Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-m9kch Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-02T19:26:46.626Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

14 - Parenchymatous hemorrhage

from Section III - Posterior Circulation Hemorrhage

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 May 2015

Louis R. Caplan
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Vertebrobasilar Ischemia and Hemorrhage
Clinical Findings, Diagnosis and Management of Posterior Circulation Disease
 , pp. 511 - 541
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Kase, CS, Caplan, LR. Intracerebral hemorrhage. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 1994.Google Scholar
2.Gautier, JC. Accidents vasculaires. Rev Neurol 1982;138:939–951.Google Scholar
3.Charcot, JM, Bouchard, C. Nouvelle recherches sur la pathogénie de l’hemorrhagie cerebrale. Arch Physiol Norm Pathol 1868;1: 110–127, 634–665, 725–734.Google Scholar
4.Bouchard, C. A study of some points in the pathology of cerebral hemorrhage. Simpkin, Marshall and Co., London, 1872.Google Scholar
5.Green, FHK. Miliary aneurysms in the brain. J Pathol Bacteriol 1930;33:71–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6.Fisher, CM. The arterial lesions underlying lacunes. Acta Neuropathol (Berlin) 1969;12:1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7.Fisher, CM. Cerebral miliary aneurysms in hypertension. Am J Pathol 1972;66:313–324.Google ScholarPubMed
8.Ross Russell, RW. Observations on intracerebral aneurysms. Brain 1963;86:425–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9.Cole, FM, Yates, PO. Intracerebral microaneurysms and small cerebrovascular lesions. Brain 1967;90:759–767.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10.Rosenblum, WI. Miliary aneurysms and “fibrinoid’’ degeneration of cerebral blood vessels. Hum Pathol 1977;8:133–139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11.Lee, SH, Kwon, SJ, Kim, KS, Yoon, BW, Roh, JK. Topographical distribution of pontocerebellar microbleeds. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004;25(8):1337–1341.Google ScholarPubMed
12.Takebayashi, S, Kaneko, M. Electron microscopic studies of ruptured arteries in hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 1983;14:28–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13.Takebayashi, S, Sakata, N, Kawamura, K. Re-evaluation of miliary aneurysms in hypertensive brain: recanalization of small hemorrhage. Stroke 1990;21(Suppl 1):59–60.Google Scholar
14.Caplan, LR. Intracerebral hemorrhage revisited. Neurology 1988;38:624–627.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15.Caplan, LR, Neely, S, Gorelick, PB. Cold-related intracerebral hemorrhage. Arch Neurol 1984;41:227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16.Haines, SJ, Maroon, JC, Janetta, PJ. Supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage following posterior fossa surgery. J Neurosurg 1978;49:881–886.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17.Waga, S, Shimosaka, M. Intracerebral hemorrhage remote from the site of the initial neurosurgical procedure. Neurosurgery 1983;13:662–665.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18.Sweet, WH, Poletti, CE, Roberts, JT. Dangerous rises in blood pressure upon heating of trigeminal rootlets; increased bleeding times in patients with trigeminal neuralgia. Neurosurgery 1985:17:843–844.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19.Kehler, CH, Brodsky, JB, Samuels, SI et al. Blood pressure response during percutaneous rhizotomy for trigeminal neuralgia. Neurosurgery 1982;10:200–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20.Barbas, N, Caplan, LR, Baquis, G et al. Dental chair intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 1987;37:511–512.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21.Courville, CB. Effects of closed cranial injuries on the midbrain and upper pons. In Trauma of the central nervous system. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerve Mental Dis, Vol. 24. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1945, pp. 131–150.Google Scholar
22.Jefferson, A. Ocular complications of head injury. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1961;81:595–612.Google Scholar
