Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-m9kch Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-14T02:56:59.128Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

5 - Evolution and Consumer Behavior

from Part I - Individual Consumer Decision Making and Behavior

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 October 2015

Michael I. Norton
Affiliation:
Harvard Business School, Harvard University
Derek D. Rucker
Affiliation:
Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University
Cait Lamberton
Affiliation:
Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ackerman, J. M., & Kenrick, D. T. (2008). The costs of benefits: Help-refusals highlight key trade-offs of social life. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12, 118140.Google Scholar
Alcock, J. (2001). The Triumph of Sociobiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Alcock, J. (2005). Animal Behavior: An Evolutionary Approach. Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates.Google Scholar
Alexander, R. D. (1987). The Biology of Moral Systems. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction.Google Scholar
Andersson, M. B. (1994). Sexual Selection. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Asch, S. E. (1956). Studies of independence and conformity: A minority of one against a unanimous majority. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 70(9), 170.Google Scholar
Barash, D. P. (1977). Sociobiology and Behavior. Amsterdam: Elsevier North-Holland.Google Scholar
Barkow, J. (1989). Darwin, Sex, and Status: Biological Approaches to Mind and Culture. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Barkow, J. (1992). Beneath new culture is old psychology: Gossip and social stratification. In Barkow, J. H., Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (eds.), The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture (pp. 627637). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Barkow, J. H., Cosmides, L. E., & Tooby, J. E. (1992). The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, H. C. (2012). A hierarchical model of the evolution of human brain specializations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(Supplement 1), 1073310740.Google Scholar
Barrett, H. C., & Kurzban, R. (2006). Modularity in cognition: Framing the debate. Psychological Review, 113(3), 628.Google Scholar
Belsky, J., Schlomer, G. L., & Ellis, B. J. (2012). Beyond cumulative risk: Distinguishing harshness and unpredictability as determinants of parenting and early life history strategy. Developmental Psychology, 48(3), 662673.Google Scholar
Billings, J., & Sherman, P. W (1999). Darwinian gastronomy: why we use spices. BioScience, 49, 453463.Google Scholar
Bobrow, D., & Bailey, J. M. (2001). Is male homosexuality maintained via kin selection? Evolution and Human Behavior, 22(5), 361368.Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss, vol. 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Brown, D. E. (2004). Human universals, human nature, & human culture. Daedalus, 133(4), 4754.Google Scholar
Bullivant, S. B., Sellergren, S. A., Stern, K., Spencer, N. A., Jacob, S., Mennella, J. A., & McClintock, M. K. (2004). Women’s sexual experience during the menstrual cycle: Identification of the sexual phase by noninvasive measurement of luteinizing hormone. Journal of Sex Research, 41, 8293.Google Scholar
Buss, D. M. (ed.). (2005). The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Buss, D. M., & Schmitt, D. P. (1993). Sexual strategies theory: An evolutionary perspective on human mating. Psychological Review, 100, 204.Google Scholar
Cantú, S. M., Simpson, J. A., Griskevicius, V., Weisberg, Y. J., Durante, K. M., & Beal, D. J. (2013). Fertile and selectively flirty: Women’s behavior toward men changes across the ovulatory cycle. Psychological Science, 25, 431438Google Scholar
Chisholm, J. S. (1993). Death, hope, and sex: Life-history theory and the development of reproductive strategies. Current Anthropology, 34, 124.Google Scholar
Cialdini, R. B., Reno, R. R., & Kallgren, C. A. (1990). A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 1015.Google Scholar
Cocker, M., & Mabey, R. (2005). Birds Britannica (pp. 418425). London: Chatto & Windus.Google Scholar
