This chapter explores the application of the procedural obligations in Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights (the right to life) to military operations. It begins by outlining the scope of the obligations the State must uphold. States must investigate the circumstances of deaths and the infliction of life-threatening injuries. This typically necessitates extensive institutional support – police, pathologists etc. The chapter considers how discrete elements of the procedural obligations in Article 2 apply and whether it is genuinely possible for States to carry out prompt, independent, transparent and effective investigations during domestic and extra-territorial military operations when institutional support from police etc. may be limited. The chapter identifies inconsistencies in the Court’s approach to this area of law analysing the cases of Jaloud v. Netherlands and Al-Skeini and Others v. United Kingdom. It considers different options to mitigate the impact of the obligations on States and reconcile those obligations with international humanitarian law, specifically different ways of interpreting the obligations and derogation.