarchism Matters.” Foreign Policy, November 26, 2012.
Hermassi, Abdelbaki (Elbaki). Leadership and National Development in North Africa. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1972.
Hermassi, AbdelbakiL'État Tunisien et Le Mouvement Islamiste [The Tunisian State and the Islamist Movement].” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 28 (1989): 297308.
Hermassi, AbdelbakiThe Political and the Religious in the Modern History of the Maghreb.” In Islamism and Secularism in North Africa, edited by Ruedy, John, 8799. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994.
Heydemann, Steven. “Upgrading Authoritarianism in the Arab World,” Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, Analysis Paper No. 13 (2007): 135.
Hibou, Béatrice. The Force of Obedience: The Political Economy of Repression in Tunisia. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2011.
Howe, Marvine. Morocco: The Islamist Awakening and Other Challenges. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Human Rights Watch. Morocco: Human Rights at a Crossroads. 2004. www.hrw.org/reports/2004/morocco1004/morocco1004.pdf.
International Bureau of Education. Rapport Présenté à la 43ème Session de la Conférence Internationale de l’Éducation Genève Rabat/Geneva: UNESCO, 1994.
International Bureau of Education (UNESCO). “Maroc,” Données Mondiales de l'Education 7e édition, (2010/2011), 135.
International Crisis Group, “La Tunisie des frontières (II): terrorisme et polarization régionale,” Briefing Moyen-Orient et Afrique du Nord N. 41 (Tunis/Brussels, 21 October 2014), pp. 119.
International Republican Institute. IRI Poll: Tunisia's Democratic Transition at a Crossroads, August 19, 2014.
Santucci, Jean-Claude and Flory, Maurice. “Documents: Tunisie.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 11 (1972): 817–54.
Jebnoun, Noureddin. “Salafi Trouble in Tunisia's Transition,” Jadaliyya, June 13, 2012.
Josua, Maria. “Co-optation Reconsidered: Authoritarian Regime Legitimation Strategies in the Jordanian ‘Arab Spring’,” Middle East Law and Governance 8 (2016): 3256.
Juergensmeyer, Mark. The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1993.
Kaestle, Carl F. Pillars of the Republic: Common Schools and American Society, 1780–1860. New York: Hill and Wang, 1983.
Kalyvas, Stathis. The Rise of Christian Democracy in Europe. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996.
Kaplan, Sam. The Pedagogical State: Education and the Politics of National Culture in Post-1980 Turkey. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006.
Keddie, Nikki R.Secularism and the State: Towards Clarity and Global Comparison.” New Left Review 1, no. 226 (1997): 2140.
Keddie, Nikki R.The New Religious Politics: Where, When, and Why Do 'Fundamentalisms' Appear?Comparative Studies in Society and History 40, no. 4 (1998): 696723.
Khtou, Hssein. Reforms in the Religious Sphere and Their Educational Repercussions Vis-À-Vis Islamic Schools: The Case of Dar El Hadith El Hassania Institution in Morocco. Unpublished report. Rabat: Dar al-Hadith al-Hassaniyya, 2012.
Koenig, Matthias. “Politics and Religion in European Nation-States: Institutional Varieties and Contemporary Transformations.” In Religion and Politics: Cultural Perspectives, edited by Giesen, Bernhard and Suber, Daniel, 291315. Leiden: Brill, 2005.
Kuru, Ahmet. Secularism and State Policies toward Religion: The United States, France and Turkey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Essebsi, Béji Caid. “J'irai jusqu'au bout!Leaders. September 1, 2014.
Ladjili-Mouchette, Jeanne. “Le Kuttab et le Jardin d'Enfants en Tunisie.” In Les Institutions Traditionnelles dans le Monde Arabe, edited by Bleuchot, Hervé, 125–49. Paris: Karthala, 1996.
Larif-Béatrix, Asma. “Chronique Tunisienne.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 27 (1988): 743–57.
Larif-Béatrix, Asma. “Changement dans la Symbolique du Pouvoir en Tunisie.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 28 (1989): 141–51.
Le Tourneau, Roger. “Chronique Politique.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 2 (1963): 219–53.
Le Tourneau, Roger. “Chronique Politique.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 3 (1964): 111–41.
Le Tourneau, Roger. “Chronique Politique.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 4 (1965): 165–90.
Le Tourneau, Roger. “Chronique Politique.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 5 (1966): 237–57.
Le Tourneau, Roger. “Chronique Politique.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 6 (1967): 298318.
Le Tourneau, Roger. “Chronique Politique.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 7 (1968): 177–99.
Lelong, Michel. “Le Patrimoine Musulman dans l'Enseignement Tunisien Après l'Indépendance.” PhD Dissertation, Université de Provence I: Lille, France, 1971.
Lelong, Michel. “Les Évolutions Récentes de l'Enseignement Islamique en Tunisie.” Communiqué. Paris, 1973.
Lindsey, Ursula. “Private Universities in Morocco Aim to Fill Gap between Higher Education and Job Market,” Financial Times, November 23, 2015.