Confer, J. C., Easton, J. A., Fleischman, D. S., Goetz, C. D., Lewis, D. M., Perilloux, C., et al. (2010). Evolutionary psychology: Controversies, questions, prospects, and limitations. American Psychologist, 65, 110126.Google Scholar
Cosmides, L., Barrett, H. C., & Tooby, J. (2010). Adaptive specializations, social exchange, and the evolution of human intelligence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(Supplement 2), 90079014.Google Scholar
Daly, M., & Wilson, M. (1988). Evolutionary social psychology and family homicide. Science, 242, 519524.Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1859). On the Origin of Species. London: Murray.Google Scholar
De Backer, C. J., Nelissen, M., Vyncke, P., Braeckman, J., & McAndrew, F. T. (2007). Celebrities: From teachers to friends. Human Nature, 18, 334354.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004). Acute stressors and cortisol responses: A theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 355391.Google Scholar
Draper, P., & Harpending, H. (1982). Father absence and reproductive strategy: An evolutionary perspective. Journal of Anthropological Research, 38, 255273.Google Scholar
Dunbar, R. I. (1993). Coevolution of neocortical size, group size and language in humans. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 16, 681694.Google Scholar
Dunbar, R. I. (1998). The social brain hypothesis. Brain, 9, 178190.Google Scholar
Dunbar, R., & Barrett, L. (2009). Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Duntley, J. D., & Buss, D. M. (2012). The evolution of stalking. Sex Roles, 66, 311327.Google Scholar
Durante, K. M., Griskevicius, V., Redden, J. P., & White, A. E. (in press). Spending on daughters versus sons in economic recessions. Journal of Consumer Research.Google Scholar
Durante, K. M., Griskevicius, V., Cantú, S. M., & Simpson, J. A. (2014). Money, status, and the ovulatory cycle. Journal of Marketing Research, 51, 2739.Google Scholar
Durante, K. M., Griskevicius, V., Hill, S. E., Perilloux, C., & Li, N. P. (2011). Ovulation, female competition, and product choice: Hormonal influences on consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Research, 37, 921934.Google Scholar
Durante, K. M., Griskevicius, V., Simpson, J. A., Cantú, S. M., & Li, N. P. (2012). Ovulation leads women to perceive sexy cads as good dads. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, 292.Google Scholar
Durante, K. M., Griskevicius, V., Simpson, J. A., Cantú, S. M., & Tybur, J. M. (2012). Sex ratio and women’s career choice: Does a scarcity of men lead women to choose briefcase over baby? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, 121.Google Scholar
Durante, K. M., & Li, N. P. (2009). Oestradiol level and opportunistic mating in women. Biology Letters, 5, 179182.Google Scholar
Durante, K. M., Li, N. P., & Haselton, M. G. (2008). Changes in women’s choice of dress across the ovulatory cycle: Naturalistic and laboratory task-based evidence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 14511460.Google Scholar
Ellis, B. J., Figueredo, A. J., Brumbach, B. H., & Schlomer, G. L. (2009). Fundamental dimensions of environmental risk. Human Nature, 20, 204268.Google Scholar
Emlen, S. T., & Oring, L. W. (1977). Ecology, sexual selection, and the evolution of mating systems. Science, 197, 215223.Google Scholar
Forbes, D. P. (2005). Are some entrepreneurs more overconfident than others? Journal of Business Venturing, 20, 623640.Google Scholar
Galesic, M., Gigerenzer, G., & Straubinger, N. (2009). Natural frequencies help older adults and people with low numeracy to evaluate medical screening tests. Medical Decision Making, 29, 368371.Google Scholar
Gangestad, S. W., Garver-Apgar, C. E., Simpson, J. A., & Cousins, A. J. (2007). Changes in women’s mate preferences across the ovulatory cycle. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 151163.Google Scholar
Gangestad, S. W., & Simpson, J. A. (2000). The evolution of human mating: Trade-offs and strategic pluralism. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23(04), 573587.Google Scholar