23.Ropper, AH, Miller, DC. Acute traumatic midbrain hemorrhage. Ann Neurol 1985;18:80–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24.McCormick, WF, Rosenfield, DB. Massive brain hemorrhage: a review of 144 cases and an examination of their causes. Stroke 1973;4:946–954.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25.Schutz, H. Spontane intrazerebrale Hamatome: pathophysiologie, klinik und therapie. Springer, Heidelberg, 1988.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26.Jellinger, K, Zur atiologie und pathogenese der spontanen intrazerebrale blutung. Therapiewoche 1972;22:1440–1450.Google Scholar
27.Wintzen, AR, deJonge, H, Loeliger, EA et al. The risk of intracerebral hemorrhage during oral anticoagulant treatment: a population study. Ann Neurol 1984;16:553–558.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28.Franke, CL, deJonge, J, van Swieten, JC et al. Intracerebral hematomas during anticoagulant treatment. Stroke 1990;21:726–730.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29.Kase, CS, Robinson, RK, Stein, RW et al. Anticoagulant-related intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 1985;35:943–948.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30.Radberg, JA, Olsson, JE, Raadberg, CT. Prognostic parameters in spontaneous intracerebral hematomas with special reference to anticoagulant treatment. Stroke 1991;22:571–576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31.Kase, CS, Pessin, MS, Zivin, JA et al. Intracranial hemorrhage after coronary thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator. Am J Med 1992;92:384–390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32.Sloan, MA, Price, TR, Petito, CK et al. Clinical features and pathogenesis of intracerebral hemorrhage after rt-PA and heparin therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Neurology 1995;45:649–658.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33.Kalyan-Raman, UP, Kalyan-Raman, K. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy causing intracranial hemorrhage. Ann Neurol 1984;16:321–329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34.Vinters, HV. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: a critical review. Stroke 1987;18:311–324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35.Vinters, HV, Gilbert, JJ. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: incidence and complications in the aging brain. II, The distribution of amyloid vascular changes. Stroke 1983;14:924–928.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36.Itoh, Y, Yamada, M, Hayakawa, M, Otomo, E, Miyatake, T. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: a significant cause of cerebellar as well as lobar cerebral hemorrhage in the elderly. J Neurol Sci 1993;116 (2):135–141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37.Cuny, E, Loiseau, H, Rivel, J, Vital, C, Castel, JP. Amyloid angiopathy-related cerebellar hemorrhage. Surg Neurol 1996;46(3):235–239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38.Rosand, J, Muzikansky, A, Kumar, A et al. Spatial clustering of hemorrhages in probable cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Ann Neurol 2005;58:459–462.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39.Viswanathan, A, Greenberg, S. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy in the elderly. Ann Neurol 2011;70: 871–880.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40.Fisher, CM. Pathological observations in hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1971;30:536–550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41.Kelley, RE, Berger, JR, Scheinberg, P et al. Active bleeding in hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage: computed tomography. Neurology 1982; 32:852–856.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42.Chen, ST, Chen, SD, Hsu, CY et al. Progression of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 1989;39:1509–1514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43.Kazui, S, Naritomi, H, Yamamoto, H et al. Enlargement of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: incidence and time course. Stroke 1996;27:1783–1787.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44.Broderick, JP, Brott, TG, Tomsick, T et al. Ultra-early evaluation of intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 1990;72:195–199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45.Rodríquez-Yáñez, M, Dávalos, A, Castillo, J. Natural history of perihematomal edema. In Carhuapoma, JR, Mayer, SA, Hanley, DF (eds.), Intracerebral hemorrhage. Cambridge University Press, 2010, pp. 229–237.Google Scholar