Mashruʿ Wizarat al-Awqaf wa-l-Shuʾun al-Islamiyya hawl al-Waqf … Tamuh Kabir Yahtaj ila Irada Siyasiyya li-l-Tafʿil [The Ministry of Pious Endowments and Islamic Affairs' Project for the Endowments: A Big Ambition that Will Need the Political Will to Implement].” al-Tajdid, January 20, 2004. Accessible at www.maghress.com/attajdid/15243.
Madani, Mohamed, Maghraoui, Driss, and Zerhouni, Saloua. The 2011 Moroccan Constitution: A Critical Analysis. Stockholm: International IDEA, 2012.
Maghraoui, Driss. “The Dynamics of Civil Society in Morocco.” In Political Participation in the Middle East, edited by Lust-Okar, Ellen and Zerhouni, Saloua. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2008.
Maghraoui, Driss. “The Strengths and Limits of Religious Reforms in Morocco.” Mediterranean Politics 14, no. 2 (2009): 195211.
Mahjar-Barducci, Anna. “Salafists in Tunisia,” Gatestone Institute International Policy Council, February 23, 2012.
Mahjoubi, Ali. “La Réforme de l'Enseignement en Tunisie (1989–1994) [Education reforms in Tunisia (1989–1994)].” Attariq Aljadid, June 5, 2010.
Malka, Haim. “Tunisia: Confronting Extremism,” in Religious Radicalism after the Arab Uprisings. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2014.
Mandaville, Peter. Global Political Islam. London: Routledge, 2007.
Mann, Michael. “The Autonomous Power of the State: Its Origins, Mechanisms and Results.” Archives Européennes de Sociologie [European Journal of Sociology] 25 (1984): 185213.
Marais, Octave. “L'élection de la Chambre de Représentants du Maroc.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 2 (1963): 85106.
Flory, Maurice and Miège, Jean-Louis. “Discours prononcé par sa majesté le Roi Hassan II le 3 Mars 1962.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 1 (1962): 755–63.
McCarthy, Rory. “Re-thinking Secularism in Post-Independence Tunisia.” The Journal of North African Studies 19 (2014): 733–50.
Meijer, Roel, ed. Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
Menashri, David. Education and the Making of Modern Iran. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992.
Messadi, Mahmoud. Nouvelle Conception de l'Enseignement en Tunisie. Tunis: Tunisian Ministry of Education, October 1958. File 1666. Tunisian National Archives.
Camau, Michel, Santucci, Jean-Claude and Flory, Maurice. “Documents: Tunisie.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 8 (1970): 849–86.
Migdal, Joel. State in Society: Studying How States and Societies Transform and Constitute One Another. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Miller, Susan Gilson. “Studying the State.” In Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture, and Structure, edited by Lichbach, Mark and Zuckerman, Alan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Miller, Susan Gilson. A History of Modern Morocco. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Monastiri, Taoufik. “Chronique Sociale et Culturelle: Tunisie.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 10 (1971): 424–43.
Monsma, Stephen V. and Soper, J. Christopher. The Challenge of Pluralism: Church and State in Five Democracies. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1997.
Moore, Clement Henry. “The Neo-Destour Party of Tunisia: A Structure for Democracy?World Politics 14, no. 3 (1962): 461–82.
Moore, Clement Henry. Tunisia since Independence: The Dynamics of One-Party Government. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1965.
Moore, Clement Henry. “Political Parties.” In Polity and Society in Contemporary North Africa, edited by Zartman, William I. and Habeeb, William Mark, 4267. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993.
Moroccan Ministry of Education. al-Madrassa al-Maghrebiyya: Asʾila wa Ruhanat [The Moroccan School: Questions and Stakes]. Rabat: Moroccan High Council of Education, 2009.
Moroccan Ministry of Education. Le Mouvement Educatif au Maroc, 1973–1974 et 1974–1975. Rabat: Moroccan High Council of Education, 1975.
Moroccan Ministry of Education. Le Mouvement Educatif au Maroc, 1975–1976 et 1976–1977. Rabat: Moroccan High Council of Education, 1977.
Moroccan Ministry of Education. Le Mouvement Educatif au Maroc, 1978–1979 et 1979–1980. Rabat: Moroccan High Council of Education, 1981.
Moroccan Ministry of Education. Harakat al-Taʿlim fi-l-Maghreb Khilal al-Fatra ma Bayna 1980–1981, 1983–1984 [The Progression of Education in Morocco during 1980–1981 and 1983–1984]. Rabat: Moroccan High Council of Education, 1985.
Moroccan Ministry of Education. Le Mouvement Educatif au Maroc Durant La Periode 1980–1981/1983–1984. Rabat: Moroccan High Council of Education, 1985.
Moroccan Ministry of Education. Le Mouvement Educatif au Maroc Durant la Période 1990–1991 et 1991–1992. Rabat: Moroccan High Council of Education, 1994.
Moroccan Ministry of Education. al-Wathiqa al-ʾItar al-Ikhtiyarat wa-l-Tawjihat al-Tarbawiyya [Document on the Framework of Educational Choices and Orientations]. Rabat: Moroccan High Council of Education, 2002.