Gangestad, S. W., Simpson, J. A., Cousins, A. J., Garver-Apgar, C. E., & Christensen, P. N. (2004). Women’s preferences for male behavioral displays across the menstrual cycle. Psychological Science, 15, 203–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gangestad, S. W., & Thornhill, R. (1998). Menstrual cycle variation in women’s preferences for the scent of symmetrical men. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 265(1399), 927933.Google Scholar
Gangestad, S. W., Thornhill, R., & Garver, C. E. (2002). Changes in women’s sexual interests and their partners’ mate retention tactics across the menstrual cycle: Evidence for shifting conflicts of interest. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 269, 975982.Google Scholar
Gangestad, S. W., Thornhill, R., & Garver-Apgar, C. E. (2005). Women’s sexual interest across the ovulatory cycle depending on primary partner fluctuating asymmetry. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 272, 20232027.Google Scholar
Geary, D. (2000). Evolution and proximate expression of human paternal investment. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 5577.Google Scholar
Ghazanfar, A. A., Neuhoff, J. G., & Logothetis, N. K. (2002). Auditory looming perception in rhesus monkeys. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(24), 1575515757.Google Scholar
Gigerenzer, G., & Hoffrage, U. (1995). How to improve Bayesian reasoning without instruction: Frequency formats. Psychological Review, 102, 684704.Google Scholar
Griskevicius, V., Ackerman, J. A., Cantú, S. M., Delton, A. W., & Robertson, T. E., Simpson, J. A., Thomson, M. E., & Tybur, J. M. (2013). When the economy falters do people spend or save? Responses to resource scarcity depend on childhood environments. Psychological Science, 24, 197205.Google Scholar
Griskevicius, V., Cantú, S. M., & van Vugt, M. V. (2012). The evolutionary bases for sustainable behavior: Implications for marketing, policy, and social entrepreneurship. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 31, 115128.Google Scholar
Griskevicius, V., Goldstein, N. J., Mortensen, C. R., Cialdini, R. B., & Kenrick, D. T. (2006). Going along versus going alone: When fundamental motives facilitate strategic (non)conformity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 281294.Google Scholar
Griskevicius, V., Goldstein, N. J., Mortensen, C. R., Sundie, J. M., Cialdini, R. B., & Kenrick, D. T. (2009). Fear and loving in Las Vegas: Evolution, emotion, and persuasion. Journal of Marketing Research, 46, 384395.Google Scholar
Griskevicius, V., & Kenrick, D. T. (2013). Fundamental motives for why we buy: How evolutionary needs influence consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 23, 372386.Google Scholar
Griskevicius, V., Shiota, M. N., & Neufeld, S. (2010). Influence of different positive emotionson persuasion processing: A functional evolutionary approach. Emotion, 10, 190206.Google Scholar
Griskevicius, V., Shiota, M. N., & Nowlis, S. M. (2010). The many shades of rose-colored glasses: An evolutionary approach to the influence of different positive emotions. Journal of Consumer Research, 37, 238250.Google Scholar
Griskevicius, V., Tybur, J. M., Ackerman, J. M., Delton, A. W., Robertson, T. E., & White, A. E. (2012). The financial consequences of too many men: Sex ratio effects on saving, borrowing, and spending. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 69.Google Scholar
Griskevicius, V., Tybur, J. M., Delton, A. W., & Robertson, T. E. (2011). The influence of mortality and socioeconomic status on risk and delayed rewards: A life history theory approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 10151026.Google Scholar
Griskevicius, V., Tybur, J. M., Sundie, J. M., Cialdini, R. B., Miller, G. F., & Kenrick, D. T. (2007). Blatant benevolence and conspicuous consumption: When romantic motives elicit strategic costly signals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 85.Google Scholar
Hall, D. A., & Moore, D. R. (2003). Auditory neuroscience: The salience of looming sounds. Current Biology, 13, R91R93.Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. D. (1963). The evolution of altruistic behavior. American Naturalist, 97, 354356.Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. D. (1964). The genetical evolution of social behavior. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 7, 152.Google Scholar