46.Gebel, JM, Jaunch, EC, Brott, TG et al. Natural history of perihematomal edema in patients with hyperacute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2002;33:2631–2635.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47.Venkatasubramanian, C, Mlynash, M, Finley-Caulfield, A, Eyngorn, I, Kalimuthu, R, Snider, RW, Wijman, CA. Natural history of perihematomal edema after intracerebral hemorrhage measured by serial magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke 2011;42(1):73–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48.Foulkes, MA, Wolf, PA, Price, TR et al. The Stroke Data Bank: design, methods, and baseline characteristics. Stroke 1988;19: 547–554.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49.Hier, DB, Babcock, DJ, Foulkes, MA et al. Influence of site on course of intracerebral hemorrhage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 1993;3:65–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50.Young, YR, Lee, CC, Sheu, BF, Chang, SS. Neurogenic cardiopulmonary complications associated with spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2007;7(3):238–240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51.Gonçalves, V, Silva-Carvalho, L, Rocha, I. Cerebellar haemorrhage as a cause of neurogenic pulmonary edema – case report. Cerebellum 2005;4(4):246–249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52.Fisher, CM. The pathology and pathogenesis of intracerebral hemorrhage. In Fields, WS (ed.), Pathogenesis and treatment of cerebrovascular disease. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield IL, 1961, pp. 295–317.Google Scholar
53.Fisher, CM. Clinical syndromes. In Fields, WS (ed.), Pathogenesis and treatment of cerebrovascular disease. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield IL, 1961, pp. 318–342.Google Scholar
54.Gowers, WR. A manual of diseases of the nervous system, 2nd edition, Vol. 2. J A Churchill, London, 1893.Google Scholar
55.Nakajima, K. Clinicopathological study of pontine hemorrhage. Stroke 1983;14:485–493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56.Goto, N, Kaneko, M, Hosaka, Y et al. Primary pontine hemorrhage: clinicopathological correlations. Stroke 1980;11:84–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57.Steegman, AT. Primary pontine hemorrhage with particular reference to respiratory failure. J Nerv Ment Dis 1951;114:35–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
58.Fang, HCH, Foley, JM. Hypertensive hemorrhages of the pons and cerebellum. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 1954;79:126–130.Google Scholar
59.Silverstein, A. Primary pontine hemorrhage. In Vinken, PJ, Bruyn, GW (eds.), Handbook of clinical neurology, Vol. 12. Vascular diseases of the nervous system Part II. North Holland, Amsterdam, 1972, 37–53.Google Scholar
60.Dana, CL. Acute bulbar paralysis due to hemorrhage and softening of the pons and medulla with reports of cases and autopsies. Med Rec 1903;64:361–374.Google Scholar
61.Kushner, MJ, Bressman, SB. The clinical manifestations of pontine hemorrhage. Neurology 1985;35:637–643.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
62.Caplan, LR. Pontine hemorrhage. In Kase, CS, Caplan, LR (eds.), Intracerebral hemorrhage. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 1994, pp. 403–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
63.Chung, C-S, Caplan, LR. Pontine infarcts and hemorrhages. In Caplan, LR, van Gijn, , (eds.), Stroke syndromes, 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp. 448–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
64.Goto, N, Yamamoto, T, Kaneko, M et al. Primary pontine hemorrhage and gustatory disturbance: clinicoanatomic study. Stroke 1983;14:507–511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65.Fisher, CM. Ocular bobbing. Arch Neurol 1964;11:543–546.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66.Gobernado, JM, Fernandez de Molina, AR, Gimeno, A. Pure motor hemiplegia due to hemorrhage in the lower pons. Arch Neurol 1980;37:393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67.Kameyama, S, Tanaka, R, Tsuchida, T. Pure motor hemiplegia due to pontine hemorrhage. Stroke 1989;20:1288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68.Schnapper, RA. Pontine hemorrhage presenting as ataxic hemiparesis. Stroke 1982;13:518–519.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