Moroccan Ministry of Education. Aperçu Sur le Système Éducatif Marocain. Rabat: Moroccan High Council of Education, 2004.
Moroccan Ministry of Education. Daftir al-Tahamulat al-Khassa al-Mutaʿalaq bi-Taʾlif wa Intaj al-Kutub al-Madrassiyya: Kitab al-Talmidh wa Dalil al-Ustadh [Specifications for the Writing and Production of School Textbooks: Student's Workbook and Teacher's Manual]. Rabat: Moroccan High Council of Education, 2004.
Moroccan Ministry of Education. Daftir al-Tahamulat al-Khassa al-Mutaʿalaq bi-Taʾlif wa Intaj al-Kutub al-Madrassiyya [Specifications for the Writing and Production of School Textbooks]. Rabat: Moroccan High Council of Education, 2006.
Moroccan Ministry of Education. al-Tawjihat al-Tarbawiyya wa-l-Baramij al-Khassa bi-Tadris Mada al-Tarbiyya al-Islamiyya bi-Suluk al-Taʿlim al-Thanawi al-Taʾhili [Educational Orientations and Curricula for Islamic Education at the Secondary School Level]. Rabat: Moroccan High Council of Education, 2007.
Moroccan Ministry of Education. Rapport National Sur Le Developpement de l'Education, Préparé Pour La Conférence Internationale de l'Education 2008. Rabat: Moroccan High Council of Education, 2008.
Moroccan Ministry of Education. L’évaluation de l'Impact des Programmes de l’Éducation aux Droits Humains et à la Citoyenneté du Ministère de l'Education Nationale. Rabat: Moroccan High Council of Education, 2011.
Moroccan Ministry of Higher Education, Rapport National sur le Developpement de l'Education, Préparé Pour la Conférence Internationale de l'Education de 2008. Rabat: Moroccan Ministry of Higher Education, 2008.
Moroccan Ministry of Pious Endowments and Islamic Affairs. ʿAshar Sanawat min al-ʿAhad al-Muhammadi al-Zahir: IʿAdah Haykalat al-Haql al-Dini wa Tatwir al-Waqf [Ten Years of the Glorious Reign, 1999–2009: Reorganization of the Religious Realm and the Development of Pious Endowments]. Rabat: Moroccan Ministry of Pious Endowments and Islamic Affairs, 2012.
Moroccan Ministry of Pious Endowments and Islamic Affairs. al-Taʿlim al-ʿAtiq [Traditional Education] (Rabat, 2013).
Moroccan Ministry of Pious Endowments and Islamic Affairs. Mashruʿ al-Mayzaniyya al-Farʿiyya li-Sanat 2016 [Draft Budget for 2016] (Rabat, 2016).
Moroccan Special Commission on Education and Training. Charte Nationale d’Éducation et de Formation Rabat: Moroccan Special Commission on Education and Training, 2000.
Mouline, Nabil. The Clerics of Islam: Religious Authority and Political Power in Saudi Arabia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014.
Munson, Henry Jr.. Religion and Power in Morocco. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993.
Mzali, Mohamed. “Les Nouvelles Options de Notre Enseignement [The New Choices for our Education].” Tunis: Tunisian Ministry of Education, 1970.
Mzali, Mohamed. Un Premier Ministre de Bourguiba Témoigne. Paris: Jean Picollec, 2004.
Nasr, Sayyed Vali Reza. Islamic Leviathan: Islam and the Making of State Power. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Norris, Pippa and Inglehart, Ronald. Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Nouira, Asma. “al-Muʾasasat al-Islamiyya al-Rasmiyya fi Tunis min 1956 ila al-Yawm [Institutions of Official Islam in Tunisia from 1956 to the Present].” PhD Dissertation, University of Tunis, Tunis, 2008.
Ozgur, Iren. Islamic Schools in Modern Turkey: Faith, Politics, and Education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
Perkins, Kenneth. A History of Modern Tunisia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Pierret, Thomas. Religion and State in Syria: The Sunni Ulama from Coup to Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Rahmouni, Hassan, ed. La Grande Encyclopédie du Maroc. Rabat: 1988.
Sadiki, Larbi. “Ben Ali's Tunisia: Democracy by Non-Democratic Means.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 29, no. 1 (2002): 5778.
Santucci, Jean-Claude. “Chronique Politique: Maroc.” Annuaire de l'Afrique Du Nord 20 (1981): 567–82.
Santucci, Jean-Claude. “Chronique Politique: Maroc.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 23 (1984): 899942.
Sater, James. “The Dynamics of State and Civil Society in Morocco.” The Journal of North African Studies 7, no. 3 (2002): 101–18.
Scores Arrested after Tunis Art Riots,” Al-Jazeera. June 12, 2012.
Scott, James C. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998.
Scott, Rachel M.Managing Religion and Renegotiating the Secular: The Muslim Brotherhood and Defining the Religious Sphere.” Politics and Religion 7 (2014): 5178.