Haselton, M. G., & Buss, D. M. (2000). Error management theory: A new perspective on biases in cross-sex mind reading. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 8191.Google Scholar
Haselton, M. G., & Buss, D. M. (2003). Biases in social judgment: Design flaws or design features? In Forgas, J., Williams, K., & von Hippel, B. (eds.), Responding to the Social World: Implicit and Explicit Processes in Social Judgments and Decisions. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Haselton, M. G., & Nettle, D. (2006). The paranoid optimist: An integrative evolutionary model of cognitive biases. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 4766.Google Scholar
Hill, K. R., & Hurtado, A. M. (1996). Ache Life History: The Ecology and Demography of a Foraging People. Piscataway, NJ: Aldine Transactions.Google Scholar
Hoffrage, U., & Gigerenzer, G. (1998). Using natural frequencies to improve diagnostic inferences. Academic Medicine, 73, 538540.Google Scholar
Hoffrage, U., Gigerenzer, G., Krauss, S., & Martignon, L. (2002). Representation facilitates reasoning: What natural frequencies are and what they are not. Cognition, 84, 343352.Google Scholar
Hoffrage, U., Lindsey, S., Hertwig, R., & Gigerenzer, G. (2000). Communicating statistical information. Science, 290, 22612262.Google Scholar
Hu, F. B., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G., Liu, S., Solomon, C. G., & Willett, W. C. (2001). Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 790797.Google Scholar
Hurtado, A. M., & Hill, K. R. (1992). Paternal effect on offspring survivorship among Ache and Hiwi hunter-gatherers. In Hewlett, B. S. (ed.), Father–Child Relations: Cultural and Biosocial Contexts (pp. 3155). New York: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Hurtado, A. M., Hill, K., Kaplan, H., & Hurtado, I. (1992). Trade-offs between female food acquisition and child care among Hiwi and Ache foragers. Human Nature, 3, 185216.Google Scholar
Johnson, D. D. P, & Fowler, J. H. (2011.) The evolution of overconfidence. Nature, 477, 317320.Google Scholar
Jones, R. E. (1997). Human Reproductive Biology 2nd ed. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 263–291.Google Scholar
Kanazawa, S. (2002). Bowling with our imaginary friends. Evolution and Human Behavior, 23(3), 167171.Google Scholar
Kaplan, H. S., & Gangestad, S. W. (2005). Life history theory and evolutionary psychology. In Busse, D. M. (ed.), The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology (pp. 6895). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Kenrick, D. T., Griskevicius, V., Neuberg, S. L., & Schaller, M. (2010a). Renovating the pyramid of needs contemporary extensions built upon ancient foundations. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 292314.Google Scholar
Kenrick, D. T., Groth, G. E., Trost, M. R., & Sadalla, E. K. (1993). Integrating evolutionary and social exchange perspectives on relationships: Effects of gender, self-appraisal, and involvement level on mate selection criteria. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 951969.Google Scholar
Kenrick, D. T., Li, N. P., & Butner, J. (2003). Dynamical evolutionary psychology: Individual decision rules and emergent social norms. Psychological Review, 110, 3.Google Scholar
Kenrick, D. T., Neuberg, S. L., Griskevicius, V., Becker, D. V., & Schaller, M. (2010b). Goal-driven cognition and functional behavior: The fundamental-motives framework. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19, 6367.Google Scholar
Kenrick, D. T., Sadalla, E. K., Groth, G., & Trost, M. R. (1990). Evolution, traits, and the stages of human courtship: Qualifying the parental investment model. Journal of Personality, 58, 97116.Google Scholar
Kvarnemo, C., & Ahnesjo, I. (1996). The dynamics of operational sex ratios and competition for mates. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 11, 404408.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, Y. J., Kenrick, D. T., Griskevicius, V., & Neuberg, S. L. (2012). Economic decision biases and fundamental motivations: How mating and self-protection alter loss aversion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 550.Google Scholar
Lieberman, L. S. (2003). Dietary, evolutionary, and modernizing influences on the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Annual Review of Nutrition, 23, 345377.Google Scholar