69.Ambrosetto, P. Ataxic hemiparesis with contralateral trigeminal nerve impairment due to pontine hemorrhage. Stroke 1987;18:244–245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
70.Tuhrim, S, Yang, WC, Rubinowitz, H et al. Primary pontine hemorrhage and the dysarthria-clumsy hand syndrome. Neurology 1982;32:1027–1028.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71.Graveleau, P, DeCroix, JP, Samson, Y et al. Deficit sensitive isole d’un hemicorps par hematome du pont. Rev Neurol 1986;142:788–790.Google Scholar
72.Hitchings, L, Crum, A, Troost, BT. Isolated one-and-one-half syndrome from focal brainstem hypertensive hemorrhage; precise localization with MRI. Neurology 1988;38:1501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
73.Kase, CS, Maulsby, GO, Mohr, JP. Partial pontine hematomas. Neurology 1980;30:652–655.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
74.Caplan, LR, Goodwin, JA. Lateral tegmental brainstem hemorrhages. Neurology 1982;32:252–260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
75.Tyler, HR, Johnson, P. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital (Case 36–1972). N Engl J Med 1972;287:506–512.Google Scholar
76.Araga, S, Fukada, M, Kagimoto, H et al. Pure sensory stroke due to pontine hemorrhage. J Neurol 1987; 235:116–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
77.Kim, JS, Jo, KD. Pure lemniscal sensory deficit caused by pontine hemorrhage. Stroke 1992;23:300–301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78.Veerapen, R. Spontaneous lateral pontine hemorrhage with associated trigeminal nerve root hematoma. Neurosurgery 1989:25:451–454.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
79.Holtzman, RNN, Zablozki, V, Wang, WC et al. Lateral pontine tegmental hemorrhage presenting as isolated trigeminal sensory neuropathy. Neurology 1987:37:704–706.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
80.Duret, H. Traumatismes cranio-cerebraux. Librairie Felix Alcan, Paris, 1919.Google Scholar
81.Duret, H. Etudes expérimentales et cliniques sur les traumatismes cérébraux. Academie des Sciences, Arts et Belle Lettres de Caen, Delahaye, Paris, 1878.Google Scholar
82.Thompson, RK, Salcman, M. Brainstem hemorrhage: historical perspective. Neurosurgery 1988;22:623–628.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
83.Attwater, H. Pontine hemorrhages. Guy’s Hosp Rep 1911;65:339–389.Google Scholar
84.Dill, LV, Isenhour, CE. Etiologic factors in experimentally produced pontile hemorrhages. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1939;41:1146–1152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
85.Chew, KL, Barber, Y, Iles, L, O’Donnell, C. Duret hemorrhage: demonstration of paramedian pontine branches of the basilar artery on minimally invasive, whole body CT angiography. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2012;8(4):436–440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
86.Caplan, LR, Zervas, NT. Survival with permanent midbrain dysfunction after surgical treatment of traumatic subdural hematoma: the clinical picture of a Duret hemorrhage? Ann Neurol 1977;1:587–589.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
87.Nedergaard, M, Klinken, L, Paulson, OB. Secondary brain stem hemorrhages in stroke. Stroke 1983;14:501–505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
88.Cohen, SI, Aronson, SM. Secondary brain stem hemorrhages. Arch Neurol 1968;19:257–263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
89.Stiver, SI, Gean, AD, Manley, GT. Survival with good outcome after cerebral herniation and Duret hemorrhage caused by traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg 2009;110(6):1242–1246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
90.Moore, SA, Mittal, MK, Rabinstein, AA. Duret hemorrhage following subdural hematoma evacuation. JAMA Neurol 2013;70(4):518.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
91.Sedillot, J. Epanchement de sang dans de lobe droit du cervelet, suivi de la mort. J gen de med chi et pharm 1813;47:375–379.Google Scholar
92.Mitchell, N, Angrist, A. Spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage: report of fifteen cases. Am J Pathol 1942;18:935–953.Google ScholarPubMed