Segalla, Spencer D.French Colonial Education and Elite Moroccan Muslim Resistance, from the Treaty of Fes to the Berber Dahir.” The Journal of North African Studies 11, no. 1 (2006): 85106.
Segalla, Spencer D. The Moroccan Soul: French Education, Colonial Ethnology, and Muslim Resistance, 1912–1956. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009.
Shahin, Emad Eldin. “Secularism and Nationalism: The Political Discourse of ʿAbd Al-Salam Yassin.” In Islamism and Secularism in North Africa, edited by Ruedy, John, 167–86. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994.
Skocpol, Theda. “Bringing the State Back In: Strategies of Analysis in Current Research.” In Bringing the State Back In, edited by Skocpol, Theda, Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, and Evans, Peter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
Souali, Mohamed, and Merrouni, Mekki. “Question de L'enseignement Au Maroc.” Bulletin Economique et Social du Maroc 143–4 (1981): 1465.
Souriau, Christiane. “Quelques Données Comparatives Sur les Institutions Islamiques Actuelles du Maghreb.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 18 (1979): 341–79.
Sraieb, Noureddine. “Mutations et réformes de structures de l'enseignement en Tunisie.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 6 (1967): 45114.
Sraieb, Noureddine. “Chronique Sociale et Culturelle: Tunisie.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 9 (1970): 400–32.
Sraieb, Noureddine. “Politiques Culturelles Nationales et Unité Maghrébine.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 9 (1970): 101–27.
Sraieb, Noureddine. Colonisation, Décolonisation et Enseignement: l'Exemple Tunisien. Tunis: Publications de l'Institut National des Sciences de l'Education de Tunis, 1974.
Sraieb, Noureddine. “l'Idéologie de l'école en Tunisie Coloniale (1881–1945).” Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerranée 68–69 (1993): 239–54.
Stacher, Joshua. Adaptable Autocrats: Regime Power in Egypt and Syria. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2012.
Starrett, Gregory. Putting Islam to Work: Education, Politics and Religious Transformation in Egypt. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1998.
Storm, Lise. Party Politics and the Prospects for Democracy in North Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2014.
Talmoudi, Aida. “Min al-Katatib ila Riyad al-Aftal: Tatawur Muʾasasat Tarbawiyya ma Qabl al-Madrasiyya [From Kuttabs to Daycare Centers: The Development of Preschool Education in Tunisia].” Master's Thesis, University of Tunis, Tunis, 2013.
Tamer, Bashir. “al-Nizam al-Taʿlimi al-Maghrebi Khilal al-Qarn al-ʿAshrin: Ishkaliyyat al-Islah wa-l-Tatawur al-Kronologi [The Moroccan Educational System Throughout the Twentieth Century: Reforms and Chronology].” Al-Madrassa Al-Maghribiya, 1, 161–92. Rabat: Moroccan High Council of Education, 2009.
Tepe, Sultan. Beyond Sacred and Secular: Politics of Religion in Israel and Turkey. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2008.
The World Bank. Education Development in Morocco: Enhancing Educating Quality and Governance, April 15, 2014 www.worldbank.org/en/results/2014/04/15/education-development-in-morocco.
Tozy, Mohamed. “Islam et État au Maghreb.” Maghreb Machrek 126 (1989): 2546.
Tunisian Ministry of Education. “Statistique au 15 Novembre 1956: Tableau récapitulatif général.” Tunis, 1956. File OPF 46(1). Archives of the Tunisian Museum of National Education.
Tunisian Ministry of Education. Programmes Officiels de l'Enseignement Secondaire Fascicule VI: Instruction Civique et Religieuse. Tunis: Tunisian Ministry of Education, 1959.
Tunisian Ministry of Education. Programmes Officiels de l'Enseignement Secondaire, Fascicule XIV: Philosophie et Etude de la Pensée Islamique. Tunis: Tunisian Ministry of Education, 1963.
Tunisian Ministry of Education. Al-Ahdaf al-ʿAma li-l-Tarbiyya al-Islamiyya [General Goals of Islamic Education]. Tunis: Tunisian Ministry of Education, 1968.
Tunisian Ministry of Education. Programmes Officiels de l'Enseignement Du Second Cycle, Fascicule No. 6: Philosophie et Pensée Islamique. Tunis: Tunisian Ministry of Education, 1969.
Tunisian Ministry of Education. Al-Baramij al-Rasmiyya li-l-Taʿlim al-Thanawi: al-Tarbiyya al-Islamiyya wa-l-Wataniyya [Official High School Curricula: Islamic and Civic Education]. Curriculum. Tunis: Tunisian Ministry of Education, 1970a.
Tunisian Ministry of Education. Programmes Officiels de l'Enseignement, Fascicule No. 13: Philosophie et Pensée Islamique [Official Curricula, Part 13: Philosophy and Islamic Thought]. Tunis: Tunisian Ministry of Education, 1970b.
Tunisian Ministry of Education. Al-Taqrir al-Nihaʾi ʿan Iʿmal al-Lajna al-Qarah li-l-Falsafa al-ʿAma wa-l-Falsafa al-Islamiyya [Final Report of the Working Group on General and Islamic Philosophy]. Tunis: Tunisian Ministry of Education, 1972.