Lincoln, F. C. (1999). Migration of Birds (No. 16). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Lipson, S. F., & Ellison, P. T. (1996). Endocrinology comparison of salivary steroid profiles in naturally occurring conception and non-conception cycles. Human Reproduction, 11, 20902096.Google Scholar
Maestripieri, D. (2002). Parent–offspring conflict in primates. International Journal of Primatology, 23, 923951.Google Scholar
Maier, J. X., Neuhoff, J. G., Logothetis, N. K., & Ghazanfar, A. A. (2004). Multisensory integration of looming signals by rhesus monkeys. Neuron, 43, 177181.Google Scholar
Mazur, A., & Booth, A. (1998). Testosterone and dominance in men. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 21, 353363.Google Scholar
Meyer, K. A., Kushi, L. H., Jacobs, D. R., Slavin, J., Sellers, T. A., & Folsom, A. R. (2000). Carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and incident type 2 diabetes in older women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 71, 921930.Google Scholar
Miller, G. F. (2000). The Mating Mind: How Sexual Selection Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Mineka, S., & Öhman, A. (2002). Phobias and preparedness: The selective, automatic, and encapsulated nature of fear. Biological Psychiatry, 52, 927937.Google Scholar
Møller, A. P. (2000). Male parental care, female reproductive success, and extrapair paternity. Behavioral Ecology, 11, 161168.Google Scholar
Nairne, J. S., & Pandeirada, J. N. S. (2008). Adaptive memory: Remembering with a Stone-Age brain. Current Directions in Psychology, 17, 239243.Google Scholar
Nelson, R. J. (2005). An Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.Google Scholar
Nesse, R. M. (1990). Evolutionary explanations of emotions. Human Nature, 1, 261289.Google Scholar
Nesse, R. M., & Williams, G. C. (1994). Why We Get Sick: The New Science of Darwinian Medicine. New York: Times Books.Google Scholar
Neuberg, S. L., Kenrick, D. T., & Schaller, M. (2011). Human threat management systems: Self-protection and disease avoidance. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 10421051.Google Scholar
Neufeld, S. & Griskevicius, V. (2014). Positive emotions, marketing, and social influence. In Tugade, M. M., Shiota, M. N., & Kirby, L. D. (eds.), Handbook of Positive Emotions (pp. 463478). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Neuhoff, J. G. (2001). An adaptive bias in the perception of looming auditory motion. Ecological Psychology, 13, 87110.Google Scholar
Nowak, M. A., & Sigmund, K. (1998). The dynamics of indirect reciprocity. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 194, 561574.Google Scholar
Öhman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001). Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychological Review, 108, 483522.Google Scholar
Öhman, A., & Mineka, S. (2003). The malicious serpent snakes as a prototypical stimulus for an evolved module of fear. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, 59.Google Scholar
Ornstein, R. E., & Ehrlich, P. R. (1989). New World, New Mind: Changing the Way We Think to Save Our Future. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Penton-Voak, I. S., Perrett, D. I., Castles, D. L., Kobayashi, T., Burt, D. M., Murray, L. K., & Minamisawa, R. (1999). Menstrual cycle alters face preference. Nature, 399, 741742.Google Scholar
Roff, D. A. (2002). Life History Evolution (vol. 7). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.Google Scholar
Saad, G. (2007). The Evolutionary Bases of Consumption. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Saad, G. (2013). Evolutionary consumption. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 23, 351371.Google Scholar
Saad, G., & Stenstrom, E. (2012). Calories, beauty, and ovulation: The effects of the menstrual cycle on food and appearance-related consumption. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 22, 102113.Google Scholar
Scott, J., Stumpp, M., & Xu, P. (2003). Overconfidence bias in international stock prices. Journal of Portfolio Management, 29, 8089.Google Scholar
Seifritz, E., Neuhoff, J. G., Bilecen, D., Scheffler, K., Mustovic, H., Schächinger, H., & Di Salle, F. (2002). Neural processing of auditory looming in the human brain. Current Biology, 12, 21472151.Google Scholar