93.Childs, T. A case of apoplexy of the cerebellum. Am Med Month 1858;9:1.Google Scholar
94.Carion, F. Contribution a l’etude symptomatique et diagnostique de l’hemorrhagie cerebelleuse. Adrian Delhaye, Paris, 1875.Google Scholar
95.Ballance, HA. Case of traumatic hemorrhage into the left lateral lobe of the cerebellum treated by operation, with recovery. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1906;3:223–225.Google Scholar
96.Kase, C. Cerebellar hemorrhage. In Kase, CS, Caplan, LR (eds.), Intracerebral hemorrhage. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 1994, pp. 425–443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
97.Starr, M. Cerebellar apoplexy. Med Rec 1906;69:743–745Google Scholar
98.Guillain, G, Alajouanine, T, Marquezy, R. Hemorrhagie cerebelleuse avec spasms toniques et attitude de rigidite des membres inferieures. Bull Mem Soc Med Hop Paris 1923;47:1120–1123.Google Scholar
99.Michael, JC. Cerebellar apoplexy. Am J Med Sci 1932;183:687–695.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
100.McKissock, W, Richardson, A, Walsh, L. Spontaneous cerebellar haemorrhage: a study of 34 consecutive cases treated surgically. Brain 1960;83:1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
101.Fisher, CM, Picard, EH, Polak, A et al. Acute hypertensive cerebellar hemorrhage: diagnosis and surgical treatment. J Nerv Ment Dis 1965;140:38–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
102.Dunne, JW, Chakera, T, Kermode, S. Cerebellar hemorrhage-diagnosis and treatment: a study of 75 consecutive patients. QJ Med 1987;64:739–754.Google Scholar
103.Ott, KH, Kase, CS, Ojemann, RG, Mohr, JP. Cerebellar hemorrhage: diagnosis and treatment: a review of 56 cases. Arch Neurol 1974;31:160–167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
104.Brennan, RW, Bergland, RM. Acute cerebellar hemorrhage: analysis of clinical findings and outcome in 12 cases. Neurology 1977;27:527–532.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
105.Labauge, R, Boukobza, M, Zinszner, J et al. Hematomes spontanes du cervelet: vingt-huit observations personelles. Rev Neurol 1983;139:193–204.Google Scholar
106.Gerritsen van der Hoop, R, Vermeulen, M et al. Cerebellar hemorrhage: diagnosis and treatment. Surg Neurol 1985;24:227–230.Google Scholar
107.Gilliard, C, Mathurin, P, Passagia, JG et al. L’hematome spontane du cervelet. Neurochirurgie 1990;36:347–353.Google Scholar
108.Salazar, J, Vaquero, J, Maryinez, P et al. Clinical and CT scan assessment of benign versus fatal spontaneous cerebellar haematomas. Acta Neurochir 1986;79:80–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
109.Auer, LM, Auer, T, Sayama, I. Indications for surgical treatment of cerebellar hemorrhage and infarction. Acta Neurochir 1986;79:74–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
110.Taneda, M, Hayakawa, T, Mogami, H. Primary cerebellar hemorrhage: quadrigeminal cistern obliteration on CT scans as a predictor of outcome. J Neurosurg 1987;67:545–552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
111.Melamed, N, Satya-Murti, S. Cerebellar hemorrhage. a review and reappraisal of benign cases. Arch Neurol 1984;41:425–428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
112.Greenberg, J, Skubick, D, Shenkin, H. Acute hydrocephalus in cerebellar infarct and hemorrhage. Neurology 1979;29:409–413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
113.Seelig, JM, Selhorst, JS, Young, HF et al. Ventriculostomy for hydrocephalus in cerebellar hemorrhage. Neurology 1981;31:1537–1540.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
114.Shenkin, HA, Zavala, M. Cerebellar strokes: mortality, surgical indications, and results of ventricular drainage. Lancet 1982;2:429–432.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
115.Phillipon, J, Rivierez, M, Nachanakian, A et al. Hemorragies cerebelleuses:confrontations clinicotopographiques et indications therapeutiques. Neurochirurgie 1983;29:381–386.Google Scholar
116.Heros, RC. Cerebellar hemorrhage and infarction. Stroke 1982;13:106–109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
117.Lui, T-N, Fairholm, DJ, Shu, T-F et al. Surgical treatment of spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage. Surg Neurol 1985;23:555–558.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