Tunisian Ministry of Education. Rapport Sur Le Mouvement Éducatif En Tunisie. Tunis: Tunisian Ministry of Education, 1977.
Tyack, David B. The One Best System: A History of American Urban Education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974.
Vermeren, Pierre. “Une Si Difficile Réforme: La Réforme de L'université Qarawiyyin de Fès Sous Le Protectorat Français Au Maroc, 1912–1956.” Cahiers de La Méditerranée 75 (2007): 119–32.
Wagner, Daniel A., and Lotfi, Abdelhamid. “Traditional Islamic Education in Morocco: Sociohistorical and Psychological Perspectives.” Comparative Education Review 24, no. 2 (1980): 238–51.
Waltz, Susan. “Islamist Appeal in Tunisia.” Middle East Journal 40, no. 4 (1986): 651–70.
Waltz, Susan. Human Rights and Reform: Changing the Face of North African Politics. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1995.
Warner, Carolyn. Confessions of an Interest Group: The Catholic Church and Political Parties in Europe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000.
Waterbury, John. The Commander of the Faithful: The Moroccan Political Elite – A Study in Segmented Politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 1970.
Wazir al-Shuʾun al-Diniyya: Hakadha tam Ikhtiyar al-90 Waʿizan li-Murafaqat al-Hajij [Minister of Religious Affairs: Ninety Preachers Chosen to Accompany Pilgrims].” Al-Sabah, August 26, 2014.
Weber, Eugen. Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1976.
Weber, Max. “Politics as a Vocation.” In Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, edited by Gerth, H.H. and Mills, C. Wright. New York: Oxford University Press, 1946.
Weber, Max. Economy and Society: An Interpretive Sociology. 4th ed. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1978.
Wegner, Eva. Islamist Opposition in Authoritarian Regimes: The Party of Justice and Development in Morocco. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2011.
Willis, Michael. “Between Alternance and the Makhzen: At-Tawhid wa Al-Islah's Entry into Moroccan Politics,” The Journal of North African Studies 4, no. 3 (1999): 4580.
Willis, Michael. “Political Parties in the Maghrib: Ideology and Identification. A Suggested Typology.” The Journal of North African Studies 7, no. 3 (2002): 128.
Willis, Michael. “Political Parties in the Maghrib: The Illusion of Significance?The Journal of North African Studies 7, no. 2 (2002): 122.
Wizarat al-Awqaf: Tarfaʿ Mayzaniat al-Taʿlim al-ʿAtiq min Thalathat Milayeen ila 300 Milayun Dirham,” [Ministry of Endowments: Increase in the budget for traditional education from 3 million to 300 million dirhams] PJD.ma, December 15, 2015.
Yom, Sean L. and Gause, F. Gregory III, “Resilient Royals: How Arab Monarchies Hang On,” Journal of Democracy 23 (2012): 7488.
Zeghal, Malika. “Religion et Politique au Maroc Aujourd'hui.” Institut Français des Relations Internationales, Working Paper, 2003.
Zeghal, Malika. Islamism in Morocco: Religion, Authoritarianism, and Electoral Politics. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2008.
Zeghal, Malika. “Public Institutions of Religious Education in Egypt and Tunisia: Contrasting the Post Colonial Reforms of Al-Azhar and the Zaytuna.” In Trajectories of Education in the Arab World: Legacies and Challenges, edited by Abi-Mershed, Osama, 111–24. New York: Routledge, 2010.
Zeghal, Malika. “Teaching Again at the Zaytuna Mosque in Tunisia,” On Islam and Politics, May 17, 2012.
Zeghal, Malika. “Constitutionalizing a Democratic Muslim State without Sharia: The Religious Establishment in the Tunisian 2014 Constitution,” In Sharia Law and Modern Muslim Ethics, edited by Hefner, Robert. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2015.
Zghal, Abdelkader. “Le Retour du Sacré et la Nouvelle Demande Idéologique des Jeunes Scolarisés.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 18 (1979): 4164.
Zghal, Abdelkader. “Le Concept de Société Civile et La Transition Vers Le Multipartisme.” Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 28 (1989): 207–28.

Regulations

Kingdom of Morocco. Dahir 1.15.71 of June 24, 2015. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of July 2, 2015, no. 6374, 3710–14.
Kingdom of Morocco. Dahir 1.14.103 of May 20, 2014. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of June 26, 2014, no. 6268, 5470–73.
Kingdom of Morocco. Decree 1.13.50 of May 2, 2013. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of May 20, 2013, no. 6153, 4196–98.
