This chapter outlines the central hypotheses and arguments in the book. It begins by examining the legal bases for the application of the European Convention on Human Rights to all kinds of military operations, including armed conflicts. It explores the main differences between international humanitarian law and human rights law and outlines the legal basis for the European Court of Human Rights to apply international humanitarian law. Two central hypotheses are presented. Firstly, that human rights law could impose standards upon States that are difficult, if not impossible, to achieve during many military operations. Secondly, that applying human rights law to military operations could compromise the integrity and strength of human rights norms. Two central arguments are presented. Firstly, that the European Court of Human Rights needs to openly and transparently engage with international humanitarian law where it is applicable. Secondly, States need to frankly consider their capacity to uphold Convention obligations during military operations and derogate from the Convention where they are unable to uphold those obligations and the Convention permits derogation.