118.Ogata, J, Imakita, M, Yutani, C et al. Primary brainstem death: a clinico-pathological study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988;51:646–650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
119.Mohadjer, M, Eggert, R, May, J et al. CT-guided stereotactic fibrinolysis of spontaneous and hypertensive cerebellar hemorrhage: long-term results. J Neurosurg 1990;73:217–222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
120.Lee, JH, Kim, DW, Kang, SD. Stereotactic bur hole aspiration surgery for spontaneous hypertensive cerebellar hemorrhage. J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg 2012;14 (3):170–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
121.Osler, W. The principles and practice of Medicine, 5th edition, D. Appleton, New York, 1903, pp. 997–1008.Google Scholar
122.Wilson, SAK. Neurology, 2nd edition. Butterworth, London, 1955, p. 1377.Google Scholar
123.Aring, CD, Merritt, HH. Differential diagnosis between cerebral hemorrhage and cerebral thrombosis: a clinical and pathological study of 245 cases. Arch Intern Med 1935;56:435–456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
124.Mutlu, N, Berry, RG, Alpers, BJ. Massive cerebral hemorrhage: clinical and pathological correlations. Arch Neurol 1963;8:644–661.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
125.Caplan, LR. Thalamic hemorrhage. In Kase, CS, Caplan, LR (eds.), Intracerebral hemorrhage. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 1994, pp. 341–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
126.Fisher, CM. The pathological and clinical aspects of thalamic hemorrhage. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 1959;84:56–59.Google ScholarPubMed
127.Walshe, TM, Davis, KR, Fisher, CM. Thalamic hemorrhage: a computed tomographic-clinical correlation. Neurology 1977;27:217–222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
128.Weisberg, LA. Computed tomography in intracranial hemorrhage. Arch Neurol 1979;36:422–426.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
129.Scott, WR, New, PF, Davis, KR et al. Computed axial tomography of intracerebral and intraventricular hemorrhage. Radiology 1974;112:73–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
130.Barraquer-Bordas, L, Illa, J, Escartin, A et al. Thalamic hemorrhage: a study of 23 patients with diagnosis by computed tomography. Stroke 1981;12:524–527.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
131.Waga, SS, Okada, M, Yamamoto, Y. Reversibility of Parinaud syndrome in thalamic hemorrhage. Neurology 1979;29:407–409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
132.Gilner, LI, Avin, B. A reversible ocular manifestation of thalamic hemorrhage: a case report. Arch Neurol 1977;34:715–716.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
133.Mohr, JP, Watters, WC, Duncan, GW. Thalamic hemorrhage and aphasia. Brain Lang 1975;2:3–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
134.Samarel, A, Wright, TL, Sergay, S et al. Thalamic hemorrhage with speech disorder. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 1976;101:283–285.Google ScholarPubMed
135.Cappa, SF, Vignolo, LA. “Transcortical” features of aphasia following left thalamic hemorrhage. Cortex 1979;15:121–130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
136.Kirshner, HS, Kistler, KH. Aphasia after right thalamic hemorrhage. Arch Neurol 1982;39:667–669.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
137.Chesson, AL. Aphasia following a right thalamic hemorrhage. Brain Lang 1983;19:306–316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
138.Crosson, B, Parker, JC, Kim, AK et al. A case of thalamic aphasia with postmortem verification. Brain Lang 1986;29:301–314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
139.Hirose, G, Kosoegawa, H, Saeki, M et al. The syndrome of posterior thalamic hemorrhage. Neurology 1985;35:998–1002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
140.Ikeda, Y, Yamashima, T, Uno, E et al. Clinical manifestation of small thalamic hemorrhage. Brain Nerve 1985;37:173–179.Google ScholarPubMed
141.Kawahara, N, Sato, K, Muraki, M et al. CT classification of small thalamic hemorrhages and their clinical implications. Neurology 1986; 36:165–172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