Kingdom of Morocco. Dahir 1.11.19 of March 1, 2011. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of March 3, 2011, no. 5922, 260–66.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ministerial Order 2836–09 of January 18, 2010. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of March 18, 2010, no. 5822, 258–9.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ministerial Decision 877.06 of May 3, 2006. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of August 21, 2006, no. 5449, 2086–7.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 1-05-159 of August 24, 2005. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of September 15, 2005, no. 5352, 643–7.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 1-03-300 of April 22, 2004. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of May 6, 2004, no. 5210, 698.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ordinance 763-04 of April 13, 2004. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of June 17, 2004, no. 5222, 916.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ordinance 1051 of March 3, 2004. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of May 6, 2004, no. 5210, 704.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 1-03-193 of December 4, 2003. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of January 1, 2004, no. 5174, 105–10.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ordinance 950-03 of May 8, 2003. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of October 2, 2003, no. 5148, 1213.
Kingdom of Morocco. Law 13.01 of January 29, 2002. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of February 21, 2002, no. 4980, 108–12.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ordinance 2070 of November 23, 2001. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of April 4, 2002, no. 4992, 259.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ordinance 1082 of June 20, 1997. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of August 7, 1997, no. 4506, 755.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ordinance 18-96 of January 12, 1996. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of February 15, 1996, no. 4352, 55.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ordinance 55-95 of June 20, 1995. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of August 2, 1995, no. 4318, 559.
Kingdom of Morocco. Decree 1-93-164 of November 8, 1993. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of November 2, 1994, no. 4279, 530.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ministerial Order 1643-92 of November 5, 1992. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of January 6, 1993, no. 4148, 8.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 2-88-293 of August 3, 1989. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of November 15, 1989, no. 4020, 1448–53.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ordinance 1446 of November 17, 1987. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of November 18, 1987, no. 3916, 370.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 2-84-142 of February 15, 1985. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of March 20, 1985, no. 3777, 161.
Kingdom of Morocco. Decree 1-84-150 of October 2, 1984. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of October 3, 1984, no. 3753, 386.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 2-82-319 of January 31, 1983. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of February 2, 1983, no. 3666, 158–64.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 1-80-270 of April 8, 1981. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of May 6, 1981, no. 3575, 231–2.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 2-79-637 of May 12, 1980. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of June 4, 1980, no. 3527, 380–2.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ministerial Order 1180-79 of January 11, 1980. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of April 30, 1980, no. 3522, 285.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ordinance 182-79 of February 1, 1979. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of March 21, 1979, no. 3464, 160.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 2-78-608 of January 25, 1979. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of January 31, 1979, no. 3457, 68–70.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 2-78-455 of September 28, 1978. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of October 4, 1978, no. 3440, 1099–101.
Kingdom of Morocco. Decree 2-76-313 of June 11, 1976. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of June 16, 1976, no. 3320, 718–20.
Kingdom of Morocco. Decree 1-75-300 of April 12, 1976. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of April 28, 1976, no. 3313, 529–30.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ministerial Order 633-75 of May 7, 1975. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of June 25, 1975, no. 3269, 824–5.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ordinance 26-74 of February 1, 1974. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of March 20, 1974, no. 3203, 376.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ministerial Order 332-72 of March 7, 1972. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of April 12, 1972, no. 3102, 604–5.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ordinance 500-71 of June 23, 1971. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of June 30, 1971, no. 3061, 732.
Kingdom of Morocco. Decree 2-70-455 of October 7, 1970. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of November 4, 1970, no. 3027, 1509–11.
Kingdom of Morocco. Decree 2-70-454 of October 7, 1970. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of November 4, 1970, no. 3027, 1507–9.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ministerial Order 326-64 of June 22, 1964. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of July 29, 1964, no. 2700, 908–10.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ordinance 315-64 of May 29, 1964. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of July 8, 1964, no. 2697, 841.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ministerial Orders of June 8, 1963. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of June 14, 1963, no. 2642, 949–53.
Kingdom of Morocco. Decree 2-62-621 of June 7, 1963. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of June 14, 1963, no. 2642, 949–53.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ordinance 219-63 of May 7, 1963. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of May 24, 1963, no. 2693, 750.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 1-62-249 of February 6, 1963. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of February 22, 1963, no. 2626, 260–1.
Kingdom of Morocco. Ordinance 039-63 of December 26, 1962. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of February 1, 1963, no. 2623, 178.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 2-60-374 of July 2, 1960. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of July 22, 1960, no. 2491, 1425.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 1-58-390 of July 21, 1959. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of August 7, 1959, no. 2441, 1326–7.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 1-59-049 of June 1, 1959. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of June 12, 1959, no. 2433, 987.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 2-57-1947 of January 15, 1958. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of March 14, 1958, no. 2368, 475–6.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 1-57-214 of December 16, 1957. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of January 10, 1958, no. 2359, 63–4.
Kingdom of Morocco. Royal Decree 2-57-0084 of March 14, 1957. In Bulletin Officiel du Royaume du Maroc of March 29, 1957, no. 2318, 417.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 2008-3542 of November 22, 2008. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of November 28, 2008, no. 96, 4001–2.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 2003-2411 of November 17, 2003. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of December 2, 2003, no. 96, 3489.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 2003-2082 of October 14, 2003. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of October 21, 2003, no. 84, 3146–50.
Republic of Tunisia. Ministerial Order of February 6, 1996. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of February 13, 1996, no. 13, 331–4.
