Many of the recommendations in this guideline are summarized here to provide a compact source of information for the primary care physician. More detailed discussion can be found in the main guideline document. Tables 2, 11A and 11B in Section 3 of the main guideline document list all the acute treatment strategies, and the medications used in each one. Table 9 in Section 3 summarizes medications dosages and side effects. Recommendations related to the efficacy of individual drugs are based on a comprehensive targeted review. Expert consensus statements regarding other aspects of acute migraine treatment are based on a general literature review and expert opinion. All patients for whom acute migraine medications are being prescribed should be educated regarding the common migraine triggers and the important lifestyle factors that may potentially influence their migraine disorder.

This acute migraine treatment guideline is summarized here to provide information for patients with migraine and their families. Acute migraine medications are used to treat individual migraine attacks at the time of the attack. Most patients with migraine will use an acute medication, but patients with migraine, especially if they have frequent attacks, should also consider whether they could change lifestyle factors which might be making their headache more frequent (skipping meals, not enough sleep, etc), or whether they need a migraine preventive medication. Preventive (or prophylactic) medications are quite different from acute medications. Preventive medications are taken daily to reduce the frequency (number) of migraine attacks, while acute medications are used to reduce or stop the pain of a migraine attack once it has started. It is important that acute medications not be taken too often.

Supported by the Canadian Medical Research Council we performed a randomized trial extending from Newfoundland to British Columbia. With others a number of observations showed that aspirin will reduce stroke. With National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke support we learned who would benefit and not from surgery in these stroke threatened carotid diseased patients. We evaluated the upper limits of acceptability of complications beyond which harm was done. Amassing this large data base of approximately 5000 individuals, followed for five years, previously unknown carotid phenomena were observed: 1. Ischemic stroke occurs in patients with prolapsing mitral valves; 2. There is risk of stroke in patients with residual thrombi in the occluded stump of the carotid artery; 3. We detected a lower risk than expected in patients with nearly occluded carotid arteries. We support the contention of Yusuf and Cairns' that Canada needs to give more financial support to purely clinical research. It pays off!

A literature search found no clinical trials or guidelines addressing the management of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH). Based on the available literature and expert opinion, we have developed recommendations for the diagnosis and management of SIH. For typical cases, we recommend brain magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with gadolinium to confirm the diagnosis, and conservative measures for up to two weeks. If the patient remains symptomatic, up to three non-directed lumbar epidural blood patches (EBPs) should be considered. If these are unsuccessful, non-invasive MR myelography, radionuclide cisternography, MR myelography with intrathecal gadolinium, or computed tomography with myelography should be used to localize the leak. If the leak is localized, directed EPBs should be considered, followed by fibrin sealant or neurosurgery if necessary. Clinically atypical cases with normal brain MR imaging should be investigated to localize the leak. Directed EBPs can be used if the leak is localized; non-directed EBPs should be used only if there are indirect signs of SIH.

This systematic review described the criteria and main evaluations methods procedures used to classify neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) patients. Also, within the evaluations methods, this review aimed to identify the main contributions of neuropsychological measurements in neuroimaging studies. A search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE and SCOPUS databases with the terms related to neuropsychiatric syndromes, systemic lupus erythematosus, and neuroimaging techniques. Sixty-six abstracts were found; only 20 were completely analyzed and included. Results indicated that the 1999 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria is the most used to classify NPSLE samples together with laboratorial, cognitive, neurological and psychiatric assessment procedures. However, the recommended ACR assessment procedures to classify NPSLE patients are being used incompletely, especially the neuropsychological batteries. Neuropsychological instruments and neuroimaging techniques have been used mostly to characterize NPSLE samples, instead of contributing to their classifications. The most described syndromes in neuroimaging studies have been seizure/cerebrovascular disease followed by cognitive dysfunctions as well as headache disorder.

About one third of patients with epilepsy are pharmacoresistent. For a subgroup of this population, the ketogenic diet can be highly efficacious and should be considered early. This review discusses the different types of ketogenic diet, proposed mechanism of actions and its evidence for use in children and adults with both generalized and focal epilepsies where surgery is not feasible. In addition we discuss a practical approach to diet initiation, maintenance and monitoring for side effects. We also summarize the emerging evidence for the use of ketogenic diet in a broad range of neurological disorders.

The theory of chemotaxis has been widely accepted, but its mechanisms are disputed. Chemotactic growth of peripheral nerves may be tissue, topographic and end-organ specific. Recent studies indicated that peripheral nerve regeneration lacks topographic specificity, but whether it has end-organ specificity is disputed. Chemotaxis in nerve regeneration is affected by the distance between stumps, volume, and neurotrophic support, as well as the structure of distal nerve stumps. It can be applied to achieve precise repair of nerves and complete recovery of end organ function. Small gap sleeve bridging technique, which is based on this theory shows promising effects but it is still challenging to find the perfect combination of nerve conduits, cells and neurotrophic factors to put it intoits best use. In this paper, we made a comprehensive review of mechanisms, effect factors and applications of chemotaxis.