142.Weisberg, LA. Thalamic hemorrhage: clinical–CT correlations. Neurology 1986;36:1382–1386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
143.Chung, C-S, Caplan, LR, Han, W, Pessin, MS, Lee, K-H, Kim, S-M. Thalamic haemorrhage. Brain 1996;119:1873–1886.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
144.Tokgoz, S, Demirkaya, Bek S et al. Clinical properties of regional thalamic hemorrhages. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2013;22(7):1006–1012.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
145.Caplan, LR, DeWitt, LD, Pessin, MS et al. Lateral thalamic infarcts. Arch Neurol 1988;45:959–964.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
146.Groothuis, DR, Duncan, GW, Fisher, CM. The human thalamocortical sensory path in the internal capsule: evidence from a small capsular hemorrhage causing a pure sensory stroke. Ann Neurol 1977;2:328–331.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
147.Ghika, J. Abnormal movements in stroke. In Caplan, LR, van Gijn, J (eds.), Stroke syndromes, 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp. 144–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
148.Freilich, RJ, Chambers, BR. Choreoathetosis and thalamic hemorrhage. Clin Exp Neurol 1980;25:115–120.Google Scholar
149.Rousseaux, M, Steinling, M, Griffie, G et al. Correlations de l’aphasie thalamique avec le debit sanguin cerebral. Rev Neurol 1990;146:345–353.Google Scholar
150.Watson, RT, Heilman, KM. Thalamic neglect. Neurology 1979;29:690–694.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
151.Cambier, J, Elghozi, D, Strube, E. Lesions du thalamus droit avec syndrome de l’hemisphere mineur; discussion du concept de negligence thalamique. Rev Neurol 1980;136:105–116.Google Scholar
152.Motomura, N, Yamadori, A, Mori, E et al. Unilateral spatial neglect due to hemorrhage in the thalamic region. Acta Neurol Scand 1986;74:190–194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
153.Waxman, SG, Ricaurte, GA, Tucker, SB. Thalamic hemorrhage with neglect and memory disorder. J Neurol Sci 1986;75:105–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
154.Leiguarda, RC. Environmental reduplication associated with a right thalamic hemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1983;46:1154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
155.Ingvar, DH, Sourander, P. Destruction of the reticular core of the brainstem: a patho-anatomical follow-up of a case of coma of three years duration. Arch Neurol 1970;23:1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
156.Caplan, LR. “Top of the basilar syndrome”. Neurology 1980;30:72–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
157.Guard, O, Bellis, F, Mabille, JP et al. Demence thalamique après lesion hemorrhagique unilaterale du pulvinar droit. Rev Neurol 1986;142:759–765.Google Scholar
158.Pierrot-Deseilligney, C, Caplan, LR. In Caplan, LR, van Gijn, J (eds.), Stroke syndromes, 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp. 64–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
159.Fisher, CM. Some neuro-ophthalmological observations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1967;30:383–392.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
160.Brigell, M, Babikian, V, Goodwin, JA. Hypometric saccades and low-gain pursuit resulting from a thalamic hemorrhage. Ann Neurol 1984;15:374–378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
161.Sharpe, JA, Lo, AW, Rabinovitch, HE. Control of the saccadic and smooth pursuit systems after cerebral hemidecortication. Brain 1979;102:387–403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
162.Keane, JR. Transient opsoclonus with thalamic hemorrhage. Arch Neurol 1980;37:423–424.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
163.Choi, D, Sudarsky, L, Schachter, S et al. Medial thalamic hemorrhage with amnesia. Arch Neurol 1983;40:611–613.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
164.Hankey, GJ, Stewart-Wynne, EG. Amnesia following thalamic hemorrhage. Stroke 1988;19:776–778.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
165.Schweizer, TA, Li, Z, Fischer, C et al. From the thalamus with love: a rare window into the locus of emotional synesthesia. Neurology 2013;81: 509–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
166.Ro, T, Farne, A, Johnson, RM et al. Feeling sounds after a thalamic lesion. Ann Neurol 2007;62:433–441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