Republic of Tunisia. Ministerial Order of November 3, 1995. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of November 17, 1995, no. 92, 2150–4.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 95-993 of June 5, 1995. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of June 9, 1995, no. 46, 1264–5.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 95-865 of May 8, 1995. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of May 19, 1995, no. 40, 1136–7.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 94-558 of March 17, 1994. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of March 25, 1994, no. 23, 494–5.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 93-1952 of August 31, 1993. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of October 1, 1993, no. 74, 1645–7.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 92-1180 of June 22, 1992. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of June 26, 1992, no. 41, 810.
Republic of Tunisia. Law 91-65 of July 29, 1991. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of August 6, 1991, no. 55, 1398.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 92-1183 of June 22, 1991. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of June 26, 1992, no. 41, 813.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 90-578 of March 30, 1990. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of April 17, 1990, no. 26, 515–17.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 89-1690 of November 8, 1989. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of November 17–21, 1989, no. 77, 1805–6.
Republic of Tunisia. Law 87-83 of December 31, 1987. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of December 29–31, 1987, no. 91, 1637.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 87-664 of April 22, 1987. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of April 28–May 1, 1987, no. 31, 575–6.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 86-532 of May 6, 1986. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of May 9, 1986, no. 30, 580.
Republic of Tunisia. Ministerial Order of April 21, 1981. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of April 28 – May 1, 1981, no. 29, 941–3.
Republic of Tunisia. Ordinance of April 16, 1981. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of April 24, 1981, no. 28, 904–9.
Republic of Tunisia. Order of the Prime Minister of September 6, 1980. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of September 16, 1980, no. 51, 2237–8.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 77-938 of November 17, 1977. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of November 22–25, 1977, no. 77, 3224–5.
Republic of Tunisia. Ministerial Order of October 30, 1976. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of November 5, 1976, no. 67, 2656–7.
Republic of Tunisia. Ministerial Order of June 6, 1973. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of June 8–12, 1973, no. 116, 918–20.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 67-345 of October 5, 1967. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of October 6–10, 1967, no. 43, 1252–3.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 66-151 of April 8, 1966. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of April 8–12, 1966, no. 17, 602–4.
Republic of Tunisia. Ministerial Order of August 9, 1965. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of August 6–10, 1965, no. 41, 986–7.
Republic of Tunisia. Ministerial Order of March 25, 1963. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of March 26–29, 1963, no. 15, 370–2.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 62-107 of April 6, 1962. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of April 6–10, 1962, no. 19, 390.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 61-357 of October 27, 1961. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of October 27–31, 1961, no. 46, 1388–9.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree 61-110 of March 1, 1961. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of March 3–7, 1961, no. 9, 354.
Republic of Tunisia. Law 58-118 of November 4, 1958. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of November 7, 1958, no. 89–102, 1056.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree of April 26, 1956. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of April 27, 1956, no. 34, 592.
Republic of Tunisia. Decree of March 29, 1956. In Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne of April 3, 1956, no. 27, 497–8.
Interviews (positions listed were at the time of interview)

Morocco

Abbadi, Ahmed, Secretary General of the League of Moroccan Ulama. Washington, DC, May 8, 2015.
Kacem, Samir Abu, Office of Curricula at the Ministry of Education, former member of Islamic Education reform committee. Rabat, December 18, 2012.
Zahir, Hassan Al, Dean of Sharia College, Qarawiyyin University. Fes, December 31, 2012.
Anonymous, Student at Dar al-Hadith al-Hassaniyya. Rabat, January 6, 2016, October 7, 2015, and December 1, 2016.
Benabdallaoui, Mokhtar, Professor at Hassan II University and former member of Islamic education reform committee. Casablanca, December 15, 2012.
Bendaoud, Abdelwahab, Director of Traditional Education at the Ministry of Pious Endowments and Islamic Affairs. Rabat, January 16, 2013 and February 11, 2015.
Bennis, Mohammed, Professor of English, Sidi Ben Abdellah University. Fes, June 21, 2011.
Boutarboush, Mohammed, Head of Salé Regional Council of Ulama, Salé, January 3, 2013.
Chbani, Aziz, Director of Literacy and Professional Training Program/Consultant with the Millennium Challenge Corporation. Rabat, June 24, 2011.
Elahmadi, Mohsine, Professor at Cadi Ayyad University. Rabat, January 7, 2013.
Elarbi, Imad, Director of the Moroccan Center for Civic Education. Casablanca, January 8, 2013.
Elamrani, Rached, Director of the Office of Textbooks at the Ministry of Education. Rabat, December 18, 2012.
Ezzaki, Abdelkader, Consultant with Project ITQANE (Improving Training for Quality Advancement in National Education). Rabat, June 10, 2011.
Haddad, Lahcen, Education consultant with MSI Morocco. Rabat, June 10, 2011.
Hakim, Abdellatif, Professor of English, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University. Fes, June 21, 2011.
Hami el-Din, Abdelali, member of PJD's executive council. Rabat, February 12, 2015.