Sherif, M. (1936). The Psychology of Social Norms. New York: Harper.Google Scholar
Sherman, P. W., & Billing, J. (1999). Darwinian gastronomy: Why we use spices. Bioscience, 49, 453463.Google Scholar
Simpson, J. A., & Belsky, J. (2008). Attachment theory within a modern evolutionary framework. In Shaver, P. R. & Cassidy, J. (eds.), Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications, 2nd ed. (pp. 131157). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Simpson, J. A., Griskevicius, V., Kuo, S. I. C., Sung, S., & Collins, W. A. (2012). Evolution, stress, and sensitive periods: The influence of unpredictability in early versus late childhood on sex and risky behavior. Developmental Psychology, 48(3), 674686.Google Scholar
Simpson, J. A., Griskevicius, V., & Rothman, A. J. (2012). Consumer decisions in relationships. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 22, 304314.Google Scholar
Srinivasan, K., Viswanad, B., Asrat, L., Kaul, C. L., & Ramarao, P. (2005). Combination of high-fat diet-fed and low-dose streptozotocin-treated rat: a model for type 2 diabetes and pharmacological screening. Pharmacological Research, 52, 313320.Google Scholar
Stearns, S. C. (1992). The Evolution of Life Histories (vol. 249). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sundie, J. M., Kenrick, D. T., Griskevicius, V., Tybur, J. M., Vohs, K. D., & Beal, D. J. (2011). Peacocks, Porsches, and Thorstein Veblen: Conspicuous consumption as a sexual signaling system. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 664.Google Scholar
Taylor, P. D., & Bulmer, M. G. (1980). Local mate competition and the sex ratio. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 86, 409419.Google Scholar
Taylor, S. E., Klein, L. C., Lewis, B. P., Gruenewald, T. L., Gurung, R. A. R., & Updegraff, J. A. (2000). Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychological Review,107, 411–29.Google Scholar
Thornhill, R., & Gangestad, S. W. (2008). The Evolutionary Biology of Human Female Sexuality. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tinbergen, N. (1963). On aims and methods of ethology. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 20, 410433.Google Scholar
Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (2005). Conceptual foundations of evolutionary psychology. In Buss, David M. (ed.), The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology (pp. 567). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Trivers, R. L. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 3557.Google Scholar
Trivers, R. L. (1972). Parental investment and sexual selection. In Campbell, B. G. (ed.), Sexual Selection and the Decent of Man, 1871–1971 (pp. 136179). Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Trivers, R. L. (1974). Parent-offspring conflict. American Zoologist, 14, 249264.Google Scholar
Trivers, R. L., & Willard, D. E. (1973). Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring. Science, 179, 9092.Google Scholar
Walker, M. L., Wilson, M. E., & Gordon, T. P. (1983). Female rhesus monkey aggression during the menstrual cycle. Animal Behavior, 31, 10471054.Google Scholar
Wallen, K. (2000). Risky business: Social context and hormonal modulation of primate sexual desire. In Wallen, K. and Schneider, J. E. (eds.), Reproduction in Context, (pp. 289323) Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Wang, Y., & Griskevicius, V. (2014). Conspicuous consumption, relationships, and rivals: Women’s luxury products as signals to other women. Journal of Consumer Research, 40, 834854.Google Scholar
Westneat, D. F., & Sherman, P. W. (1993). Parentage and the evolution of parental behavior. Behavioral Ecology, 4, 6677.Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O. (2000). Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Young, L. J., & Insel, T. R. (2002). Hormones and parental behavior. In Becker, J. B., Breedlove, M. S., Crews, D., & McCarthy, M. M. (eds.), Behavioral Endocrinology, 2nd ed. (pp. 331369). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Zahavi, A., & Zahavi, A. (1997). The Handicap Principle: A missing Piece of Darwin’s Puzzle. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×