167.Fornazzari, L, Fischer, CE, Ringer, I, Schweizer, TA. “Blue is music to my ears”: multimodal synesthesias after a thalamic stroke. Neurocase 2012;18:318–322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
168.Griese, H, Busse, O. Dystonic hand tremor after thalamic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 1995;4:254.Google Scholar
169.Kumral, E, Kocaer, T, Eertubey, O, Kumral, K. Thalamic hemorrhage: a prospective study of 100 patients. Stroke 1995;26:964–970.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
170.Kase, CS. Midbrain and medullary hemorrhage. In Kase, CS, Caplan, LR (eds.), Intracerebral hemorrhage. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 1994, pp. 445–463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
171.Roig, C, Carvajal, A, Illa, J et al. Hemorragies mesencephaliques isolees: trois cas diagnostiques par tomodensitometrie. Rev Neurol 1982;138:53–61.Google Scholar
172.Link, MJ, Bartleson, JD, Forbes, G, Meyer, FB. Spontaneous midbrain hemorrhage: report of seven new cases. Surg Neurol 1993;39:58–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
173.L’hermitte, J, Les hemorrhagies des peduncules cerebraux: etude clinique. Presse Med 1942;50:625–626.Google Scholar
174.Durward, QJ, Barnett, HJM, Barr, HW. Presentation and management of mesencephalic hematoma: report of two cases. J Neurosurg 1982;56:123–127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
175.Morel-Maroger, A, Metzger, J, Bories, J et al. Les hematomes benins du tronc cerebral chez les hypertendus arteriels. Rev Neurol 1982;138:437–445.Google Scholar
176.Rodríguez-Gómez, J, Colás, J, Aragón, A, Albo, MI, Casado, F. Upward and downward gaze palsy with a unilateral mesencephalic hemorrhage. Rev Neurol 2000;30(4):324–326.Google ScholarPubMed
177.Simon, S, Sandhu, A, Selva, D, Crompton, JL. Bilateral trochlear nerve palsies following dorsal midbrain haemorrhage. N Z Med J 2009;122(1300):72–75.Google ScholarPubMed
178.Mizushima, H, Seki, T. Midbrain hemorrhage presenting with oculomotor nerve palsy: case report. Surg Neurol 2002;58(6):417–420.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
179.Goddeau, RP, Caplan, LR, Alhazzani, AA Intraparenchymal hemorrhage in a patient with osteogenesis imperfecta and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 deficiency. Arch Neurol 2010;67(2): 236–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
180.Sand, JJ, Biller, J, Corbett, JJ, Adams, HP Jr, Dunn, V. Partial dorsal mesencephalic hemorrhages: report of three cases. Neurology 1986;36:529–533.Google ScholarPubMed
181.Tuttle, PV, Reinmuth, OM. Midbrain hemorrhage producing pure sensory stroke. Arch Neurol 1984;41:794–795.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
182.Azouvi, P, Tougeron, A, Hussonois, C et al. Pure sensory stroke due to midbrain haemorrhage limited to the spinothalamic pathway. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989;52:1427–1428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
183.Ono, S, Inoue, K. Cheiro-oral syndrome following midbrain hemorrhage. J Neurol 1985;232:304–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
184.Diehl, RR, Klotzsch, C, Berlit, P. The “alien hand” sign after mesencephalic hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis 1995;5:59–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
185.Mastaglia, FL, Edis, B, Kakulas, BA. Medullary haemorrhage: a report of two cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1969;32:221–225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
186.Neumann, PE, Mehler, MF, Horoupian, DS. Primary medullary hypertensive hemorrhage. Neurology 1985;35:925–928.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
187.Biller, J, Gentry, LR, Adams, HP et al. Spontaneous hemorrhage in the medulla oblongata: clinical MR correlations. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1986;10:303–306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
188.Kwon, H-M, Park, J-M, Lee, J-Y, Yoon, B-W. Primary medullary hemorrhage associated with hypertension. J Clin Neurol 2005; 1(2):177–179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
189.Barinagarrementeria, F, Cantú, C. Primary medullary hemorrhage. Report of four cases and review of the literature. Stroke 1994;25:1684–1687.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×