Kansoussi, Jaafar, Member of Islamic Affairs Minister Ahmed Toufiq's cabinet, former director of the ministry's Islamic Affairs Directorate for the Marrakesh region. Rabat, January 17 and 25, 2013; Marrakesh, February 8, 2015.
Khtou, Hssein, Professor of English at Dar al-Hadith al-Hassaniyya. Rabat, December 9, 2013.
Machrouh, Brahim, Assistant Director of Dar al-Hadith al-Hassaniyya. Rabat, October 7, 2015.
Melouk, Mohamed, Professor of Education at Mohamed V University. Rabat, June 15, 2011 and December 18, 2012.
Messari, Nizar, Dean of the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Al-Akhawayn University. Ifrane, January 10, 2013.
Moubtassime, Mohammed, Professor of English at Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University. Fes, June 21, 2011.
Monette, Connell, Coordinator of imam training program at Al-Akhawayn University. Rabat, December 26, 2012.
Potter, Kristen, Director of USAID Education office, U.S. Embassy. Rabat, June 15, 2011.
Rddad, Sadik, Professor of English and Sociology at Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fes, June 21, 2011.
Ramh, Mohamed, Vice-Dean for Sciences and Cooperation at Sharia College, Qarawiyyin University. Fes, December 31, 2012.
Rami, Abderrahmane, Former Director of Pedagogy at the Ministry of Education. Rabat, June 14, 2011.
Saqi, Khalid, Assistant Director of Dar al-Hadith al-Hassaniyya. Rabat, December 9, 2013.
Saqi, Khalid, Director of Mohamed VI Insititute for Quranic Readings and Studies. Rabat, October 6, 2015.
Shafiki, Fouad, Director of Office of Curricula, Moroccan Ministry of Education. Rabat, January 3, 2013.
Students in the Muhammad VI Institute for the Training of Imams. Rabat, October 8, 2015.
Talidi, Bilal, member of PJD's executive council. Rabat, October 7, 2015.

Tunisia

Abd El-Moula, Mohamed Nejbi, Mayor of Sfax. Sfax, July 3, 2012.
Abdessalem, Rafik, former Foreign Affairs Minister and member of Ennahda's Shura Council. Tunis, February 2, 2015.
al-ʿAbidi, Hussayn, Shaykh of the Zaytuna Grand Mosque. Tunis, February 5, 2015.
Allani, Alaya, Professor at Manouba University. Tunis, February 6, 2016.
Arbi, Chiraz, staff person in the National Democratic Institute's Tunisia office. February 6, 2015.
Ayachi, Mokhtar, Director of the Tunisian Museum of National Education. Tunis, October 18, 2012.
Hmida, Bochra Belhaj, former President of l'Association Tunisienne des Femmes Democrates. Tunis, June 28, 2012.
Abdeljelil, Moncef Ben, Professor and former member of Education Minister Mohamed Charfi's cabinet. Sousse, October 23, 2012.
Salem, Hatem Ben, Director of Tunisian Institute for Strategic Studies and former Minister of Education. Tunis, September 23, 2016.
Charfi, Faouzia, Minister Mohamed Charfi's widow. Tunis, September 17, 2012.
Jaballah, Hamadi Ben, former high school philosophy teacher. Tunis, October 12, 2012.
Romdhane, Mahmoud Ben, founding member of Nida’ Tunis Party. Tunis, February 3, 2015.
Civil society activists, Kairouan, June 29, 2012.
Ennaifer, Hmida, former member of Education Minister Mohamed Charfi's cabinet. Tunis, September 19, 2012, October 11, 2012, and February 2, 2015.
Ferchiou, Ridha, President of l'Institut Tunis-Dauphine. Tunis, September 4, 2012.
Ferjani, Said, Member of Ennahda's Shura Council. Tunis, February 5, 2015.
Gharbi, Iqbal, Professor at Zaytuna University. Tunis, October 30, 2012.
Kahlaoui, Tarek, Director of the Tunisian Institute for Strategic Studies. Tunis, June 29, 2012.
Kazdaghli, Habib, Dean of the Manouba University Faculty of Humanities. Tunis, February 3, 2016.
Moakhar, Riadh, Member of Parliament with the Afaq Tunis Party. Tunis, February 4, 2016.
Nouira, Asma, Professor of Political Science at the University of Tunis. Tunis, June 26, 2012.
Sayah, Habib, Security sector consultant. Tunis, February 4, 2016.
Sghaier, Oussama, Member of Parliament with Ennahda and member of Ennahda's Shura Council. Tunis, September 23, 2016.
Suwaihi, Mongea, Professor at Zaytuna University. Tunis, October 19, 2012 and February 2, 2016.
Tlili, Munir, Professor at Zaytuna University. Tunis, October 10, 2012.
Tlili, Munir, Former Minister of Religious Affairs. Tunis, February 5, 2016.
Triki, Sami, member of Ennahda's Shura Council. Tunis, February 5, 2015.
Yahyaoui, Amira, Founder of al-Bawsala. Tunis, February 5, 2016.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.